scholarly journals Towards a Methodological Approach to Builder Specific, Preconstruction Airtightness Estimates for Light-Framed, Detached, Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bomani Khemet ◽  
Russell Richman
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Building Factors ◽  
Doctor Of Philosophy ◽  
The Impact

Towards A Methodological Approach to Builder Specific, Preconstruction Airtightness Estimates for LightFramed, Detached, Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Canada Bomani Khemet, Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, 2019 This research is an investigation into residential building airtightness. Its purpose is to establish a methodology to predict preconstruction airtightness in Canadian homes. The dissertation presented an analysis of a large, national blower door testing population, numbering over 900,000 low-rise detached homes. The relationship between airtightness and various building factors, such as; insulation levels, building size, and year of construction, is explored. Regressionbased models were found to be highly significant (p<<0.01) and explained up to 48% (R = 0.69, p<<0.01) of whole building airtightness. The national models’ scope was confined to predicting airtightness in existing homes with heterogeneous wall construction. In order to estimate preconstruction airtightness in conventionally constructed homes, a local blower door testing population of nearly 3000 homes was examined. Three builder-specific, geometricbased, temporally independent, multiple linear regression models were developed. Some of these builder-specific models were found to be strong, and explained over 58% (R = 0.79, p<<0.001) of whole building airtightness. A five variable, geometrically based model which controlled for handicraft was found to be very strong, explaining up to 73% (R = 0.87, p<<0.001) of the whole building airtightness. The regression-based analyses on the local population suggests that air leakage is prominent through two building details: the floor-to-wall details, and at the window-to-wall assemblies. An empirically based design of experiments was devised to quantify the impact of air leakage through a floor-to-wall detail. A very strong laboratory-based model explained up to 88% of the air leakage through the floor-to-wall joint (R = 0.95, p<<0.001). A builder-specific, temporally-independent model was combined with the empirically-based, floor-to-wall model to illustrate the applicability of the approach residential building designers. The synthesis of the two models resulted in a novel, whole building, preconstruction airtightness forecasting model. The dissertation demonstrated that airtightness in homes could be estimated with temporally independent, builder-specific, and geometrically-based preconstruction models. The estimation approach spurred models that were stronger in explanatory power, and industrial applicability as compared to previous airtightness models.

scholarly journals Towards a Methodological Approach to Builder Specific, Preconstruction Airtightness Estimates for Light-Framed, Detached, Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bomani Khemet ◽  
Russell Richman
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Building Factors ◽  
Doctor Of Philosophy ◽  
The Impact

Towards A Methodological Approach to Builder Specific, Preconstruction Airtightness Estimates for LightFramed, Detached, Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Canada Bomani Khemet, Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, 2019 This research is an investigation into residential building airtightness. Its purpose is to establish a methodology to predict preconstruction airtightness in Canadian homes. The dissertation presented an analysis of a large, national blower door testing population, numbering over 900,000 low-rise detached homes. The relationship between airtightness and various building factors, such as; insulation levels, building size, and year of construction, is explored. Regressionbased models were found to be highly significant (p<<0.01) and explained up to 48% (R = 0.69, p<<0.01) of whole building airtightness. The national models’ scope was confined to predicting airtightness in existing homes with heterogeneous wall construction. In order to estimate preconstruction airtightness in conventionally constructed homes, a local blower door testing population of nearly 3000 homes was examined. Three builder-specific, geometricbased, temporally independent, multiple linear regression models were developed. Some of these builder-specific models were found to be strong, and explained over 58% (R = 0.79, p<<0.001) of whole building airtightness. A five variable, geometrically based model which controlled for handicraft was found to be very strong, explaining up to 73% (R = 0.87, p<<0.001) of the whole building airtightness. The regression-based analyses on the local population suggests that air leakage is prominent through two building details: the floor-to-wall details, and at the window-to-wall assemblies. An empirically based design of experiments was devised to quantify the impact of air leakage through a floor-to-wall detail. A very strong laboratory-based model explained up to 88% of the air leakage through the floor-to-wall joint (R = 0.95, p<<0.001). A builder-specific, temporally-independent model was combined with the empirically-based, floor-to-wall model to illustrate the applicability of the approach residential building designers. The synthesis of the two models resulted in a novel, whole building, preconstruction airtightness forecasting model. The dissertation demonstrated that airtightness in homes could be estimated with temporally independent, builder-specific, and geometrically-based preconstruction models. The estimation approach spurred models that were stronger in explanatory power, and industrial applicability as compared to previous airtightness models.

scholarly journals Influence of Age on the Technical Wear of Tenement Houses

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Jarosław Konior ◽  
Marek Sawicki ◽  
Mariusz Szóstak
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Technical Maintenance ◽  
Traditional Construction ◽  
The Impact

The research presented in the article, which includes methods, models, and conclusions, contains synthetic and analytical model solutions concerning the problems of the technical maintenance and wear of residential buildings with a traditional construction. The cause and effect relationships between the occurrence of damage in the elements of tenement houses (treated as proof of their maintenance conditions), and the size of the technical wear of these elements were determined using a representative and purposefully selected sample of 102 residential buildings erected during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Wroclaw’s “Downtown” district. Quantitative damage analysis, which was carried out using empirical (visual) methods of assessing the technical condition of a building, indicates the type and size of damage to the building’s elements that are characteristic for the relevant maintenance conditions. Research concerning the cause–effect relationships (“damage–technical wear”) in observed states allows for a numerical approach to the impact of building maintenance conditions on the degree of the technical wear of its components. The maintenance and exploitation conditions determine the degree of the technical wear of the elements of an old residential building. The exploitation condition of these buildings is manifested by damage to elements caused by water and moisture penetration, which is especially important for poorly maintained buildings. The article shows that the age of the elements of an old residential building with a traditional construction is of secondary importance in the process of the intensity of losing its serviceability value. It was calculated that no more than 30% of the damage of building components is explained by the passage of time, and it is therefore not age that determines the course of the technical wear of the elements of the analyzed tenement houses.

scholarly journals How Climate Trends Impact on the Thermal Performance of a Typical Residential Building in Madrid

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Soutullo ◽  
E. Giancola ◽  
M. J. Jiménez ◽  
J. A. Ferrer ◽  
M. N. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Based on the European energy directives, the building sector has to provide comfortable levels for occupants with minimum energy consumption as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aims to compare the impact of climate change on the energy performance of residential buildings in order to derive potential design strategies. Different climate file inputs of Madrid have been used to quantify comparatively the thermal needs of two reference residential buildings located in this city. One of them represents buildings older than 40 years built according to the applicable Spanish regulations prior to 1979. The other refers to buildings erected in the last decade under more energy-restrictive constructive regulations. Three different climate databases of Madrid have been used to assess the impact of the evolution of the climate in recent years on the thermal demands of these two reference buildings. Two of them are typical meteorological years (TMY) derived from weather data measured before 2000. On the contrary, the third one is an experimental file representing the average values of the meteorological variables registered in Madrid during the last decade. Annual and monthly comparisons are done between the three climate databases assessing the climate changes. Compared to the TMYs databases, the experimental one records an average air temperature of 1.8 °C higher and an average value of relative humidity that is 9% lower.

scholarly journals Architecture of residential environment in the settlements along the Chinese Eastern Railway

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Glatolenkova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Residential Environment ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the peculiarities of formation of residential areas along the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER); analyzes the pattern of settlements; and examines the architectural nuances of residential buildings. The object of this research is the architectural urban development peculiarities of Russian railroad stations on the territory of Northern Manchuria. The subject of this research is the residential environment in the settlements along the Chinese Eastern Railway. The chronological framework covers the first three decades of the XX century: beginning of construction and first years of exploitation of the railway, characterized by active urban development process and creation of full-fledged environment for accommodation of construction workers, railway workers, migrants from Russia, Southern Manchuria and mainland China. The theoretical foundation for this study consists in the systemic-axiological approach, according to which the culture defines the system of materialistic and spiritual values passed from one generation to another, and allows determining the value grounds of cultural interaction and its panhuman significance. The work explores the peculiarities of architecture and urban development in the settlements along CER. Study is carried out on the construction process of the railway and living conditions of first workers, approaches towards design of the stations of the main line and the southern branch, as well as architecture of residential building of the settlements. The author considers the impact of Russian environment upon the existing Chinese cities, and the use of the traditional Chinese approaches in the projects by the Russian engineers and architects.

scholarly journals Assessment of losses to the local population due to restrictions on their ownership rights to land and property assets: The case of the Tunkinsky National Park, Russia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251383
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Maksanova ◽  
Taisiya Bardakhanova ◽  
Natalia Lubsanova ◽  
Darima Budaeva ◽  
Arnold Tulokhonov
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Social ◽  
Actual Damage ◽  
Ownership Rights ◽  
The Impact

The impact of protected areas on local communities is the subject of intense discussions as part of the implementation of the global ecosystem protection agenda. Conflicts between the interests of environmental protection and the needs of socio-economic development become particularly acute when large areas of land are taken out of economic circulation as a result of organizing protected areas. In this case, there is an urgent need for detailed and reliable information about the social impacts of such land withdrawal on the well-being of the local population. An analysis of the methodological approaches widely presented in the literature, used to assess the social impact of protected areas, testifies to the insufficiency of completed and practically applicable methodological guidelines for the areas with significant restrictions for people who form part of the protected landscape. In this study, we understand the cost estimate of the social impact of national parks on the local population as a quantitative calculation of the losses due to restrictions on their ownership rights to land and property assets. The methodological approach consists in considering the category of losses as a sum total of the actual damage and lost profits. The assessment algorithm includes three stages: systematization of social impacts on citizens, development of indicators and data collection, and calculation of actual damage to the population and lost profits. The assessment is performed using the example of the Tunkinsky National Park located in the Tunkinsky municipal district of the Republic of Buryatia, a region of the Russian Federation, where there are 14 rural settlements with a population of more than 20,000 people. The results of the calculations show that the losses of the rural population due to legal restrictions on the registration of land dealings amount to 170.4 million USD. Taking into account the potential amount of administrative fines and the value of property subject to demolition, the losses amount to 239.2 million USD. It is more than an order of magnitude greater than the amount of own revenues of the Tunkinsky municipal district in 2011–2019. The results obtained demonstrate the real picture of the impact of restrictions on the rights of local people to land within the boundaries of national parks and are useful for developing measures to account for their interests and include protected areas in the socio-economic development of regions. The methodological approach developed by the authors can be used in other national parks, where it is necessary to optimize the policy of improving land use for local residents.

Subjective and objective evaluation of the impact and airborne sound insulation of multi-unit residential buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. 778-786
Author(s):  
Maedot S. Andargie ◽  
Marianne Touchie ◽  
William O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Acoustic Comfort ◽  
Acoustic Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Multi-unit residential building (MURB) occupants often express dissatisfaction with their suites' acoustic conditions despite existing building acoustic standards and regulations as well as growing research on noise control and building acoustics. Reasons for this include the lack of proper characterization of acoustic comfort in MURBs and lack of comprehensive and stringent regulations. To better understand factors that impact acoustic comfort and explore strategies to improve the acoustic performance of MURBs, investigations of acoustic conditions were carried out. This work presents the results of the investigations which include subjective and objective evaluations of acoustic conditions in two MURBs. Impact sound insulation measurements using both a tapping machine and a rubber ball as well as 24-hour indoor noise monitoring were carried out in unoccupied suites. An online survey was then used to collect subjective assessments of the noise conditions in the buildings and the effects on occupants' comfort post occupancy. Results of the data analysis suggest that occupants are more sensitive to low-frequency impact sounds than mid- and high-frequency impact noise.

scholarly journals Daylight Provision Requirements According to EN 17037 as a Restriction for Sustainable Urban Planning of Residential Developments

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Nataša Šprah ◽  
Mitja Košir
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Floor Area Ratio ◽  
Residential Developments ◽  
The Impact

The attempt at a more sustainable land use by increasing urban density may have a negative effect on the daylighting of residential buildings. In densely built areas, obstructions generated by the surrounding buildings can substantially reduce the available amount of daylight, causing poorly daylit spaces and a less healthy indoor environment with higher electricity consumption as a consequence of artificial lighting. European standard EN 17037, Daylight in Buildings, was established in 2018 to ensure appropriately daylit spaces. In this paper, a three-step methodology was developed to investigate the relationship between certain urban planning parameters and the daylighting of a typical room defined by specific (Slovenian) legislative restrictions about its geometry and minimum required window to floor area ratio, in order to establish the maximum densities of residential developments still fulfilling the minimum requirements for daylight provision defined by EN 17037. The results show that a relatively low urban density is required to fulfil the stipulations for minimum daylight provision for the deepest permissible room according to the Slovenian legislation. The impact of the development floor area ratio on the daylighting potential of buildings was identified as significant, followed by the site coverage, development layout, and building typology. Furthermore, the developed methodological approach clearly demonstrates a substantial potential for application in urban planning, with indoor daylight environmental conditions being linked to the planning of residential developments in the earliest stages of the project.

scholarly journals Predicting the impact of traffic–induced vibrations on buildings using artificial neural networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 04004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Original Algorithm ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
The Impact

Traffic–induced vibrations may constitute a considerable load to a building, cause cracking of plaster, cracks in load–bearing elements or even a global structural collapse of the whole structure [1-4]. Vibrations measurements of real structures are costly and laborious, not justified in all cases. The aim of the paper is to create an original algorithm, to predict the negative dynamic impact on the examined residential building with a high probability. The model to forecast the impact of vibrations on buildings is based on artificial neural networks [5]. The author’s own field studies carried out according to the Polish standard [6] and literature examples [7-10] have been used to create the algorithms. The results of the conducted analysis show that an artificial neural network can be considered a good tool to predict the impact of traffic–induced vibrations on residential buildings, with a sufficiently high reliability.

The Impact of Secularity on Attitudes of Gender Equality: A Multi-Level Analysis of 49 Nations

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Wernet
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Analysis

This research uses a series of hierarchical linear regression models fitted to data from the 2014 World Values Survey (wvs) and national statistics for 49 countries to specify the relationship between variables at the macro, meso, and micro level with attitudes of gender equality. In addition to the development of an updated and more robust Gender Equality Scale, the findings show that economic development increases support for gender equality, in line with Inglehart’s postmaterialist hypothesis. A history of communist rule and income inequality also increase attitudes of gender equality. Secularity has the greatest explanatory power in the equation; the results show that being educated, female, and less religious significantly increases one’s likelihood to support gender equality.

scholarly journals Vibrations induced by the passage of trains at various speeds and their effect on the structural response of buildings - an experimental and numerical analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 13007
Author(s):  
Barbara Kożuch ◽  
Filip Pachla ◽  
Tadeusz Tatara
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Vibration Measurement ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Train Speed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents a selection of vibration measurement results and analyses performed with regard to their harmfulness to residential buildings. The first part of the paper refers to the analysis of railway vibrations measured in situ at the foundation level of residential building. These vibration records were then used to assess the harmfulness of vibrations relating to each train speed. Assessment of the vibration harmfulness of the building was performed with an indicator of the perceptibility of vibration through a structure (WODB), according to the Polish standard. The second part of the study refers to the creation of dynamic models of buildings with the use of the ‘Diana’ software program and analysis of their responses to railway vibrations. The thresholds specified by the standard in any of the train speeds of up to 250 km/h were not exceeded. Nevertheless, propagation of vibrations induced by train passages and their effect on the structural response of buildings is a complex phenomenon. Without in situ measurements, it is hard to assess the impact of induced vibrations on buildings. As proven in the paper, a train moving on a track at various speeds does not uniformly make the vibration greater in each frequency band.

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