scholarly journals Weak but persistent provenance effects modulate the response of Quercus robur (Fagaceae) seedlings to elevated temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumitra Dewan ◽  
Pieter De Frenne ◽  
Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas ◽  
Safaa Wasof ◽  
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Common Gardens ◽  
Germination Success ◽  
Bud Phenology ◽  
Growing Environment ◽  
Burst Time

Background and aimsClinal variation in bud phenology and growth has repeatedly been reported in common garden experiments for many tree species. The response of the seedlings generated from such translocated trees has not been studied yet, despite its relevance regarding the role of transgenerational plasticity in the adaptation of long-living trees in the face of climate change. Here, we aim to understand the effects of warming on bud burst, germination success and growth performance of tree seedlings of different origins (provenances) but that shared their maternal environment.MethodsWe collected seeds from a mature provenance trial of five different provenances of oak (Quercus robur, Fagaceae) and seeds were grown in two common gardens at two different latitudes representing a mean annual temperature difference of nearly 2°C in Belgium and Denmark. We assessed seed germination, bud burst time and biomass of seedlings in two common gardens.ResultsWe observed an interaction between provenances and common gardens in seedlings’ bud burst time indicating the prevalence of an environmental effect at the site of origin (provenance), which depends on the seedlings’ growing environment (across the two common gardens). The germination success and shoot biomass were reduced across all provenances in the southern common garden.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the environment of origin influences the bud phenology of seedlings and this provenance effect is dependent on the seedlings’ growing environment. In addition, our results suggest that the effect of warming might differ between provenances and that the environmental history of the previous generations is likely to influence the response of tree seedlings as well.

scholarly journals PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT JERUK ASAL KUOK HASIL OKULASI PADA BERBAGAI TINGKAT NAUNGAN DAN UMUR BATANG BAWAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gusriani Gusriani ◽  
Tiara Septirosya ◽  
Ahmad Darmawi
Keyword(s):  
Bud Burst ◽  
State University ◽  
Time Length ◽  
Experimental Field ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Burst Time ◽  
Plot Design

Citrus that comes from Kuok is one of famous local comodity in Riau Province with limited production. To improve the production of citrus it can be done by serving the superior seed throught budding. Rootstock aged and shading levels give effect to the success of budding process. The aims of the study were to obtain the best shade level, suitable rootstock aged and the interaction of rootstock aged with shade level on budding success. This study was conducted on December 2018 to March 2019 at the Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture and Animals Science, Islam State University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. This study used split plot design with two factors, shading levels (0%, 50%, 70%) and rootstock aged (4, 8, 12 month) with three replications. The parameters this measured in this study were growth percentage of buds, percentage of sprout, percentage of dormancy, bud burst time, length of buds and number of leaves. The results showed that shade level of 0% and the age of rootstock 4 months produced the best growth of citrus seedlings. There is interaction between the shade level 0% and rootstock aged 12 month to the growth of the budding citrus seedlings. 

Relationships between nitrogen, acid-unhydrolyzable residue, and climate among tree foliar litters

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Berg ◽  
Chunjiang Liu ◽  
Ryszard Laskowski ◽  
Matthew Davey
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Common Oak

Using literature data, we investigated coniferous and broadleaf litter from 58 tree species using a database encompassing concentrations of N and acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) (gravimetric lignin) in newly shed litter, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation. Our aims were to (i) demonstrate any large-scale relationships between concentrations of N and AUR in foliar litter and (ii) determine differences in this respect among litter from Pinus and Quercus. To this end, we had collected foliar litter data for Asia and Europe, forming a climate gradient. Litter from broadleaf and coniferous trees differed significantly in concentrations of N (p < 0.0001, 9.64 versus 5.50 mg/g, respectively) and AUR (p < 0.0001, 219 versus 292 mg/g, respectively). There were highly significant positive linear relationships between concentrations of N and AUR for broadleaf (p < 0.0001) and coniferous litter (p < 0.0001). There were also significant positive relationships for AUR as a function of N concentration for the genera Pinus and Quercus but not within species. That for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was negative and that for common oak (Quercus robur L.) not significant.

scholarly journals Varying Levels of Genetic Control and Phenotypic Plasticity in Timing of Bud Burst, Flower Opening, Leaf Senescence and Leaf Fall in Two Common Gardens of Prunus padus L.

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽  
Stefaan Moreels
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Prunus Padus ◽  
Common Gardens ◽  
Genetic Components

Several phenological phases mark the seasonal growth pattern in temperate woody perennials. To gain further insight into the way these phases react on an altering growth environment, we tested whether vegetative and reproductive phenophases in a shrub species respond differentially among different genetic entities and between two different planting sites. We scored leaf bud burst, flower opening, leaf senescence and leaf fall on 267 ramets of Prunus padus L. belonging to 53 genotypes that were sampled in 9 local populations, and that were planted in 2 common gardens in the northern part of Belgium. The data were processed with cumulative logistic regression. The contribution of genetic and non-genetic components to the total variability varied between the four studied seasonal phenophases. The timing of flower opening displayed the smallest relative amount of intragenotypic variance (between ramets), suggesting a stronger genetic control and a lesser need at the individual plant level for plastic fine tuning to the micro-environment. In addition, whereas leaf bud burst showed the highest relative variance at the interpopulation level among all phenophases, probably at least partly attributable to local adaptation, flower opening displayed the highest intergenotypic variance, which may have been promoted more by assortative mating. Spring phenophases were strongly correlated (r = 0.89) as well as the autumnal phenophases (r = 0.72). Flower opening was not correlated with the autumnal phenophases. Timing of leaf bud burst and leaf senescence were negatively correlated, demonstrating that the length of the growing season enlarged or diminished among the studied genotypes. Although the two planting sites were only 24 km apart, all phenophases were advanced at the less exposed site, indicating a phenotypic plastic response. Together, our results suggest that in P. padus, flowering is less sensitive to environmental variation than leaf bud break and may show a lesser impact of a changing environment on this reproductive phenophase.

Genetic control of bud phenology in pole-size trees and seedlings of coastal Douglas-fir

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
W.T. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Bud Phenology ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Lateral Branches

The extent to which bud phenology is genetically controlled and related to growth traits was examined in seedlings and pole-size trees of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Data on bud burst, bud set, and stem growth were collected from pole-size trees of 60 open-pollinated families growing in four plantations, and from seedlings of 45 of these same families growing in three trials. In both age-classes, bud burst was under moderate to strong genetic control (h2 ≥ 0.44) and family breeding values were stable across test environments, indicating that this trait could be readily altered in breeding programs. Bud set was inherited strongly in pole-size trees (h2 = 0.81) but weakly in seedlings (h2 < 0.30). Both bud burst and bud set were positively correlated with growth in seedlings and pole-size trees. Thus, selection for greater growth at either age-class is expected to delay bud burst and bud set. We also evaluated the accuracy of two alternatives for assessing bud burst phenology in pole-size trees compared with the traditional method. We show that bud-burst date on lateral branches can be used to accurately rank both individuals and families for bud-burst date on less accessible leader shoots. In addition, we found that families can be ranked for mean bud-burst date by the proportion of trees per family that have flushed on a given scoring day. This method is only effective, however, when between 25 and 75% of all trees in the test have flushed at the time of scoring.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Light Quality during Day Extension and Temperature on Bud Set, Bud Burst and PaFTL2, PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 Expression in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Camilo Chiang ◽  
Marcos Viejo ◽  
Oda Toresdatter Aas ◽  
Katharina T. Hobrak ◽  
Christian Bianchi Strømme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Lower Temperature

Light and temperature are crucial factors for the annual growth rhythm of tree seedlings of the boreal and temperate zone. Dormant, vegetative winter buds are formed under short days (SD) and altered light quality. In the conifer Norway spruce, expression of FTL2 increases and PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 decrease under light regimes, inducing bud set. Although temperature is known to modulate the timing of bud set, information about combined effects of light climate and temperature on bud phenology and gene expression is limited. We studied the interactive effects of temperature (18, 22/24 °C) and day extension with blue (B), red (R) or far-red (FR) light or different R:FR ratios compared to SD on growth–dormancy cycling and expression of FTL2, PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 in Norway spruce seedlings. Day-extension with B light and all treatments involving FR light sustained shoot elongation, with increased growth at higher temperature. The R light treatment resulted in delayed/prevented bud set compared to SD, with more delay/prevented bud set at 24 °C than 18 °C. This was associated with lower PaFTL2-transcript levels at 24 °C and more rapid subsequent bud burst. For the growth-sustaining treatments (long days, FR and B light), the PaFTL2-transcript levels were generally lower and those of PaCO1-2 and PaSOC1 higher compared with SD and R light. In conclusion, our results demonstrate more reduced/prevented bud set and faster bud burst with increased temperature under day extension with R light, indicating less deep dormancy than at lower temperature. Also, sustained shoot elongation under the B light treatment (27 µmol m−2 s−1) in contrast to the lower B light-irradiances tested previously (≤13 µmol m−2 s−1), demonstrates an irradiance-dependent effect of day extension with B light.

scholarly journals Blue light advances bud burst in branches of three temperate deciduous tree species under short-day conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig C. Brelsford ◽  
T Matthew Robson
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Temperate Deciduous ◽  
Successional Species

AbstractDuring spring, utilising multiple cues allow temperate tree species to coordinate their bud burst and leaf out, at the right moment to capitalise on favourable conditions for photosynthesis. Whilst the effect of blue light (400-500nm) has been shown to increase percentage bud burst of axillary shoots of Rosa sp, the effects of blue light on spring-time bud burst of temperate deciduous tree species has not previously been reported. We tested the hypotheses that blue light would advance spring bud burst in temperate tree species, and that late-successional species would respond more than early-successional species, who’s bud burst is primarily determined by temperature. The bud development of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, and Quercus robur branches, cut from dormant trees, was monitored under two light treatments of equal photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) and temperature, either with or without blue light, under controlled environmental conditions. In the presence of blue light, the mean time required to reach 50% bud burst was reduced by 3.3 days in Betula pendula, 6 days in Alnus glutinosa, and 6.3 days in Quercus robur. This result highlights the potential of the blue region of the solar spectrum to be used as an extra cue that could help plants to regulate their spring phenology, alongside photoperiod and temperature. Understanding how plants combine photoreceptor-mediated cues with other environmental cues such as temperature to control phenology is essential if we are to accurately predict how tree species might respond to climate change.Key MessageAn LED spectrum containing blue light advanced bud burst in branches of Betula pendula, Alnus glutinosa and Quercus robur compared with a spectrum without blue light in a controlled environment.

scholarly journals Phenological Plasticity and Adaptive Potential of Sugar Maple Populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
guo xiali ◽  
Valentina Buttò ◽  
Yann Surget-Groba ◽  
Jian-Guo Huang ◽  
Sylvain Delagrange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Common Gardens

Abstract Global changes affect the growing conditions of terrestrial ecosystems, mismatching the phenological adaptation of plants to local climates at mid and high latitudes. Their long lifespan and slow reproductive cycles prevent trees from tracking the quick shift in their usual climatic conditions, thus endangering the survival of local populations. In this study, we explored the phenological plasticity and adaptive potential of bud burst in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedlings from 30 Canadian origins with contrasting climates planted in two common gardens near and at the northern boundary of the species range. Bud development and leafing occurred in April-May, with complete bud burst lasting between 21 and 29 days. On average, bud swelling differed by 12 days between common gardens. However, this difference decreased to 4 days for complete leafing. Both factors site and seed origin affected bud burst, which represented the phenological plasticity and adaptation of sugar maple, respectively. Overall, the former (7.4–88.3%) contributed more than the latter (9.2–25.5%) to the variance in bud burst, despite the wide climatic range among the provenance origins compared with that at the two common gardens. Adaptation to local conditions provide the genetic tools for the survival of species across wide climatic ranges. Plasticity enables physiological responses of individuals to quick environmental changes. Our study demonstrated the major role of plasticity in bud phenology, and revealed the importance of investing resources in mechanisms dealing with the climatic challenges due to inter-annual variations in weather events.

scholarly journals Genetic differentiation of indigenous (Quercus robur L.) and late flushing oak stands (Q. robur L. subsp. slavonica (Gáyer) Mátyás) in western Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Burger ◽  
Markus Müller ◽  
Martin Rogge ◽  
Oliver Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Chloroplast Markers ◽  
Nuclear Microsatellite

AbstractSlavonian oaks (Quercus robur subsp. slavonica (Gáyer) Mátyás) originating from Croatia have been cultivated in Germany mainly in the Münsterland region of North Rhine-Westphalia since the second half of the nineteenth century. Compared to indigenous pedunculate oak stands in Germany, they are characterised by their late bud burst, but also by their excellent bole shape and faster height growth. Previously, Slavonian pedunculate oaks (= late flushing oaks) were mainly studied at chloroplast (cp) DNA markers in order to determine their geographical origin. The origin of the material is probably the Sava lowland between Zagreb and Belgrade. In the present study, the aim was to genetically differentiate between indigenous Quercus robur and Slavonian oak stands using nuclear DNA markers. For this purpose, we used 20 nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (nSSRs). A total of 37 pedunculate oak stands (mean: 18.6 samples per population with an age of 95 to 210 years) were examined, of which 21 were characterized as Slavonian late flushing oaks and three stands for which the Slavonian origin was not clear. Maternally inherited chloroplast markers were analysed earlier in all 37 stands to validate their geographic origin. We found that the stands of native pedunculate oaks and Slavonian pedunculate oaks are represented by two genetic clusters which are weakly differentiated. Slavonian oaks (Na = 9.85, Ar = 8.689, Ho = 0.490, He = 0.540) showed similar levels of genetic variation as native oak stands (Na = 7.850, Ar = 7.846, Ho = 0.484, He = 0.526). Differences in growth and phenology and low but consistent genetic differentiation between groups suggest that both taxa represent different ecotypes with specific local adaptations, which are perhaps separated by less overlapping flowering phenologies. The nuclear microsatellite markers in combination with the cpDNA markers are suitable to differentiate between Slavonian and local oak stands.

scholarly journals Drought Impact on Leaf Phenology and Spring Frost Susceptibility in a Quercus robur L. Provenance Trial

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivica Čehulić ◽  
Krunoslav Sever ◽  
Ida Katičić Bogdan ◽  
Anamarija Jazbec ◽  
Željko Škvorc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Leaf Phenology ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
The Third ◽  
Autumn Leaf ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
The Impact

Research highlights: The susceptibility of oaks to late spring and early autumn frosts is directly related to their leaf phenology. Drought may alter the leaf phenology and therefore frost tolerance of oaks. However, the effects of drought on oak leaf phenology and frost resistance have not been thoroughly studied. Background and objectives: One of the consequences of climate change is an increase in the frequency of dry episodes during the vegetation period. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is an economically and ecologically important forest tree species that prefers humid habitats. Therefore, knowledge of the impact of drought on this species is of great importance for the adaptation of forestry strategies and practices to altered environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of drought on leaf phenology and spring frost susceptibility in nine provenances. Materials and methods: One-year-old saplings originating from nine European provenances were used in the trial. The saplings were exposed to experimental drought and then re-watered in two subsequent years. Spring and autumn leaf phenology were scored. The trial was impacted by a late spring frost in the third year, and the resulting leaf frost injury was scored. The effects of drought treatment on the phenology and frost susceptibility of plants from the provenances were analysed. Results: Leaf phenology of plants from most of the studied provenances was significantly influenced by the drought treatment (p < 0.001). Drought induced a carry-over effect on flushing phenology, which was observed as delayed bud burst (from 0.6 to 2.4 days) in the second year and as advanced bud burst (from 0.1 to 6.3 days) in the third year. Therefore, opposite shifts in flushing phenology may be induced as a result of differences in the time span when plants sense water deficits. In contrast to flushing, autumn leaf phenology was unambiguously delayed following the drought treatments for all studied provenances (from 2.1 to 25.8 days). Differences in late frost susceptibility were predominantly caused by among-provenance differences in flushing phenology. However, the drought treatment significantly increased frost susceptibility in the plants (the rate of frost-injured plants per provenance increased from 3% to 78%). This higher susceptibility to spring frost was most likely caused by the advanced flushing phenology that resulted from the drought treatment in the previous year.

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