scholarly journals Brain oscillator(s) underlying rhythmic cerebral and buccal motor output in the mollusc, Pleurobranchaea californica

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
W. J. Davis ◽  
M. P. Kovac ◽  
R. P. Croll ◽  
E. M. Matera
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Oscillator ◽  
Neural Oscillation ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Pleurobranchaea Californica ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Tonic (d.c.) intracellular depolarization of the previously identified phasic paracerebral feeding command interneurones (PCps) in the brain of the carnivorous gastropod Pleurobranchaea causes oscillatory neural activity in the brain, both before and after transecting the cerebrobuccal connectives. Therefore, cycle-by-cycle ascending input from the buccal ganglion is not essential to cyclic brain activity. Instead the brain contains an independent neural oscillator(s), in addition to the oscillator(s) demonstrated previously in the buccal ganglion (Davis et al. 1973). Transection of the cerebrobuccal connectives immediately reduces the previously demonstrated (Kovac, Davis, Matera & Croll, 1983) long-latency polysynaptic excitation of the PCps by the polysynaptic excitors (PSEs) of the PCps. Therefore polysynaptic excitation of the PCps by the PSEs is mediated by an ascending neurone(s) from the buccal ganglion. The capacity of feeding command interneurones to induce neural oscillation in the isolated brain declines to near zero within 1 h after transection of the cerebrobuccal connectives, suggesting that this capacity is normally maintained by ascending information from the buccal ganglion. The results show that this motor system conforms to a widely applicable general model of the neural control of rhythmic behaviour, by which independent neural oscillators distributed widely in the central nervous system are coupled together to produce coordinated movement.

scholarly journals Contributions of Neuropsychology: High Skills/Gifted

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-70
Author(s):  
Jéssyca de Alcantara Galvão
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Intellectual Quotient ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bibliographic Study

Neuropsychology is a field of psychology and neurosciences that studies the relationships between the central nervous system, cognitive functioning and behavior. Since the beginning, researchers in the field have sought understanding scans of the anatomy of the brain and its correlation with cognitive abilities. Neuropsychology is constantly advancing and transforming, and thus, the findings of this science offer increasingly theoretical and methodological support for professionals and enable interventions and treatments more appropriate to patients. Despite advances in research on cognitive abilities, there are currently difficulties regarding the recognition of individuals with High Skills/Gifted. In addition, in many times, HS/G is confused with disorders. For this reason, this bibliographic study presents the main contributions of Neuropsychology to the identification and development of people with HS/G, denoting the historical aspects, the main advances and the current scenario. The analysis of the data collected in articles, theses, books, laws and public policies in force showed that there is still no precise classification for the understanding of HS/G. What is currently known is that intelligence is one of the factors for identification, but other skills are also considered as artistic, motivational aspects and leadership skills. There is also the association of the results of psychological tests with neuroimaging tests. In continuity of the investigation, the neuropsychological mechanisms of people identified with HS/G were investigated. The results of the researches examined indicate a relationship between the intellectual quotient and brain activity as well as indicative of differences in the functioning and anatomy of the brain of these people when compared with subjects of average intellectual quotient. The last topic addresses the Brazilian reality of children and adolescents with HS/G from the school perspective, the difficulties regarding the identification process and the adequate care for these individuals.

Vagovagal reflex control of digestion: afferent modulation by neural and "endoneurocrine" factors

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. G1-G10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Rogers ◽  
D. M. McTigue ◽  
G. E. Hermann
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Reflex Control ◽  
Control Circuits ◽  
The Brain

Vagovagal reflex control circuits in the dorsal vagal complex of the brain stem provide overall coordination of gastric, small intestinal, and pancreatic digestive functions. The neural components forming these reflex circuits are under substantial descending neural control. By adjusting the excitability of the differing components of the reflex, significant alterations in digestion control can be produced by the central nervous system. Additionally, the dorsal vagal complex is situated within a circumventricular region without a "blood-brain barrier." As a result, vagovagal reflex circuitry is also exposed to humoral influences, which can profoundly alter digestive functions by acting directly on brain stem neurons.

Positron Emission Tomography of Auditory Sensation in Deaf Patients and Patients with Cochlear Implants

1993 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 797-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juichi Ito ◽  
Yasushi Iwasaki ◽  
Junji Sakakibara ◽  
Yoshiharu Yonekura
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Auditory Cortices ◽  
The Brain

The present study investigated the function of the auditory cortices in severely hearing-impaired or deaf patients and cochlear implant patients before and after auditory stimulation. Positron emission computed tomography (PET), which can detect brain activity by providing quantitative measurements of the metabolic rates of oxygen and glucose, was used. In patients with residual hearing, the activity of the auditory cortex measured by PET was almost normal. Among the totally deaf patients, the longer the duration of deafness, the lower the brain activity in the auditory cortex measured by PET. Patients who had been deaf for a long period showed remarkably reduced metabolic rates in the auditory cortices. However, following implantation of the cochlear device, the metabolic activity returned to nearnormal levels. These findings suggest that activation of the speech comprehension mechanism of the higher brain system can be initiated by sound signals from the implant devices.

scholarly journals Effects of the antibiotic rifaximin on cortical functional connectivity are mediated through insular cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Sometti ◽  
Chiara Ballan ◽  
Huiying Wang ◽  
Christoph Braun ◽  
Paul Enck
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractIt is well-known that antibiotics affect commensal gut bacteria; however, only recently evidence accumulated that gut microbiota (GM) can influence the central nervous system functions. Preclinical animal studies have repeatedly highlighted the effects of antibiotics on brain activity; however, translational studies in humans are still missing. Here, we present a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of 7 days intake of Rifaximin (non-absorbable antibiotic) on functional brain connectivity (fc) using magnetoencephalography. Sixteen healthy volunteers were tested before and after the treatment, during resting state (rs), and during a social stressor paradigm (Cyberball game—CBG), designed to elicit feelings of exclusion. Results confirm the hypothesis of an involvement of the insular cortex as a common node of different functional networks, thus suggesting its potential role as a central mediator of cortical fc alterations, following modifications of GM. Also, the Rifaximin group displayed lower connectivity in slow and fast beta bands (15 and 25 Hz) during rest, and higher connectivity in theta (7 Hz) during the inclusion condition of the CBG, compared with controls. Altogether these results indicate a modulation of Rifaximin on frequency-specific functional connectivity that could involve cognitive flexibility and memory processing.

scholarly journals Psychophysiological changes during workspace virtualization

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
I. V. Tarasova ◽  
M. S. Nikitenko ◽  
O. A. Trubnikova ◽  
I. N. Kukhareva ◽  
D. S. Kupriyanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rhythm Activity ◽  
The Brain

Aim. To estimate psychophysiological changes during workspace virtualization.Materials and Methods. We evaluated the psychophysiological profile of 10 healthy right-handed males aged 25 to 45 years before, during and after the working in a virtual reality (VR) headset. All participants had higher education, normal or corrected to normal vision, and were experienced computer users. Psychometric testing included a neurological examination, assessment of functional and feedback-related brain activity (reaction time, errors, and missed signals) and attention span, quantification of processed symbols in the 1st and 4th minutes of Bourdon test, analysis of short-term memory (10 words, 10 numbers and 10 meaningless syllables memorization) and spatial perception, and multi-channel electroencephalography recording in rest.Results. Deterioration of psychometric indicators after a cognitive load in a VR headset was documented only in the most difficult tasks: the number of errors increased by 93% in the brain performance test and by 65% in the attention distribution test. The analysis of electroencephalography data showed that the delta rhythm and theta1 rhythm activity decreased by 28 and 13%, respectively, after working in a VR headset as compared to baseline values, while alpha1 rhythm activity increased by 96%. Probably, the observed electroencephalography changes corresponded to the patterns of brain activation associated with cognitive load and the resulting fatigue.Conclusions. We developed a suitable approach for the psychometric testing before and after working in VR headset, which demonstrated general tolerance and acceptable subjective difficulties to VR load. 

scholarly journals Modules in the brain stem and spinal cord underlying motor behaviors

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 1363-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinsook Roh ◽  
Vincent C. K. Cheung ◽  
Emilio Bizzi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Brain

Previous studies using intact and spinalized animals have suggested that coordinated movements can be generated by appropriate combinations of muscle synergies controlled by the central nervous system (CNS). However, which CNS regions are responsible for expressing muscle synergies remains an open question. We address whether the brain stem and spinal cord are involved in expressing muscle synergies used for executing a range of natural movements. We analyzed the electromyographic (EMG) data recorded from frog leg muscles before and after transection at different levels of the neuraxis—rostral midbrain (brain stem preparations), rostral medulla (medullary preparations), and the spinal-medullary junction (spinal preparations). Brain stem frogs could jump, swim, kick, and step, while medullary frogs could perform only a partial repertoire of movements. In spinal frogs, cutaneous reflexes could be elicited. Systematic EMG analysis found two different synergy types: 1) synergies shared between pre- and posttransection states and 2) synergies specific to individual states. Almost all synergies found in natural movements persisted after transection at rostral midbrain or medulla but not at the spinal-medullary junction for swim and step. Some pretransection- and posttransection-specific synergies for a certain behavior appeared as shared synergies for other motor behaviors of the same animal. These results suggest that the medulla and spinal cord are sufficient for the expression of most muscle synergies in frog behaviors. Overall, this study provides further evidence supporting the idea that motor behaviors may be constructed by muscle synergies organized within the brain stem and spinal cord and activated by descending commands from supraspinal areas.

scholarly journals Efectos de una sesión de ejercicio físico sobre la actividad no lineal de las ondas cerebrales en estado basal (Effects of a physical exercise session on nonlinear activity of brainwaves at baseline)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 180-187
Author(s):  
Fernando Maureira Cid ◽  
Elizabeth Flores Ferro ◽  
Hernan Díaz Muñoz ◽  
Helaine Barroso dos Reis ◽  
Carlos Rueff-Barroso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Theta Waves ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Brain Interface ◽  
The Brain

Introducción: en las últimas décadas el electroencefalograma se ha utilizado para estudiar los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la actividad eléctrica cerebral, incluyendo nuevos paradigmas con matemáticas no lineales y teoría del caos. Material y método: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar los efectos de 30 minutos de ejercicio físico aeróbico sobre la actividad neurofisiológica cerebral durante un estado basal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 13 varones voluntarios (siete experimentales y seis controles). El registro de la actividad cerebral (electroencefalografía) se realizó a través de un dispositivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc® mientras los estudiantes permanecían dos minutos sentados con los ojos cerrados. Los registros se realizaron antes y después de un trabajo aeróbico de 30 minutos de trote. Resultados: las ondas delta presentan variaciones similares de los índices de Hurst entre sujetos del grupo control y experimental en las cortezas prefrontales temporales y occipitales, situación similar que ocurre con las ondas theta. Las ondas alfa resultan ser las más estables con pocas modificaciones entre la primera y segunda medición. Las ondas beta presentan variaciones similares en la región prefrontal y occipital entre el grupo control y experimental, pero en la región temporal existe mayor número de modificaciones en los sujetos que realizaron ejercicio físico. Las ondas gamma presentan mayor variabilidad en los sujetos controles con respecto a los experimentales. Conclusiones: Los índices de Hurst de las ondas delta, theta, alfa., beta y gamma de la corteza prefrontal, temporal y occipital en estado basal aumentan y disminuyen, sin encontrarse un patrón característico tras la intervención con ejercicio físico.Abstract. Introduction: In recent decades the electroencephalogram has been used to study the effects of physical exercise on brain electrical activity, including new paradigms with nonlinear mathematics and chaos theory. Material and method: The aim of this research was to determine the effects of 30 minutes of aerobic physical exercise on brain neurophysiological activity during at basal state. The sample consisted of 13 male volunteers (seven experimental and six controls).The recording of brain activity (electroencephalography) was performed through the brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® while the students sat with their eyes closed for two minutes. The logs were performed before and after a 30-minute aerobic exercise.Results: delta waves show similar variations of Hurst indices between control and experimental group subjects in temporal and occipital prefrontal cortex, a similar situation as with theta waves. Alpha waves turn out to be the most stable with few modifications between the first and second measurements.The beta waves show similar variations in the prefrontal and occipital regions between the control and experimental groups, but in the temporal region there are more modifications in the subjects who performed physical exercise. Gamma waves show greater variability in control subjects compared to experimental ones.Conclusions: The Hurst indices of delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma waves of the prefrontal, temporal and occipital cortex at baseline increase and decrease, without finding a characteristic pattern after intervention with physical exercise.

scholarly journals An Intracerebral Penetration of Air Shotgun Pellet in Toddler: A Case without Neurological Sequelae

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 1446-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayan Niryana ◽  
Hendry Irawan ◽  
I Putu Eka Widyadharma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND: A non-powder firearm including air shotgun remains a significant source of injury to children. It causes severe damage and can involve the brain, eyes, heart, abdomen, and other body parts.CASE REPORT: A toddler boy was accidentally shot by an air shotgun at the forehead, and there was no sign of neurological deficit, both before and after surgical removal of the pellet. Herein, we report a case of air shotgun pellet which penetrated a toddler’s head from the forehead, all the way up to the occiput. Removal of the pellet was successfully performed without eliciting any neurological sequelae.CONCLUSION: Air shotgun pellet may potentially cause severe injury to the central nervous system when the head is affected, which can be safely prevented by a prompt but deliberate surgical removal. The study would also like to emphasise the importance of education to reduce gunshot incidence in the pediatric population.

scholarly journals 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Celebrating the brain's other output–input system and the monograph that defined neuroendocrinology

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
pp. E3-E6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive W Coen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Input System ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The brain's unimaginably complex operations are expressed in just two types of output: muscle activity and hormone release. These are the means by which the brain acts beyond its bony casing. Muscle-mediated actions (such as speaking, writing, pupillary reflexes) send signals to the outside world that may convey thoughts, emotions or evidence of neurological disorder. The outputs of the brain as a hormone secreting gland are usually less evident. Their discovery required several paradigm shifts in our understanding of anatomy. The first occurred in 1655. Exactly 300 years later, Geoffrey Harris' monograph Neural control of the pituitary gland launched the scientific discipline that is now known as neuroendocrinology. His hypotheses have stood the test of time to a remarkable degree. A key part of his vision concerned the two-way ‘interplay between the central nervous system and endocrine glands’. Over the past 60 years, the importance of this reciprocity and the degree to which cerebral functions are influenced by the endocrine environment have become increasingly clear.

scholarly journals Efficacy of the SMR protocol in women with fibromyalgia for the improvement of chronic pain, sleep, and quality of life

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-560
Author(s):  
Carlos Barbosa-Torres ◽  
Sixto Cubo-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Somatosensory Areas

The objective of the study was to analyze how the brain shaping provided by the sensorimotor rhythm protocol (SMR), applied on somatosensory areas, affects pain, sleep and the quality of life in women with fibromyalgia. Thirty-seven women with fibromyalgia who received an SMR protocol in 20 sessions participated and were evaluated before and after treatment. The data showed an increase in the amplitude of the SMR (p= .026) and a decrease in the amplitude of the theta band (p= .011) in the somatosensory cortex after the application of therapy, which caused an increase in the SMR/theta ratio (p= .048). In addition, the scores on the Chronic Pain Scale (p= .002), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (p= .001), and the SF-36 Health Survey (p= .000) improved significantly. The SMR protocol applied to the somatosensory cortex favors the shaping of SMRs, which has an impact on stimulating the inhibition of the central nervous system of patients with fibromyalgia, improving symptoms such as pain, sleep, and quality of life.

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