scholarly journals Temperature Stress and Turkey Reproduction

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Halawani ◽  
Israel Rozenboim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Subunit Mrna

High temperature stress is of major concern to turkey producers in Israel and the United States. The decline in the rate of egg production at high environmental temperature is well recognized, but the neuroendocrinological basis is not understood. Our objectives were: 1) to characterize the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis involvement in the mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproduction, and 2) to establish procedures that alleviate the damaging effect of heat stress on reproduction. Heat stress (40oC, Israel; 32oC, U.S.) caused significant reduction in egg production, which was restored by VIP immunoneutralization. The decline in egg production did not appear to be entirely related to the expression of incubation behavior due to the rise in circulating PRL in stressed birds. Heat stress was found to increase circulating PRL in ovariectomized turkeys independent of the reproductive stage. Active immunization against VIP was shown for the first time to up-regulate LHb and FSHb subunit mRNA contents. These findings taken together with the results that the heat stress-induced decline in egg production may not be dependent upon the reproductive stage, lead to the suggestion that the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproductive performance may be in part mediated by VIP acting directly on the GnRH/gonadotropin system. Inhibin (INH) immunoneutralization has been shown to enhance FSH secretion and induces ovulation in mammals. It is hypothesized that immunization of heat-stressed turkeys against INH will increase levels of circulating FSH and the number of preovulating follicles which leads to improved reproductive performance. We have cloned and expressed turkey INH-a and INH-bA. Active immunization of turkey hens with rtINH-a increased pituitary FSH-b subunit mRNA and the number of non-graded preovulatory yellow follicles, but no significant increase in egg production was observed.

scholarly journals Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaHMW1D Transcript Variants Are Highly Expressed in Response to Heat Stress and in Grains Located in Distal Part of the Spike

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Chan Seop Ko ◽  
Jin-Baek Kim ◽  
Min Jeong Hong ◽  
Yong Weon Seo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Storage Proteins ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Transcript Variants

High-temperature stress during the grain filling stage has a deleterious effect on grain yield and end-use quality. Plants undergo various transcriptional events of protein complexity as defensive responses to various stressors. The “Keumgang” wheat cultivar was subjected to high-temperature stress for 6 and 10 days beginning 9 days after anthesis, then two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and peptide analyses were performed. Spots showing decreased contents in stressed plants were shown to have strong similarities with a high-molecular glutenin gene, TraesCS1D02G317301 (TaHMW1D). QRT-PCR results confirmed that TaHMW1D was expressed in its full form and in the form of four different transcript variants. These events always occurred between repetitive regions at specific deletion sites (5′-CAA (Glutamine) GG/TG (Glycine) or (Valine)-3′, 5′-GGG (Glycine) CAA (Glutamine) -3′) in an exonic region. Heat stress led to a significant increase in the expression of the transcript variants. This was most evident in the distal parts of the spike. Considering the importance of high-molecular weight glutenin subunits of seed storage proteins, stressed plants might choose shorter polypeptides while retaining glutenin function, thus maintaining the expression of glutenin motifs and conserved sites.

Emergence of seedlings from different depths following high temperature stress

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Onwueme ◽  
S. A. Adegoroye
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Different Depths

SUMMARYSeeds of Amaranthus, melon, cowpea and tomato were planted in moist soil at 1, 4 or 7·5 cm depth and subjected to a heat stress of 45 °C for 10 h on the day of sowing (day 0), 1 day after sowing or 2 days after sowing. Seedling emergence was retarded by heat stress, the most drastic retardation being due to heat stress on day 1 for cowpea and tomato, day 2 for melon, and day 0 for Amaranthus. Emergence also decreased with increasing depth of sowing. The interaction of depth and heat stress was also significant in all cases, such that the delay in emergence due to heat stress tended to be greater with increasing depth of sowing. The agronomic significance of the results is discussed.

scholarly journals Genetic Dissection of Grain Yield Component Traits Under High Nighttime Temperature Stress in a Rice Diversity Panel

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
Chirag Gupta ◽  
Julie Thomas ◽  
Andy Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Significant Snps ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Diversity Panel

To dissect the genetic complexity of rice grain yield (GY) and quality in response to heat stress at the reproductive stage, a diverse panel of 190 rice accessions in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rice mini-core collection (URMC) diversity panel were treated with high nighttime temperature (HNT) stress at the reproductive stage of panicle initiation. The quantifiable yield component response traits were then measured. The traits, panicle length (PL), and number of spikelets per panicle (NSP) were evaluated in subsets of the panel comprising the rice subspecies Oryza sativa ssp. Indica and ssp. Japonica. Under HNT stress, the Japonica ssp. exhibited lower reductions in PL and NSP and a higher level of genetic variation compared with the other subpopulations. Whole genome sequencing identified 6.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were used for the genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the PL and NSP traits. The GWAS analysis in the Combined, Indica, and Japonica populations under HNT stress identified 83, 60, and 803 highly significant SNPs associated with PL, compared to the 30, 30, and 11 highly significant SNPs associated with NSP. Among these trait-associated SNPs, 140 were coincident with genomic regions previously reported for major GY component quantitative trait loci (QTLs) under heat stress. Using extents of linkage disequilibrium in the rice populations, Venn diagram analysis showed that the highest number of putative candidate genes were identified in the Japonica population, with 20 putative candidate genes being common in the Combined, Indica and Japonica populations. Network analysis of the genes linked to significant SNPs associated with PL and NSP identified modules that were involved in primary and secondary metabolisms. The findings in this study could be useful to understand the pathways/mechanisms involved in rice GY and its components under HNT stress for the acceleration of rice-breeding programs and further functional analysis by molecular geneticists.

scholarly journals Differential modulation of heat inducible genes across diverse genotypes and molecular cloning of a sHSP from Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S MukeshSankar ◽  
C. Tara Satyavathi ◽  
Sharmistha Barthakur ◽  
S.P Singh ◽  
Roshan Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Transcript Expression ◽  
Membrane Stability Index

AbstractEnvironmental stresses negatively influence survival, biomass and grain yield of most crops. Towards functionally clarifying the role of heat responsive genes in Pearl millet under high temperature stress, the present study were carried out using semi quantitative RT- PCR for transcript expression profiling of hsf and hsps in 8 different inbred lines at seedling stage, which was earlier identified as thermo tolerant/susceptible lines through initial screening for thermo tolerance using membrane stability index among 38 elite genotypes. Transcript expression pattern suggested existence of differential response among different genotypes in response to heat stress in the form of accumulation of heat shock responsive gene transcripts. Genotypes WGI 126, TT-1 and MS 841B responded positively towards high temperature stress for transcript accumulation for both Pgcp 70 and Pghsf and also had better growth under heat stress, whereas PPMI 69 showed the least responsiveness to transcript induction supporting the membrane stability index data for scoring thermotolerance, suggesting the efficacy of transcript expression profiling as a molecular based screening technique for identification of thermotolerant genes and genotypes at particular crop growth stages. As to demonstrate this, a full length cDNA of Pghsp 16.97 was cloned from the thermotolerant cultivar, WGI 126 and characterized for thermotolerance. The results of demonstration set forth the transcript profiling for heat tolerant genes can be a very useful technique for high throughput screening of tolerant genotypes at molecular level from large cultivar collections at seedling stage.

scholarly journals Phenotypic diversity and marker-trait association studies under heat stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ((04) 2019) ◽  
pp. 578-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Alsamir ◽  
Nabil Ahmad ◽  
Vivi Arief ◽  
Tariq Mahmood ◽  
Richard Trethowan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Tomato Genotypes

Tomato is a mild season crop and high temperature stress impacts productivity negatively. However, the development of cultivars with improved heat tolerance is possible as genetic variability has been consistently reported. This study aimed to identify candidate genes that impact various traits under heat stress. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted on a diverse set of 144 tomato genotypes collected from various germplasm centers and breeding programs. The genotypes were grown under control and heat stress in poly tunnels having mean temperatures of 30°C and 45°C for two seasons and phenotypic data were collected on seven agro-physiological traits. All individuals were genotyped withthe80K DArTseq platform using 31237 SNP markers. Data were analysed using a mixed model based on restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Pattern analysis of the phenotypic data showed five primary clusters each with genotypes from multiple origins. Based on the genotypic data, three wild tomato genotypes showed a degree of un-relatedness with the other materials as they were distantly located from the rest of the genotypes in the scatter plot. Control treatment data were used to ascertain markers that are exclusively important under high temperature stress. A large number of markers were significantly associated with various traits under heat stress. These included strong marker associations for number of inflorescence/plant (IPP), number of flowers/inflorescence (FPI), fresh fruit weight (FFrW), and electrolyte leakage (EL). High association with EL was found due to two SNPs 7858523|F|0-25:G>A-25:G>A and 4705224|F|0-60:C>G-60:C>G located on Chr 6. Other less pronounced marker-trait associations were observed for plant dry weight (PDW), and number of fruit/plant (FrPP).

Agronomic, physiological and molecular characterisation of rice mutants revealed the key role of reactive oxygen species and catalase in high-temperature stress tolerance

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Adeel Zafar ◽  
Amjad Hameed ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf ◽  
Abdus Salam Khan ◽  
Zia-ul- Qamar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
Heat Tolerant

Climatic variations have increased the occurrence of heat stress during critical growth stages, which negatively affects grain yield in rice. Plants adapt to harsh environments, and particularly high-temperature stress, by regulating their physiological and biochemical processes, which are key tolerance mechanisms. The identification of heat-tolerant rice genotypes and reliable selection indices are crucial for rice improvement programs. Here, we evaluated the response of a rice mutant population for high-temperature stress at the seedling and reproductive stages based on agronomic, physiological and molecular indices. Estimates of variance components revealed significant differences (P < 0.001) among genotypes, treatments and their interactions for almost all traits. The principal component analysis showed significant diversity among genotypes and traits under high-temperature stress. The mutant HTT-121 was identified as the most heat-tolerant mutant with higher grain yield, panicle fertility, cell membrane thermo-stability (CMTS) and antioxidant enzyme levels under heat stress. Various seedling-based morpho-physiological traits (leaf fresh weight, relative water contents, malondialdehyde, CMTS) and biochemical traits (superoxide dismutase, catalase and hydrogen peroxide) explained variations in grain yield that could be used as selection indices for heat tolerance in rice during early growth. Notably, heat-sensitive mutants accumulated reactive oxygen species, reduced catalase activity and upregulated OsSRFP1 expression under heat stress, suggesting their key roles in regulating heat tolerance in rice. The heat-tolerant mutants identified in this study could be used in breeding programs and to develop mapping populations to unravel the underlying genetic architecture for heat-stress adaptability.

scholarly journals Assessing antioxidant system and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds under elevated temperature condition

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-151
Author(s):  
L. Priyanandhini ◽  
M. K. Kalarani ◽  
A. Senthil ◽  
N. Senthil ◽  
K. Anitha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Maize Inbreds

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important food and feed crop grown under diverse soil and climatic conditions. Among the cereals, demand for maize is increasing year after year, but fluctuation in climatic conditions especially the temperature extremes is the current and future threat in maize cultivation. Each degree Celsius increase in global mean temperature causes yield reduction up to 7.4 per cent in maize. The high temperature stress impact at the reproductive stage affects grain filling rate and duration. Adaptation of maize crop to future warmer climatic conditions requires a better understanding of physiological responses to elevated temperatures. With this view, a pot culture experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, TNAU, Coimbatore during the summer season of 2020. Two maize inbreds viz., UMI 1230 and CBM-DL- 322 were taken for the study and exposed to high temperature stress treatments viz., T1 - ambient, T2 - ambient+4°C and T3 - ambient+6°C (44°C) for 10 days during the reproductive stage to assess the changes in biochemical and yield traits. The ambient+4ºC treatment revealed that the maize inbred line CBM-DL-322 recorded lower malondialdehyde content with over production of antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase). Cob weight and seed set parentage showed a negative correlation with both elevated temperatures. It is concluded that the maize inbreds line CBM-DL- 322 performed better at an elevated temperature at ambient+4°C and recorded more cob weight (57.09g) compared to UMI 1230 inbred (43.56g).

scholarly journals Untangling the Influence of Heat Stress on Crop Phenology, Seed Set, Seed Weight, and Germination in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrit Lamichaney ◽  
Ashok K. Parihar ◽  
Kali K. Hazra ◽  
Girish P. Dixit ◽  
Pradip K. Katiyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
100 Seed Weight

The apparent climatic extremes affect the growth and developmental process of cool-season grain legumes, especially the high-temperature stress. The present study aimed to investigate the impacts of high-temperature stress on crop phenology, seed set, and seed quality parameters, which are still uncertain in tropical environments. Therefore, a panel of 150 field pea genotypes, grouped as early (n = 88) and late (n = 62) maturing, were exposed to high-temperature environments following staggered sowing [normal sowing time or non-heat stress environment (NHSE); moderately late sowing (15 days after normal sowing) or heat stress environment-I (HSE-I); and very-late sowing (30 days after normal sowing) or HSE-II]. The average maximum temperature during flowering was about 22.5 ± 0.17°C for NHSE and increased to 25.9 ± 0.11°C and 30.6 ± 0.19°C in HSE-I and HSE-II, respectively. The average maximum temperature during the reproductive period (RP) (flowering to maturity) was in the order HSE-II (33.3 ± 0.03°C) > HSE-I (30.5 ± 0.10°C) > NHSE (27.3 ± 0.10°C). The high-temperature stress reduced the seed yield (24–60%) and seed germination (4–8%) with a prominent effect on long-duration genotypes. The maximum reduction in seed germination (>15%) was observed in HSE-II for genotypes with >115 days maturity duration, which was primarily attributed to higher ambient maximum temperature during the RP. Under HSEs, the reduction in the RP in early- and late-maturing genotypes was 13–23 and 18–33%, suggesting forced maturity for long-duration genotypes under late-sown conditions. The cumulative growing degree days at different crop stages had significant associations (p < 0.001) with seed germination in both early- and late-maturing genotypes; and the results further demonstrate that an extended vegetative period could enhance the 100-seed weight and seed germination. Reduction in seed set (7–14%) and 100-seed weight (6–16%) was observed under HSEs, particularly in HSE-II. The positive associations of 100-seed weight were observed with seed germination and germination rate in the late-maturing genotypes, whereas in early-maturing genotypes, a negative association was observed for 100-seed weight and germination rate. The GGE biplot analysis identified IPFD 11-5, Pant P-72, P-1544-1, and HUDP 11 as superior genotypes, as they possess an ability to produce more viable seeds under heat stress conditions. Such genotypes will be useful in developing field pea varieties for quality seed production under the high-temperature environments.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Sage Plants (Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia elegans Vahl) under High-Temperature Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2110
Author(s):  
Kuan-Hung Lin ◽  
Tse-Yen Lin ◽  
Chun-Wei Wu ◽  
Yu-Sen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Time Intervals

High-temperature stress is a major risk to fresh-market Salvia production, and heat intolerance is a major constraint in sage cultivation, particularly during the hot summer season. Previously, we investigated heat tolerance in five common-market cultivars of sage plants using leaf relative injury (RI) values and found that S. elegans Vahl (SE) and S. officinalis L. (SO) were the most and least heat-tolerant species, respectively. The exogenous applications of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) to alleviate heat stress in various species have been extensively studied, but reports of the effects of SA and CaCl2 treatments on the heat tolerance of sage plants are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate how SA and CaCl2 affect the physiology and morphology of SE and SO plants under high-temperature conditions. Potted plants were pretreated with SA (0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μM) and CaCl2 (0, 5, 10, and 15 mM), alone and combined, exposed to 55 °C and 80% humidity for 30 min, then placed in an environment-controlled chamber at 30°C for three days and evaluated for changes in phenotypic appearance, RI, spectral reflectance, and chlorophyll fluorescence indices at different time intervals. Plants watered without chemical solutions were used as controls. Our results show that the growth of SO plants pretreated with SA and CaCl2 was more robust, compared with control plants, which were considerably affected by heat stress, resulting in brown, withered leaves and defoliation. The effects of the combined applications of SA (100 μM) and CaCl2 (5 mM) to SO plants were superior to control plants in increasing values of soil-plant analysis development (SPAD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the maximal quantum yield of photosystemII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), while reducing RI%. Furthermore, SO plants exhibited higher SPAD and Fv/Fm values and lower RI% than SE plants in combined treatments at all time intervals after heat stress, implying that different genotypes displayed variations in their SPAD, Fv/Fm, and RI%. Thus, a combined treatment of 100 μM of SA and 5 mM of CaCl2 is effective and beneficial to plant appearance and ability to ameliorate heat stress. These indices can be used as indicators to characterize the physiology of these plants and applied on a commercial scale for informing the development of rapid and precise management practices on bedded sage plants grown in plant factories to achieve maximum market benefit.

scholarly journals Untangling irrigation effects on maize water and heat stress alleviation using satellite data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhu ◽  
Jennifer Burney
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Stress Alleviation ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Abstract. Irrigation has important implications for sustaining global food production, enabling crop water demand to be met even under dry conditions. Added water also cools crop plants through transpiration; irrigation might thus play an important role in a warmer climate by simultaneously moderating water and high temperature stresses. Here we use satellite-derived evapotranspiration estimates, land surface temperature (LST) measurements, and crop phenological stage information from Nebraska maize to quantify how irrigation relieves both water and temperature stresses. Our study shows that, unlike air temperature metrics, satellite-derived LST detects significant irrigation-induced cooling effect, especially during the grain filling period (GFP) of crop growth. This cooling is likely to extend the maize growing season, especially for GFP, likely due to the stronger temperature sensitivity of phenological development during this stage. The analysis also suggests that irrigation not only reduces water and temperature stress but also weakens the response of yield to these stresses. Specifically, temperature stress is significantly weakened for reproductive processes in irrigated crops. The attribution analysis further suggests that water and high temperature stress alleviation contributes to 65 % and 35 % of yield benefit, respectively. Our study underlines the relative importance of high temperature stress alleviation in yield improvement and the necessity of simulating crop surface temperature to better quantify heat stress effects in crop yield models. Finally, untangling irrigation effects on both heat and water stress mitigation has important implications for designing agricultural adaptation strategies under climate change.

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