scholarly journals Choice of Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design in 2b Blocks

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Francis C. Eze
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Incomplete Block ◽  
Multiplication Module ◽  
Principal Block ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Homogeneous Block ◽  
Number Of Treatment

In 2k complete factorial experiment, the experiment must be carried out in a completely randomized design. When the numbers of factors increase, the number of treatment combinations increase and it is not possible to accommodate all these treatment combinations in one homogeneous block. In this case, confounding in more than one incomplete block becomes necessary. In this paper, we considered the choice of confounding when k > 2. Our findings show that the choice of confounding depends on the number of factors, the number of blocks and their sizes. When two more interactions are to be confounded, their product module 2 should be considered and thereafter, a linear combination equation should be used in allocating the treatment effects in the principal block. Other contents in other blocks are generated by multiplication module 2 of the effects not in the principal block. Partial confounding is recommended for the interactions that cannot be confounded.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS ECENG GONDOK (Echhornia crassipes) DALAM PENYERAPAN KADMIUM (Cd) PADA LEACHATE TPA GUNUNG TUGEL

Molekul ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Lestari ◽  
Slamet Santoso ◽  
Sulastri Anggorowati
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Open Dumping ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
High Level

Leachate is liquid of result organic garbage that contain substance is dissolved and suspension as decomposition by microorganism. Leachate contain material organic with high level and many formed at landfill with open dumping system. Material organic in leachate can be reduced by phytoremediation with water hyacinth (Echhorniacrassipes). The aim of research are know large closure of water hyacinth, long residence time and the best interaction to reduce the levels of material organic in leachate. Method of research was designed experimental based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with Factorial Design. The first factor are closing large percentage of water hyacinth (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and the second factor are long residence time (4 days, 5 days and 6 days). Result of research showed that is closing large of 75% is the best treatment to reducing level of Cd that is 29,279%. and long residence time of 6 days is the best treatment to reducing level of Cd that is 27,211%. Interaction closing large of 75% and long residence time of 6 days is the best treatment to reducing level of Cd that is 39,770%

scholarly journals Effect of Silica Fertilizer to Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Jajar Legowo Method

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yulia Sartika ◽  
Auzar Syarif ◽  
Indra Dwipa
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Range Test

Aims: The research aimed to study the interaction between Jajar Legowo method and silica fertilizer doses to growth and yield of rice. Study Design: Factorial design in Completely randomized design Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in farmer’s rice field in Linggo Sari Baganti, Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatera, Indonesia from July to Oktober 2020. Methodology: Factorial design with 2 factors in completely randomized design was used in the research. The first factor was Jajar Legowo method that consisted of 3 degrees (2:1, 3:1 dan 4:1) and the second factor was silica fertilizer doses that consisted of 4 degrees (0 ml/L, 5 ml/L, 10 ml/L and 15 ml/L). The data was analysed using F test 5% and continued by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) 5% Results: Generally, the interaction between Jajar legowo method and silica fertilizer did not affect the production of rice plant. But, for single factor both jajar legowo method and silica application affected the growth of rice plant Conclusion: The production per hectare of rice plant was lower than description so that this method should be improved to obtain the better result.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN BERBAGAI TEKANAN DAN WAKTU HIDROLISIS PADA PRODUKSI GLUKOSAMIN HIDROKLORIDA DARI KITOSAN CANGKANG BEKICOT (Achatina fulica)

KOVALEN ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noviana Linawati Dewi ◽  
Syaiful Bahri ◽  
Jaya Hardi
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Glucosamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Snail Shell ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the effect of pressure and time hydrolysis to produce glucosamine hydrochloride with the highest yield and the best quality of the chitosan of a snail shell. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial design consisting of 2 factors with 5 variations of hydrolysis time (40; 50; 60; 70 and 80) minutes and 2 variations of pressure (1 atm and 2 atm). Each treatment is done twice so obtained 20 experimental units. The highest glucosamine hydrochloride was obtained in hydrolysis time of 80 minutes and a pressure of 1 atm. Yield of 7,54%. Test of solubility in distilled water at 20°C was obtained of 3,79. Mol/L, while the maximum absorption of the UV-Vis with the addition of reagent Schales is at a wavelength of 420 nm. Keywords: Snails, Chitosan, Glucosamine, Hydrolysis Time, Pressure

scholarly journals Evaluation of the nutritive value of sugarcane residues inoculated with fungus Fomes sp

2014 ◽  
pp. 4047-4058
Author(s):  
Alex Olivera D ◽  
Emilio Aranda I ◽  
Jesus Ramos J ◽  
Luis Vargas V ◽  
Juan Zaldivar C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Erlenmeyer Flask ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Soluble Fractions

ABSTRACTObjective. Improve the nutritional value of mechanized sugarcane residues inoculating the fungus Fomes sp. EUM1. Materials and methods. The fungus Fomes was inoculated according to a 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% (w/v) treatment and incubated at a temperature of 35°C for 7, 10 and 13 days. It was obtained DM, OM, CP, ash, NDF and ADF and the effective degradation of DM, NDF and ADF, with an experimental factorial design of 3X3 and a completely randomized design. The factors were growing days in an Erlenmeyer flask (7, 10, and 13) and inoculum percentage (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3). The data were analyzed with the SAS statistical package. Results. Statistical significance was found in the interaction of the fungus growing days by percentage of inoculum, in the variables: DM, CP and pH. The NDF and ADF factor differed in the percentage of inoculum. Effective degradation showed significant for the same type of interaction in all the variables studied. Conclusions. The inoculation of the fungus increased ADF degradation by only 0.2% of the inoculum percentage, without any effect on effective degradation due to the use of soluble fractions at the beginning of the incubation. It is considered that the degradation occurs in stages that are important to consider for determining treatments to maximize the beneficial effects of the fungus in terms of ruminant nutrition.

scholarly journals Biostimulants Based on Humic Acids, Amino Acids and Vitamins Increase Growth and Quality of Lettuce Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Rubens Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Antonio Carlos Martins dos Santos ◽  
Jefferson Santana da Silva Carneiro ◽  
Lara Couto Marques ◽  
Larissa Urzêdo Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The Ideal

Humic acids (HA), amino acids (AA) and vitamins can increase plant growth; however, there are still few studies that determine the ideal concentration for use in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of HA enriched with sources and levels of AA and vitamins on lettuce seedlings morphology and quality. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The first experiment had 16 treatments, 3 × 5 + 1 factorial design, the first factor was betaine, glycine and proline used in the HA enrichment, and second factor five concentrations of AA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L-1), plus the control, without HA and AA. The second experiment had 21 treatments, 4 × 5 + 1 factorial design, the first factor was the use of four vitamins (A, E, B1 and B2) in the enrichment of HA, while the second factor was composed of five concentrations of each vitamin (0, 0.5; 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L-1) plus the control, without HA and vitamins. The application of HA and HA+AA promote the improvement in the seedling’s morphology and quality, while the application of the HA+vitamins negatively affected the morphology, reducing seedling quality.

scholarly journals Preliminary Evaluation: Hydrocarbons, Cobalt, & Urea Enhance Bacteria Benefits to Plants

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Guenevere Perry ◽  
Don Spence
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Nitrile Hydratase ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
State University ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Georgia State University ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Aim: Develop a method to induce PGPB to biosynthesize nitrile compounds that may act as a reliable and repeatable means to increase seed germination in plant species. Study Design: The germination experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two replications and 40 pots (80 seedlings) per experimental unit, following a 1x1 factorial design for each culture, treated or untreated soil and 1 germination period for both conditions. The nitrile hydratase experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 3 soil samples per experimental unit, following a 1x1 factorial design for each cultivar, induced or non-induced soil and 1 cultivation period. Place and Duration of Study: Germination work was executed at G & A Innovative Solutions, LLC, GA., April - May 2017. Nitrile Hydratase Assay work was executed at Georgia State University, Applied Environmental Microbiology Dept., Atlanta, GA. November 2010-August 2011. Methodology: Rhodococcus and Bacillus species were induced with short chained-hydrocarbons, cobalt, and urea in a triphasic system for 3 d to potentially make nitrile compounds to benefit seed germination. Increased NHase activity has been previously correlated to production of these nitrile compounds and an increased ability to affect plant development. NHase activity was measured after bacteria were suspended in soil for 6-7 d. Results: The induction method sustained and increased NHase activity by 200%, during suspension in soil. Induced Bacillus increased germination by 34%, shoot & root length by 67% & 10%. Conclusion: Enhancing biosynthesis of nitriles in PGPB may enhance bacteria ability increase seed germination rates.  Measuring NHase activity may indirectly measure efficacy of PGPB in soil. The results are preliminary and require additional studies to confirm results.

Apparent and standardised digestibility in broilers fed flaxseed meal with multicarbohydrase and phytase at 35 days of age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Guaracy Aparecido Cardoso Araujo ◽  
Connie Gallardo Vela ◽  
José Roberto Sartori ◽  
Messias Alves Trindade Neto
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Flaxseed Meal ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
To Receive

The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD; trial 1) and the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of the amino acids (AA) (trial 2) in flaxseed meal (FM) were evaluated with the addition of exogenous multi-carbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy). A total of 80 28-day-old broilers were allotted in a completely randomized design to receive treatments up to 35 days of age. A 2 × 2 factorial design as used to determine the enzyme effects, on the ATTD of dry matter, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and fibre; energy use and the AID and SID of AA, in five replicate cages. There was synergism between MC and Phy on the ATTD of nitrogen and energy. The isolated inclusion of MC and Phy on the ATTD of dry matter, calcium, phosphorus and fibre of FM. The enzyme inclusion on the AID and SID of AA in FM, established by comparing the means, suggested a better response to the addition of MC + Phy. Supplementation with Phy or combination of MC and Phy was a viable alternative to increase the ATTD of nutrients and energy. The Combination of MC + Phy resulted in higher apparent and standardised digestibility of amino acidsAA from FM.

Intermittent lighting program does not hinder the performance of broiler chickens and promotes energy economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Somavilla Manfio ◽  
Ianglio Márcio Travassos Duarte Jácome ◽  
Felipe Cardoso Serpa ◽  
Leonardo Faccenda Zanchin ◽  
Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of broiler chickens in different lighting programs. Broiler chickens were fed on feeders of different colours at different breeding phases. In total, 240 Cobb500™ chicks mixed at 1 d of age were used. They were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments followed a 2 × 4 factorial design: two lighting programs (continuous and intermittent), and four colours of feeders (white, green, blue, and red). The birds were evaluated for weekly productive performance and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and later Tukey’s test for comparison of means. In the periods 1–7, 1–21, and 1–42 d of age, lighting programs and feeder colours affected weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion. Intermittent red feeders influenced positively the performance of birds. It is possible to replace conventional lighting programs for intermittent lighting programs. Red feeders exert a positive influence on the performance of broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Effect of Borassus aethiopum extract as a biological extender on semen characteristics, fertility and hatchability in chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-393
Author(s):  
Adeyina Oluwatoba ◽  
Akanbi Samuel ◽  
Okupke Mathias ◽  
Ogbah Isaac ◽  
Alli Ibidapo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Semen Characteristics ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Borassus Aethiopum

Borassus aethiopum extract as a biological extender was evaluated on semen quality, fertility and hatchability in chickens under conditions of warm preservation at 37oC. The extenders were prepared in 1:5 and 1:10 ratios (extract to normal saline) and preserved for 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours respectively in a factorial design layout. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of the extender on semen characteristics within 2 hours of preservation. However, motility (%) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced when the semen was preserved for more than 2 hours. Interactions between the extender ratios and the period of preservation were significant (p<0.05) for motility (%), dead and abnormal cells. Motility (%) was insignificantly (p>0.05) higher in the extender of 1:10 than in the extender of 1:5 and it was above 70%. Using the extender of 1:10 in the fertility and hatchability trial in a completely randomized design layout showed that fertility decreased, 95% in the 0- hour treatment to 73% in the 4-hour treatment while hatchability decreased from 71.4% in the 0-hour treatment to 61.5% in the 4-hour treatment. It may be concluded that the Borassus aethiopum extract could be used to extend and preserve the semen of chickens for 3 hours providing good fertility and hatchability of eggs.

scholarly journals Effect of Mulches Types Use and Chicken Manure Doses to Growth and Yield of Shallot

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Indra Dwipa ◽  
Warnita . ◽  
Yanni Savitri
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tuber Weight ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Black Plastic

Aims: The research aimed to study the interaction of mulch types and chicken manure doses to growth and yield of shallot. Study Design:  Factorial design in completely randomized design with 2 factors. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in Panai Pasir Talang, Muaralabuh, South Solok Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia from December 2018 to February 2019. The altitude of research site was 430 meter above sea level (asl). Methodology: Factorial design in completely randomized design with 2 factors was used in the research. First factor was much types (black plastic, silver plastic mulch and rice straw mulch). The second factor was chicken manure dose (10 ton/ha, 20 ton/ha and 30 ton/ha). The data was analyzed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test in 5%. Results: The result showed that there was no effect of the interaction between mulch types use and chicken manure doses on growth and yield of shallot. For single factor, the black plastic mulch was the best treatment for fresh tuber weight per hectare (11.74 ton/ha). 20 ton/ha of chicken manure dose affected the plant height, number of leaves, fresh tuber weight per hectare and dry weight per hectare. Conclusion: There was no treatment can be conducted for increasing the growth of shallot.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document