scholarly journals Contributions of Neuropsychology: High Skills/Gifted

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-70
Author(s):  
Jéssyca de Alcantara Galvão
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Intellectual Quotient ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bibliographic Study

Neuropsychology is a field of psychology and neurosciences that studies the relationships between the central nervous system, cognitive functioning and behavior. Since the beginning, researchers in the field have sought understanding scans of the anatomy of the brain and its correlation with cognitive abilities. Neuropsychology is constantly advancing and transforming, and thus, the findings of this science offer increasingly theoretical and methodological support for professionals and enable interventions and treatments more appropriate to patients. Despite advances in research on cognitive abilities, there are currently difficulties regarding the recognition of individuals with High Skills/Gifted. In addition, in many times, HS/G is confused with disorders. For this reason, this bibliographic study presents the main contributions of Neuropsychology to the identification and development of people with HS/G, denoting the historical aspects, the main advances and the current scenario. The analysis of the data collected in articles, theses, books, laws and public policies in force showed that there is still no precise classification for the understanding of HS/G. What is currently known is that intelligence is one of the factors for identification, but other skills are also considered as artistic, motivational aspects and leadership skills. There is also the association of the results of psychological tests with neuroimaging tests. In continuity of the investigation, the neuropsychological mechanisms of people identified with HS/G were investigated. The results of the researches examined indicate a relationship between the intellectual quotient and brain activity as well as indicative of differences in the functioning and anatomy of the brain of these people when compared with subjects of average intellectual quotient. The last topic addresses the Brazilian reality of children and adolescents with HS/G from the school perspective, the difficulties regarding the identification process and the adequate care for these individuals.

scholarly journals Brain oscillator(s) underlying rhythmic cerebral and buccal motor output in the mollusc, Pleurobranchaea californica

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
W. J. Davis ◽  
M. P. Kovac ◽  
R. P. Croll ◽  
E. M. Matera
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Oscillator ◽  
Neural Oscillation ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Pleurobranchaea Californica ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Tonic (d.c.) intracellular depolarization of the previously identified phasic paracerebral feeding command interneurones (PCps) in the brain of the carnivorous gastropod Pleurobranchaea causes oscillatory neural activity in the brain, both before and after transecting the cerebrobuccal connectives. Therefore, cycle-by-cycle ascending input from the buccal ganglion is not essential to cyclic brain activity. Instead the brain contains an independent neural oscillator(s), in addition to the oscillator(s) demonstrated previously in the buccal ganglion (Davis et al. 1973). Transection of the cerebrobuccal connectives immediately reduces the previously demonstrated (Kovac, Davis, Matera & Croll, 1983) long-latency polysynaptic excitation of the PCps by the polysynaptic excitors (PSEs) of the PCps. Therefore polysynaptic excitation of the PCps by the PSEs is mediated by an ascending neurone(s) from the buccal ganglion. The capacity of feeding command interneurones to induce neural oscillation in the isolated brain declines to near zero within 1 h after transection of the cerebrobuccal connectives, suggesting that this capacity is normally maintained by ascending information from the buccal ganglion. The results show that this motor system conforms to a widely applicable general model of the neural control of rhythmic behaviour, by which independent neural oscillators distributed widely in the central nervous system are coupled together to produce coordinated movement.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISEMENT ON CONSUMER’S PERCEPTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Martin Hudák ◽  
Radovan MadleĹˆĂˇk ◽  
Veronika Brezániová
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Consumer Perception ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Wireless Eeg

Marketing can be described as a tool for companies to influence the consumer’s perception to the desired direction. The current market situation is characterized by dynamism, growing consumer power, and intense competition. The consumer perception and behavior are changing and therefore need to be constantly monitored and measured. The aim of this article is to scan and measure consumer’s perception while watching a video advertisement. During this experiment, an eye-tracking technology was used, which allows capturing a consumer’s gaze. The central part of the research is to measure the brain activity of a consumer based on the EEG (Electroencephalography). EMOTIV Epoc+ is a 14-channel wireless EEG, designed for contextualized research and advanced brain computer interface applications. An advertising campaign from four different mobile operators was used for this purpose. In the conclusion of this article, consumer’s perception of different advertising campaigns are compared and evaluated.

scholarly journals Remote Photonic Detection of Human Senses Using Secondary Speckle Patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeev Kalyuzhner ◽  
Sergey Agdarov ◽  
Itai Orr ◽  
Yafim Beiderman ◽  
Aviya Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Speckle Patterns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Activity Sensing ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Neural activity research has recently gained significant attention due to its association with sensory information and behavior control. However, current methods of brain activity sensing require expensive equipment and physical contact with the subject. We propose a novel photonic-based method for remote detection of human senses. Physiological processes associated with hemodynamic activity due to activation of the cerebral cortex affected by different senses have been detected by remote monitoring of nano‐vibrations generated due to the transient blood flow to specific regions of the brain. We have found that combination of defocused, self‐interference random speckle patterns with a spatiotemporal analysis using Deep Neural Network (DNN) allows associating between the activated sense and the seemingly random speckle patterns.

The somatic error hypothesis of anxiety

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahib S. Khalsa ◽  
Justin S. Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Body State ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A regulatory battle for control ensues in the central nervous system following a mismatch between the current physiological state of an organism as mapped in viscerosensory brain regions and the predicted body state as computed in visceromotor control regions. The discrepancy between the predicted and current body state (i.e. the “somatic error”) signals a need for corrective action, motivating changes in both cognition and behavior. This chapter argues that anxiety disorders are fundamentally driven by somatic errors that fail to be adaptively regulated, leaving the organism in a state of dissonance where the predicted body state is perpetually out of line with the current body state. Repeated failures to quell somatic error can result in long-term changes to interoceptive circuitry within the brain. This chapter explores the neuropsychiatric sequelae that can emerge following chronic allostatic dysregulation of somatic errors and discusses novel therapies that might help to correct this dysregulation.

scholarly journals Insight from animal models of environmentally driven epigenetic changes in the developing and adult brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4pt2) ◽  
pp. 1229-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany S. Doherty ◽  
Tania L. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe efforts of many neuroscientists are directed toward understanding the appreciable plasticity of the brain and behavior. In recent years, epigenetics has become a core of this focus as a prime mechanistic candidate for behavioral modifications. Animal models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of environmentally driven changes to the epigenome in the developing and adult brain. This review focuses mainly on such discoveries driven by adverse environments along with their associated behavioral outcomes. While much of the evidence discussed focuses on epigenetics within the central nervous system, several peripheral studies in humans who have experienced significant adversity are also highlighted. As we continue to unravel the link between epigenetics and phenotype, discerning the complexity and specificity of epigenetic changes induced by environments is an important step toward understanding optimal development and how to prevent or ameliorate behavioral deficits bred by disruptive environments.

scholarly journals Whole-brain studies of spontaneous behavior in head-fixed rats enabled by zero echo time MB-SWIFT fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Paasonen ◽  
Petteri Stenroos ◽  
Hanne Laakso ◽  
Tiina Pirttimaki ◽  
Ekaterina Paasonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Large Bandwidth ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Spontaneous Behavior ◽  
Echo Time ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the link between the brain activity and behavior is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Behavioral neuroscience, however, lacks tools to record whole-brain activity in complex behavioral settings. Here we demonstrate that a novel Multi-Band SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transformation (MB-SWIFT) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach enables whole-brain studies in spontaneously behaving head-fixed rats. First, we show anatomically relevant functional parcellation. Second, we show sensory, motor, exploration, and stress-related brain activity in relevant networks during corresponding spontaneous behavior. Third, we show odor-induced activation of olfactory system with high correlation between the fMRI and behavioral responses. We conclude that the applied methodology enables novel behavioral study designs in rodents focusing on tasks, cognition, emotions, physical exercise, and social interaction. Importantly, novel zero echo time and large bandwidth approaches, such as MB-SWIFT, can be applied for human behavioral studies, allowing more freedom as body movement is dramatically less restricting factor.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Brain Responses: New Opportunities for Tailoring Health Communication Campaigns

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Huskey ◽  
Benjamin O. Turner ◽  
René Weber
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Message Tailoring ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Prevention neuroscience investigates the brain basis of attitude and behavior change. Over the years, an increasingly structurally and functionally resolved “persuasion network” has emerged. However, current studies have only identified a small handful of neural structures that are commonly recruited during persuasive message processing, and the extent to which these (and other) structures are sensitive to numerous individual difference factors remains largely unknown. In this project we apply a multi-dimensional similarity-based individual differences analysis to explore which individual factors—including characteristics of messages and target audiences—drive patterns of brain activity to be more or less similar across individuals encountering the same anti-drug public service announcements (PSAs). We demonstrate that several ensembles of brain regions show response patterns that are driven by a variety of unique factors. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for neural models of persuasion, prevention neuroscience and message tailoring, and methodological implications for future research.

scholarly journals Early cortical specialization for face-to-face communication in human infants

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1653) ◽  
pp. 2803-2811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Grossmann ◽  
Mark H Johnson ◽  
Sarah Lloyd-Fox ◽  
Anna Blasi ◽  
Fani Deligianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Communication Signals ◽  
Mutual Gaze ◽  
Early Specialization ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Early Human

This study examined the brain bases of early human social cognitive abilities. Specifically, we investigated whether cortical regions implicated in adults' perception of facial communication signals are functionally active in early human development. Four-month-old infants watched two kinds of dynamic scenarios in which a face either established mutual gaze or averted its gaze, both of which were followed by an eyebrow raise with accompanying smile. Haemodynamic responses were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, permitting spatial localization of brain activation (experiment 1), and gamma-band oscillatory brain activity was analysed from electroencephalography to provide temporal information about the underlying cortical processes (experiment 2). The results revealed that perceiving facial communication signals activates areas in the infant temporal and prefrontal cortex that correspond to the brain regions implicated in these processes in adults. In addition, mutual gaze itself, and the eyebrow raise with accompanying smile in the context of mutual gaze, produce similar cortical activations. This pattern of results suggests an early specialization of the cortical network involved in the perception of facial communication cues, which is essential for infants' interactions with, and learning from, others.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Their Neuroinflammatory Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo Giau ◽  
Si Wu ◽  
Angelo Jamerlan ◽  
Seong An ◽  
SangYun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health. Increasing numbers of studies suggest that the gut microbiota can influence the brain and behavior of patients. Various metabolites secreted by the gut microbiota can affect the cognitive ability of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases. Nearly one in every ten Korean senior citizens suffers from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. This review highlights the impact of metabolites from the gut microbiota on communication pathways between the brain and gut, as well as the neuroinflammatory roles they may have in AD patients. The objectives of this review are as follows: (1) to examine the role of the intestinal microbiota in homeostatic communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, termed the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis; (2) to determine the underlying mechanisms of signal dysfunction; and (3) to assess the impact of signal dysfunction induced by the microbiota on AD. This review will aid in understanding the microbiota of elderly people and the neuroinflammatory roles they may have in AD.

scholarly journals Correlated gene expression and anatomical communication support synchronized brain activity in the mouse functional connectome

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Mills ◽  
David S. Grayson ◽  
Anandakumar Shunmugavel ◽  
Oscar Miranda-Dominguez ◽  
Eric Feczko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Anatomical Connectivity ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Intrinsic Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCognition and behavior depend on synchronized intrinsic brain activity which is organized into functional networks across the brain. Research has investigated how anatomical connectivity both shapes and is shaped by these networks, but not how anatomical connectivity interacts with intra-areal molecular properties to drive functional connectivity. Here, we present a novel linear model to explain functional connectivity in the mouse brain by integrating systematically obtained measurements of axonal connectivity, gene expression, and resting state functional connectivity MRI. The model suggests that functional connectivity arises from synergies between anatomical links and inter-areal similarities in gene expression. By estimating these interactions, we identify anatomical modules in which correlated gene expression and anatomical connectivity cooperatively, versus distinctly, support functional connectivity. Along with providing evidence that not all genes equally contribute to functional connectivity, this research establishes new insights regarding the biological underpinnings of coordinated brain activity measured by BOLD fMRI.

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