scholarly journals Risks of work with cytotoxic drugs

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
A.S. Bosnak
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hair Loss ◽  
Cytotoxic Drugs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Fetal Malformations ◽  
Biological Liquids ◽  
Waste Handling

Background. Cytotoxic drugs (CTD) are widely used in medicine for the treatment of tumors and other diseases. According to the definition, CTD are the drugs, which are toxic for cells, that is, interrupt their replication or growth. Effects of CTD are not targeted, that’s why when they get into the organism, they can harm not only target cells, but any other cells, and not only the patient, but also the other people who contact with them, especially, the healthcare workers (HCW). Objective. To define the risks of work with CTD. Materials and methods. Analysis of the literature data on this topic. Results and discussion. In case of breaking the safety rules, HCW may contact CTD. They can be exposed via skin contact, inhalation of aerosols or swallowing of the particles of CTD, via needle injuries. Actions and procedures, which can be accompanied by the contact of HCW with CTD, include drug preparation and administration, handling of drug containers and waste materials, handling the biological liquids of CTD-treated patient, cleaning of the spills or items, polluted by biological liquids. Exposure to CTD can result in the abdominal pain, hair loss, vomiting, liver injury, nasal sores, contact dermatitis and allergic reactions, miscarriages and fetal malformations (in pregnant women), changes in total blood analysis, mutations appearance. It is not proven that long occupational exposure to CTD leads to cancer, despite it is known that the majority of CTD have genotoxic, cancerogenic and mutagenic effects. Tactics of risk minimization in work with CTD includes definition of risk groups (pregnant women, newbies), assessment of the potential harms of used drugs, written fixation and often reassessment of risk estimation, HCW education. The latter must include methods of CTD preparation, peculiarities of CTD usage and waste handling, correct usage of individual protective equipment (IPE) etc. CTD must be prepared exclusively by the HCW, who underwent the adequate training, and in the specialized settings (HEPA-filtered exhaust systems, negative pressure rooms, absorbing surface covers). IPE must include vinyl or nitrile gloves, waterproof long-sleeved robe or overall with elastic cuffs, goggles or face shield, respirator, shoe covers. Potentially polluted by CTD waste must be collected into the polypropylene or polyethylene bags with the appropriate labeling. Conclusions. 1. CTD may harm not only target cells, but also the other cells, and not only patients, but all the other exposed people. 2. CTD exposure may lead to the abdominal pain, hair loss, vomiting, contact dermatitis, miscarriages and fetal malformations, etc. 3. There is a spectrum of protective measures to protect HCW from CTD exposure (IPE, equipment of specialized working places for CTD solutions’ preparation, correct waste handling).

Features of the course and treatment of glaucoma during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
T. V. Chernyakova ◽  
A. Yu. Brezhnev ◽  
I. R. Gazizova ◽  
A. V. Kuroyedov ◽  
A. V. Seleznev
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chronic Progressive Disease ◽  
Hypotensive Therapy ◽  
Eye Pressure

In the review we have integrated all up-to-date knowledge concerning clinical course and treatment of glaucoma among pregnant women to help specialists choose a proper policy of treatment for such a complicated group of patients. Glaucoma is a chronic progressive disease. It rarely occurs among childbearing aged women. Nevertheless the probability to manage pregnant patients having glaucoma has been recently increasing. The situation is complicated by the fact that there are no recommendations on how to treat glaucoma among pregnant women. As we know, eye pressure is progressively going down from the first to the third trimester, so we often have to correct hypotensive therapy. Besides, it is necessary to take into account the effect of applied medicines on mother health and evaluate possible teratogenic complications for a fetus. The only medicine against glaucoma which belongs to category B according to FDA classification is brimonidine. Medicines of the other groups should be prescribed with care. Laser treatment or surgery may also be a relevant decision when monitoring patients who are planning pregnancy or just bearing a child. Such treatment should be also accompanied by medicines.

scholarly journals Opposite correlation of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D- and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D-metabolites with gestational age, bone- and lipid-biomarkers in pregnant women

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Tsuprykov ◽  
Saban Elitok ◽  
Claudia Buse ◽  
Chang Chu ◽  
Bernhard Karl Krämer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Specific Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Group B

Abstract25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) need to be bound to carrier proteins to be transported to their target cells. The majority of either 25OHD or 1,25(OH)2D is bound to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), a smaller fraction is bound to albumin and only very small amounts of 25OHD or 1,25(OH)2D are free. Albumin-bound 25OHD or 1,25(OH)2D is relatively easily available after dissociation from albumin. Thus, the sum of free and albumin-bound forms is called bioavailable 25OHD and bioavailable 1,25(OH)2D. Total 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D are defined as the sum of free, albumin-bound and DBP-bound 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D, respectively. This cross-sectional study in 427 pregnant women compared the correlation of the six vitamin D compounds with biomarkers of bone health, lipid metabolism, kidney function, endocrine parameters, and group B water-soluble vitamins. Among the 25OHD metabolites analysed, total 1,25(OH)2D showed clearly the best correlation with calcium, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, adiponectin, LDL, HDL, urea, thyroxine, and group B water-soluble vitamins. When comparing the three 25OHD metabolites, both free 25OHD and bioavailable 25OHD showed overall good correlations with calcium, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, adiponectin, LDL, HDL, urea, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and group B water-soluble vitamins, The correlations of 1,25(OH)2D and 25OHD metabolites went always in opposite directions. Only PTH correlates always inversely with all six vitamin D compounds. In conclusion, free 25(OH)D and bioavailable 25(OH)D are more precise determinants of the vitamin D status than total 25(OH)D in normal pregnancy, whereas total 1,25(OH)2D is superior to free and bioavailable 1,25(OH)2D. Except for PTH, correlations of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D metabolites with typical clinical chemistry readouts go in opposite directions.

scholarly journals Administration route governs the therapeutic efficacy, biodistribution and macrophage targeting of anti-inflammatory nanoparticles in the lung

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Yafei Rao ◽  
Xiali Liu ◽  
Liya Sun ◽  
Jiameng Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Uncontrolled inflammation is a central problem for many respiratory diseases. The development of potent, targeted anti-inflammatory therapies to reduce lung inflammation and re-establish the homeostasis in the respiratory tract is still a challenge. Previously, we developed a unique anti-inflammatory nanodrug, P12 (made of hexapeptides and gold nanoparticles), which can attenuate Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages. However, the effect of the administration route on its therapeutic efficacy and tissue distribution remained to be defined. Results In this study, we systematically compared the effects of three different administration routes [the intratracheal (i.t.), intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.)] on the therapeutic activity, biodistribution and pulmonary cell targeting features of P12. Using the LPS-induced ALI mouse model, we found that the local administration route via i.t. instillation was superior in reducing lung inflammation than the other two routes even treated with a lower concentration of P12. Further studies on nanoparticle biodistribution showed that the i.t. administration led to more accumulation of P12 in the lungs but less in the liver and other organs; however, the i.v. and i.p. administration resulted in more nanoparticle accumulation in the liver and lymph nodes, respectively, but less in the lungs. Such a lung favorable distribution was also determined by the unique surface chemistry of P12. Furthermore, the inflammatory condition in the lung could decrease the accumulation of nanoparticles in the lung and liver, while increasing their distribution in the spleen and heart. Interestingly, the i.t. administration route helped the nanoparticles specifically target the lung macrophages, whereas the other two administration routes did not. Conclusion The i.t. administration is better for treating ALI using nanodevices as it enhances the bioavailability and efficacy of the nanodrugs in the target cells of the lung and reduces the potential systematic side effects.

Abnormal vascular function and morphology in preeclampsia: a study of isolated resistance vessels

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Aalkjaer ◽  
H. Danielsen ◽  
P. Johannesen ◽  
E. B. Pedersen ◽  
A. Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Resistance Vessels

1. In order to obtain direct information about vascular changes associated with pre-eclampsia, the morphological and functional characteristics of isolated omental resistance vessels from 11 women with pre-eclampsia, 10 normotensive pregnant women and eight normotensive nonpregnant women were determined. 2. In vessels from the women with preeclampsia, the ratio of media thickness to lumen diameter was increased, compared with that in vessels from the other two groups. 3. The vessels from the women with preeclampsia had an increased responsiveness to angiotensin II and a decreased rate of relaxation, but only when compared with the vessels from the normotensive pregnant women. However, no difference in responsiveness to noradrenaline was found between any of the groups. 4. The angiotensin II responsiveness of the vessels from the women with pre-eclampsia and from the non-pregnant women were similar, suggesting that pre-eclampsia is associated with an absence of the change in vascular function which normally occurs during pregnancy. 5. The study provides direct evidence for an involvement of vascular abnormalities in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

scholarly journals HLA restriction of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for influenza virus. Poor recognition of virus associated with HLA A2.

1978 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 1458-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
A McMichael
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), specific for influenza A/X31 virus, were generated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These CTL lysed target cells that were infected with the same virus and that shared HLA A or B locus antigens. Minimal lysis was observed when HLA-D antigens were shared. Not all HLA A and B antigens were equally effective. Efficient lysis of target cells was seen when HLA A1, A3, B7, B8, B27 and BW21 were shared with the CTL, but when HLA A2 was the only shared antigen lysis was usually minimal. This deficiency in CTL function associated with HLA A2 was not absolute. It is suggested that the function of this antigen might be influenced by other surface molecules on the cell and in particular the other HLA products.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Severe Alopecia Areata Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mehdi Gheisari ◽  
Khatere Zahedi ◽  
Zohreh Tehranchinia ◽  
Hamideh Moravvej ◽  
Fahimeh Abdollahimajd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Reduction ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Hair Loss ◽  
Alopecia Areata ◽  
Systemic Therapy ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protective Measures

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The pandemic of COVID-19 has several implications for patients with chronic stress-sensitive diseases such as alopecia areata (AA). On the other hand, the vulnerability of AA patients using immunosuppressives to a more severe infection is in the shadow of ambiguity. This teledermatology study aimed to evaluate the course and outcome of AA in patients during this challenging period. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Patients with AA who had previously received systemic therapy included in this study. Information about demographic data, AA history, characteristics, and treatments, hair loss progression, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), adherence to protective measures against the COVID-19, possible infection, and its features obtained via a telephone call. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 57 patients participated. The majority (84.2%) of the participants had mild anxiety assessed by CDAS. Two patients (3.5%) had got infected with COVID-19. Twenty-one (36.8%) participants experienced hair loss progression. Hair loss progression correlated with drug dose reduction (OR: 46.09, 95% CI 5.48–387.14, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) although it did not influence by the level of anxiety evaluated by the CDAS (<i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The anxiety perceived by severe AA patients about COVID-19 is mild; however, many experience hair loss progressions owing to their drug dose reduction.

scholarly journals KEHAMILAN TETAP SEHAT DI MASA PANDEMI

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Riona Sanjaya ◽  
Hellen Febriyanti ◽  
Yetty Dwi Fara ◽  
Septika Yani Veronica ◽  
Siti Maesaroh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Keywords Pregnancy

ABSTRAKKehamilan merupakan proses yang normal, alamiah yang diawali dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin intrauteri, dimulai sejak konsepsi sampai bersalin dan lamanya kehamilan normal adalah 280 hari (40 minggu atau 9 bulan 7 hari) di hitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir.Pada masa Kehamilan ibu hamil agar dapat mempersiapkan diri pada kesehatan ibu hamil dengan menjaga nutrisi selama proses kehamilannya. Ibu hamil wajib memeriksakan kehamilannya agara ibu hamil dapat mengetahui dan mencegah sedini mungkin kelainan yang dapat terjadi, meningkatkan kondisi badan ibu dalam menghadapi kehamilan serta mendapatkan penyuluhan yang diperlukan selama kehamilan. Melalui kegiatan ini diharapkan masyarakat khususnya ibu hamil mampu menjaga kesehatannya selama kehamilan di masa pandemi. Kegiatan-kegiatan ini mencakup teori dan praktek yang meliputi : (1) Pendidikan Kesehatan yang dilakukan secara online; (2) Praktik Senam Ibu Hamil yang dilakukan Melalui Vidio; dengan melibatkan mahasiswa Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu pada saat pelaksanaan. Melalui kegiatan ini, diharapkan masyarakat khususnya ibu hamil dapat menyadari pentingnya kesehatan bagi ibu hamil walaupun dimasa pandemi ini. Kata kunci: kehamilan; nutrisi; senam hamil ABSTRACTPregnancy is a normal, natural process that begins with the growth and development of the intrauterine fetus. It starts from conception to delivery and the normal length of pregnancy is 280 days (40 weeks or 9 months 7 days) on the first day of the last menstruation. During pregnancy, pregnant women can prepare themselves for the health of pregnant women by maintaining nutrition during the pregnancy process. Pregnant women are required to have their pregnancy checked so that pregnant women can find out and prevent possible abnormalities that can occur, improve the condition of the mother's body in facing pregnancy and get the necessary counseling during pregnancy. Through this activity, it is expected that the community, especially pregnant women, will be able to maintain their health during pregnancy during a pandemic. These activities include theory and practice as follows: (1) Health Education which will be conducted online; (2) Exercise for Pregnant Women through Video; by involving the students of Aisyah University of Pringsewu during the implementation. In the other hand, it can realize the importance of health for pregnant women even during this pandemic. Keywords: pregnancy; nutrition; pregnancy exercise

scholarly journals Autotransplantacija slezine

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Knezevic ◽  
D. Stefanovic ◽  
M. Petrovic ◽  
Z. Djordjevic ◽  
Slavko Matic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Splenic Rupture ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traumatic Rupture ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rupture Of The Spleen ◽  
Previous Disease

Auto transplantation of the spleen can be performed in the patients with traumatic rupture of the spleen, in whom spleen could not be conserved in the other way. The right indication for this method is isolated rupture of the spleen (concvasation or complete devascularisation). This method is not recommended in the endangered patients, patients with previous disease of the spleen as well as in the patients with the perforation of the other abdominal organs at the same time. Auto transplantation was performed in 12 patients with isolated splenic rupture and hematoperitoneum, 11 men and one woman. The majority of patients are younger. In 8 patients, autotransplantat was placed into big omentum, in three into lipomatous tissue surrounding left kidney, and in one into anterior abdominal wall. In all the patients from this group, following analysis were taken: MCV (middle volume of erythrocytes), HTC, Hb, Le, Glucose, urea, creatinin, sodium, potassium, alkali phosphatasis, target cells, Howell Jolly's bodies, Heinz's bodies, IgG, IgA, igM, C3, C4, T3, T4, T8, B, segmentated, eosinophiles, lymphocytes, reticulocytes, thrombocytes, fibrinogen, PT, APTT, aggregation of thrombocytes and aggregation of thrombocytes on collagen. The same parameters were taken in 12 patients with surgery similar to splenectomy and in 12 after splenectomy. After splenectomy, there was decrease of the immunologic defending abilities of the organism because of the loss of the clirens function of the spleen, decreased level of the opsonines and tutsin, which leads to the impaired phagocytosis, decreased concentration of IgM and T and B lymphocytes, while in patients after auto transplantation the results were physiological. The most important thing in the assessment of the function of the autotransplantated spleen is scintigraphic investigation using 99mTc-denaturated red blood cells. In our study, auto transplant function was assessed in 10/12 patients by scintigraphy. Five years after surgery no one patient was proved to have postsplenectomic sepsis.

What is Scientific Proof?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
William G. Crook
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
The One

Can adverse or allergic reactions to what a person eats cause him to be pale, tired, and drowsy on the one hand, or irritable and hyperactive on the other? Can such reactions to food also cause headaches, abdominal pain, and limb pains? Can they make an individual depressed, and can they cause even more bizarre nervous system symptoms, or are such reactions a myth? As long ago as 1916, and on repeated occasions since that time, observers, including Hoobler,1 Shannon,2 Rowe,3 Rinkel et al,4 Randolph,5 Speer,6 Deamer and colleagues,7,8 Gerrard,9 Alvarez,10 and many others,11-18 have described patients with systemic and nervous system reactions caused by a specific hypersensitivity to foods.

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