scholarly journals The trophic transfer of Cd and Pb from navicula pelliculosa (Bacillariophyta) to Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Protein A ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Hyalella Azteca ◽  
Trophic Transfer ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Navicula Pelliculosa

Currently, information identifying the importance of food and water in the trophic transfer of metals for most aquatic organisms is limited, yet such information is essential for modeling metal movement within food webs. Hyalella azteca is a suitable organism to study the trophic transfer of metals since they represent a major, but potentially vulnerable component of the food web of many lakes. Since studies involving the trophic transfer are limited, the objective of this research was to determine the relative importance of food and water sources of Pb and Cd to these animals. Hyalella azteca browses on the film of microscopic plants, animals and organic debris covering leaves, stems and other substrates. Hyalella azteca are epibenthic freshwater organisms that prefer foods high in protein. A major challenge of this study involved determining a substrate in which algae would grow and stay attached so Hyalella azteca could graze. Preliminary studies found that the diatom species, Navicula pelliculosa grew and adhered well to Teflon ® surfaces and that Hyalella azteca grazed the diatoms from the surface of Teflon ® . Thus, Navicula pelliculosa was grown in the presence of Pb and Cd concentrations and then fed to the organisms. No significant difference was found between organisms exposed to Pb and Cd from water and from water and food, indicating that Pb and Cd bioaccumulation from food is negligible when the dissolved inorganic fractions are buffered with ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). The average log 10 bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cd was calculated to be 5.25 from water exposure and 5.49 from water and food exposure. The log 10 Hyalella BCF for Pb was calculated as 4.62 from water exposure and 4.59 from water and food exposure. From these results, it can be concluded that a food source containing Pb and Cd concentrations of 15 nM Pb and 0.37 nM Cd, had no noticeable effect on metal burdens to Hyalella azteca. Metal uptake by Hyalella azteca at the levels studied was found to be primarily from the dissolved phase.

scholarly journals The trophic transfer of Cd and Pb from navicula pelliculosa (Bacillariophyta) to Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Protein A ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Hyalella Azteca ◽  
Trophic Transfer ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Navicula Pelliculosa

Currently, information identifying the importance of food and water in the trophic transfer of metals for most aquatic organisms is limited, yet such information is essential for modeling metal movement within food webs. Hyalella azteca is a suitable organism to study the trophic transfer of metals since they represent a major, but potentially vulnerable component of the food web of many lakes. Since studies involving the trophic transfer are limited, the objective of this research was to determine the relative importance of food and water sources of Pb and Cd to these animals. Hyalella azteca browses on the film of microscopic plants, animals and organic debris covering leaves, stems and other substrates. Hyalella azteca are epibenthic freshwater organisms that prefer foods high in protein. A major challenge of this study involved determining a substrate in which algae would grow and stay attached so Hyalella azteca could graze. Preliminary studies found that the diatom species, Navicula pelliculosa grew and adhered well to Teflon ® surfaces and that Hyalella azteca grazed the diatoms from the surface of Teflon ® . Thus, Navicula pelliculosa was grown in the presence of Pb and Cd concentrations and then fed to the organisms. No significant difference was found between organisms exposed to Pb and Cd from water and from water and food, indicating that Pb and Cd bioaccumulation from food is negligible when the dissolved inorganic fractions are buffered with ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). The average log 10 bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cd was calculated to be 5.25 from water exposure and 5.49 from water and food exposure. The log 10 Hyalella BCF for Pb was calculated as 4.62 from water exposure and 4.59 from water and food exposure. From these results, it can be concluded that a food source containing Pb and Cd concentrations of 15 nM Pb and 0.37 nM Cd, had no noticeable effect on metal burdens to Hyalella azteca. Metal uptake by Hyalella azteca at the levels studied was found to be primarily from the dissolved phase.

scholarly journals Assessing Diazinon Pollution in the Three Major Rivers Flowing into the Caspian Sea (Iran)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz ◽  
Abbas Esmaili-sari ◽  
Magdalena Urbaniak ◽  
Paromita Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Haraz River ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Risk

The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in the concentrations of a widely used organophosphorous pesticide (OPP), diazinon, and the associated risk posed by this OPP in the surface water from the three largest rivers located in the northern province of Iran: the Haraz, the Talar and the Babolrood rivers. These rivers are located in the agriculture province of Mazandaran, and are exposed to high doses of organophosphorus pesticides, especially diazinon. The concentration of diazinon was determined using gas chromatography, while the potential risk posed by diazinon was elucidated using a Risk Quotient (RQ) calculated for general (RQm) and worst-case (RQex) scenarios. The obtained results demonstrated that the average diazinon concentrations ranged from 41 ± 76 ng/L in the Talar River and 57 ± 116 ng/L in the Haraz River, to 76.5 ± 145 ng/L in the Babolrood River, with a significant difference noted between summer and autumn seasons for all three rivers. For some stations, the concentration of diazinon is higher than the standard guidelines of Australian/New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (FMWQ) and the United States Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC). The calculated RQs indicated a medium risk of diazinon, RQm = 0.73 and RQex = 2.27, in the Talar River; RQm = 1.02 and RQex = 2.49 in the Haraz River; and RQm = 1.35 and RQex = 4.54 in the Babolrood River. The overall exposure of diazinon was defined to have a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1); however, the summer sampling revealed a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1), while the autumn had a medium risk (RQm and RQex < 1). The obtained results revealed not only elevated concentrations of diazinon in the studied rivers but most importantly the high risk posed by this OPP for the aquatic organisms and the wellbeing of the whole river ecosystem. The current study showed that development and implementation of appropriate standards and regulations toward diazinon in countries such as Iran are required to reduce the pollution levels and risks related to elevated concentrations of the studied pesticide.

scholarly journals A Review on Fish Sensory Systems and Amazon Water Types With Implications to Biodiversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elio de Almeida Borghezan ◽  
Tiago Henrique da Silva Pires ◽  
Takehide Ikeda ◽  
Jansen Zuanon ◽  
Shiro Kohshima
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Fish Diversity ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Lighting Environment

The Amazon has the highest richness of freshwater organisms in the world, which has led to a multitude of hypotheses on the mechanisms that generated this biodiversity. However, most of these hypotheses focus on the spatial distance of populations, a framework that fails to provide an explicit mechanism of speciation. Ecological conditions in Amazon freshwaters can be strikingly distinct, as it has been recognized since Alfred Russel Wallace’s categorization into black, white, and blue (= clear) waters. Water types reflect differences in turbidity, dissolved organic matter, electrical conductivity, pH, amount of nutrients and lighting environment, characteristics that directly affect the sensory abilities of aquatic organisms. Since natural selection drives evolution of sensory systems to function optimally according to environmental conditions, the sensory systems of Amazon freshwater organisms are expected to vary according to their environment. When differences in sensory systems affect chances of interbreeding between populations, local adaptations may result in speciation. Here, we briefly present the limnologic characteristics of Amazonian water types and how they are expected to influence photo-, chemical-, mechano-, and electro-reception of aquatic organisms, focusing on fish. We put forward that the effect of different water types on the adaptation of sensory systems is an important mechanism that contributed to the evolution of fish diversity. We point toward underexplored research perspectives on how divergent selection may act on sensory systems and thus contribute to the origin and maintenance of the biodiversity of Amazon aquatic environments.

scholarly journals The effect of local ketamine infiltration on post tonsillectomy pain scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Ade Asyari ◽  
Novialdi Novialdi ◽  
Elniza Morina ◽  
Rimelda Aquinas ◽  
Nasman Puar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Local Infiltration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Control

Background: Post tonsillectomy pain is one of the surgery side effects that most disturbing for patient’s comfort and will cause dysphagia, low intake, dehydration, secondary infection and bleeding. Ketamine is an anesthetic drug that has strong analgesic effect and easily available in any hospital at relatively cheap price. Objective: To find out the effect of local ketamine infiltration on the post tonsillectomy pain scale. Method: An experimental study during tonsillectomy with a Post Test Control Group on 12 samples without local infiltration of ketamine and 12 samples with local infiltration of ketamine in peritonsillar pillar. The pain was assessed 2 hours and 24 hours post extubation with pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Result: The VAS value from patients who were given local infiltration of ketamine in peritonsillar pillar were lower (5.83 ± 0.72 at 2 hours and 2.83 ± 0.58 at 24 hours post extubation) compared to patients without ketamine infiltration (7.83 ± 0.58 at 2 hours and 3.58 ± 0.51 at 24 hours post extubation). The result showed statistically significant difference (p <0.05) at 2 hours and 24 hours post extubation. Conclusion: The VAS score of the ketamine infiltration group is lower at 2 hours and 24 hours post extubation than the group without ketamine infiltration, showing there was a noticeable effect of local ketamine infiltration on the post tonsillectomy pain scale.Keywords : post tonsillectomy pain, ketamine, local infiltration, visual analog scale ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Nyeri pascatonsilektomi adalah salah satu efek samping operasi yang sangat mengganggu kenyamanan pasien, dan dapat menyebabkan gangguan menelan, kurangnya asupan nutrisi, dehidrasi, infeksi sekunder dan perdarahan. Ketamin merupakan obat anestesi yang memiliki efek analgetik yang kuat dan mudah didapatkan di semua tipe rumah sakit dengan harga yang relatif murah. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek pemberian infiltrasi lokal ketamin terhadap skala nyeri pascatonsilektomi. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain Post Test Control Group pada 12 sampel tanpa pemberian infiltrasi lokal ketamin dan 12 sampel dengan pemberian infiltrasi lokal ketamin di pilar peritonsil saat tonsilektomi. Dilakukan penilaian nyeri 2 jam dan 24 jam pascaekstubasi menggunakan skala nyeri Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Hasil: Nilai VAS pasien yang diberi infiltrasi lokal ketamin di pilar peritonsil lebih rendah (5,83±0,72 pada 2 jam dan 2,83 ± 0,58 pada 24 jam pascaekstubasi) dibanding tanpa diberi infiltrasi lokal ketamine (7,83 ± 0,58 pada 2 jam dan 3,58± 0,51 pada 24 jam pascaekstubasi), dan bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05) pada kedua penilaian. Kesimpulan: Terdapat efek nyata infiltrasi lokal ketamin terhadap skala nyeri pascatonsilektomi, dimana nilai VAS kelompok yang diberi infiltrasi ketamin lebih rendah, baik pada 2 jam ataupun 24 jam pascaekstubasi dibanding kelompok yang tidak diberi infiltrasi ketamin.

scholarly journals Physicochemistry and Heavy Metal Characteristics of Waste Products from Abattoir Activities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Azuonwu, Testimonies Chikanka ◽  
David N. Ogbonna ◽  
John Onwuteaka
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Faecal Matter ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The upsurge of abattoir operations as a result of the rise in demand for meat protein has led to a corresponding increase in waste generation. These wastes are often channelled into nearby streams with little or no treatment which exposes aquatic organisms to the resultant consequences of this waste deposition. This study was thus aimed at determining the physicochemical quality of some abattoir samples in Port Harcourt city. Soil, faecal matter, wastewater, waste blood and service water samples from the Iwofe, Rumuodomaya and Trans-Amadi abattoirs were collected within a  period of one year and the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), sulphate, chloride, temperature, nitrate, ammonia and heavy metals quantities including chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt, copper and cadmium were determined using standard techniques. The study recorded high BOD5 and COD values from the blood, faecal matter, soil and wastewater samples while service water samples had values within the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality limits. Seasonal variations in the physicochemical parameters of the samples collected both in the wet and dry seasons were observed. The pH values ranged from 6.2-8.5, BOD5 of blood, faecal matter soil and wastewater ranged from 2124-4349 mg/l while the COD ranged from 2715-8820 mg/l. In Rumuodomaya, the BOD5 and COD ranged from 2276-2727 mg/l and 2583-3245 mg/l respectively while samples from Trans-Amadi abattoir had values for BOD5 and COD ranging from 2253-4330 mg/l and 2931-4597 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate, chromium, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, lead and copper contents in the different locations varied statistically at α-0.05 while no significant difference was observed for pH, ammonia, temperature, COD, BOD5, sulphate and chloride contents at α=0.05. The BOD5 and COD of waste blood, wastewater, soil and faecal matter recorded values that were above permissible limits for service water and therefore raises concern for the aquatic life being threatened by these effluents as the amount of dissolved oxygen available for them will be reduced as a pollution of the immediate environment, if these generated wastes are not treated before disposal.    

Relationship between tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production and a specific multiple sclerosis (MS) associated TNF gene haplotype

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Armstrong ◽  
G V McDonnell ◽  
C A Graham ◽  
C W Kirk ◽  
A G Droogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gene Haplotype ◽  
Tnf Gene

Objective: To determine if monocyte TNFa production from patients homozygous for a specific MS associated TNF gene haplotype is different from that produced in patients either heterozygous for, or without this haplotype. Background: The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is important in the clinical outcome of inflammatory reactions. Levels of TNFa, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is raised in MS as well as being found in acute and chronic MS lesions. A previous population based study in Northern Ireland with polymorphisms spanning the TNF gene region identified a conserved MS associated haplotype in relation to three markers (130: 118: 127 TNF d: a: b) for which 19 MS patients were homozygous. Methods: Venous blood collected in EDTA to give a concentration of 1073 M was drawn from 16 patients with the conserved MS associated haplotype, 19 patients heterozygous for the haplotype and 17 patients without the haplotype. Mononuclear cells were separated and cultured by standard techniques and levels of TNFa and of TNF binding proteins I and II were determined by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: There were no significant differences in TNFa production in the 3 h (P=0.28) or 24 h cultures (P=0.18) or following stimulation with interferon-g (P=0.17) between the group positive for the conserved haplotype and the group negative for this haplotype. There was also no significant difference when compared to the heterozygote group. No association was found between the MS associated haplotype and levels of either TNF binding protein. A greater proportion of patients with the conserved haplotype had a benign clinical course (P=0.06). Conclusion: We conclude that whilst a trend exists, we have found no significant association between peripheral TNFa production and a specific MS associated TNF haplotype in this population. Paradoxically this haplotype may also predict a more favourable clinical course.

scholarly journals Spatial and Monthly Changes in Interstitial Water Physico-Chemistry of Bodo Creek

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
D. K. Nkeeh ◽  
A. I. Hart ◽  
E. S. Erondu ◽  
N. Zabbey
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level

Water plays a key role in the survival, growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. Therefore maintaining good quality of water physico-chemical parameters would ensure optimum productivity of aquatic fauna. The study evaluated water physical and chemical parameters (temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Bodo Creek. Sample was collected for 5 months (July 2020 – November 2020) at locations previously studied (before-spill baseline studies, 3 years, 5 years, and 7 years after-spill); by using the sampling methods used in previous studies. Spatially, there was no statistically significant difference in temperature (p > 0.05 = 0.997), pH (p > 0.05 = 0.496), DO (p > 0.05= 0.34) and BOD (p > 0.05 = 0.644). However, the difference in conductivity between the stations was statistically significant (p < 0.05 = 0.006). On monthly basis, there was a significant difference in temperature (p < 0.05 = 0.000) and pH (p < 0.05 = 0.005). In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in conductivity (p > 0.05 = 0.633), DO (p > 0.05 = 0.559) and BOD (p > 0.05 = 0.75). Most of the physico-chemical parameters were not within the WHO recommended levels for the survival of aquatic lives, indicating a high level of environmental pollution in Bodo Creek. This study provides dataset for future evaluation of the water physico-chemistry of Bodo Creek.

scholarly journals Trophic transfer of microplastics enhances tissue accumulation of chemical additives in fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takaaki Hasegawa ◽  
Kaoruko Mizukawa ◽  
Yeo Bee Geok ◽  
Tomonori Sekioka ◽  
Hideshige Takada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Trophic Transfer ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Tissue Accumulation ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractA variety of chemical additives are incorporated into plastics during their production process to give desirable properties. Although studies have suggested that microplastic ingestion can lead to accumulation of these chemicals in marine organisms, none provided the direct evidence in fish species. Here, we demonstrated the tissue accumulation of chemical additives in fish following microplastic ingestion. We exposed fish (Myoxocephalus brandti) to polyethylene microplastics compounded with brominated flame retardants (BFRs; BDE209, DBDPE) and ultraviolet stabilizers (UVs; UV-234, UV-327, BP-12) suspended in the water column, or to mysids (Neomysis spp.) pre-exposed to the same microplastics. Our results showed a maximum of 345-fold higher concentrations of additives in fish exposed to microplastics than the ambient sample. Also, fish fed plastic-exposed mysids accumulated significantly greater concentrations of BFRs in muscle than fish exposed to microplastics suspended in the water column (p < 0.001). This indicates that trophic transfer of microplastics has greater contribution to tissue accumulation of BFRs in fish than the waterborne ingestion. In contrast, no significant difference in the accumulation of UVs was found between the treatments, except for UV-327 in liver. These results suggests that the relative contribution between direct ingestion of microplastics from the water column and indirect ingestion via trophic transfer on tissue accumulation of additives in fish varies among compounds. Compounds with high molecular weight and high hydrophobicity like BDE209 and DBDPE were considered difficult to leach out from plastics, however, our study showed that trophic transfer of microplastics can facilitate the accumulation of such compounds from plastics to fish.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document