scholarly journals Analisis Aspek Reproduksi Kepiting Bakau (Scylla sp.) Di Perairan Kendal, Jawa Tengah

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Ester Tiurlan ◽  
Ali Djunaedi ◽  
Endang Supriyantini
Keyword(s):  
Gonad Index ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Mangrove Crab

Kepiting bakau Scylla sp. merupakan salah satu biota laut yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis penting. Penyebarannya hampir di seluruh kawasan pesisir Indonesia, yang memiliki ekosistem mangrove termasuk di perairan Kendal. Banyaknya penangkapan kepiting bakau tanpa memperhatikan ukuran yang layak tangkap. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh beberapa aspek reproduksi kepiting bakau Scylla sp. di perairan Kendal, Jawa Tengah. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada bulan Februari–Maret 2017, dua minggu sekali selama dua bulan di perairan Kendal, Jawa Tengah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif eksploratif dengan parameter pendukung seperti suhu, salinitas, pH, dan DO. Materi yang digunakan adalah kepiting bakau Scylla sp. Analisis yang digunakan untuk menghitung perbandingan jumlah kepiting bakau jantan dan betina adalah uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi ukuran kepiting bakau mempunyai lebar karapas 81-130 mm, berat 100-350 gram dengan ukuran rata-rata yang tertangkap 99,62 mm, perbandingan jantan dan betinanya 1:2,09. Hubungan lebar karapas dengan berat menunjukkan sifat allometrik positif. Faktor kondisi yang didapatkan adalah 1,0185. Tingkat kematangan gonad kepiting bakau di dominasi oleh TKG II, nilai indeks kematangan gonad pada kepiting bakau betina berkisar antara 6,84% - 18,49%. Tingkat kematangan gonad yang di dominasi oleh TKG II dikarenakan di lokasi penelitian tidak sedang masa pemijahan.   Mangrove crab (Scylla sp.) is one of the marine biota that it has value economically important. It spreads in almost all over coastal areas of Indonesia, which has the mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove crab has a high nutritional value. Thus, encouraging people in Kendal to consume a large amount of mangrove crab and reach the local market demand.This led to the occurrence of a lot of mangrove crab catching regardless of the size of the catch.Therefore, this study was conducted to obtain some of reproduction aspects of Scylla sp. in the Kendal waters, Central Java. Sampling was conducted in February-March 2017,every two weeks in two months in Kendal waters, Central Java. The method used in this research was descriptive explorative method with supporting parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, and DO. The used material was mangrove crab (Scylla sp.). Chi square test was used to analyze and calculate the ratio of male and female mangrove crabs. The results showed that the size composition of mangrove crab had a carbide width of 71-130 mm, weight of 100-350 grams, with average size captured was 99.62 mm, male and female ratio of 1: 2.09. The Relations between width and weight of caparace indicated negative allometric properties. The obtained condition factor was 1.0184767. Maturity level of mangrove crab gonad was dominated by TKG II, gonad index maturity value on female mangrove crab ranged between 6.84% - 18.49%. The maturity level of gonad was dominated by TKG IIbecause the research location was not in the spawning period.

scholarly journals Biomorphometry of coconut crabs (Birgus latro) in Laigoma Island, North Maluku, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 890 (1) ◽  
pp. 012065
Author(s):  
Suryani ◽  
M S Widodo ◽  
U Yanuhar ◽  
A Suprijanto
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gonad Maturity ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Land Clearance

Abstract Coconut crab is a coastal animal that lives in costal forest on islands of tropical Indo-Pacific. Crab populations are currently under threat of extinction. Several issues contribute to this, including high levels of exploitation, degradation of their native habitat, land clearance, and plantations development. This study aimed to examine the biomorphometric of coconut crabs, which includes the composition, sex ratio, distribution, widht and weight relation, condition factors and gonad maturity level. The descriptive explorative methods was used in this research. The results showed that the composition of 156 coconut crabs consisted of 82 females. The results obtained a balanced sex ratio. The size of the carapace width obtained ranged from 40.15 to 88.55 mm, with a weight of 150-565 grams. The relationship between width and capacity is allometric. The values obtained from these factors ranged from 1.01 to 1.03 for men and 1.01 to 1.012 for females. The gonad maturity level of male and female mud crabs was dominated by TKG III and IV. This indicated that the research time was in spawning period.

scholarly journals Studi Kelimpahan Scylla serrata Forsskål, 1775 (Portunidae:Malacostraca) Hasil Tangkapan Musim Penghujan Di Perairan Mangkang Semarang

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Annisa Rahma Firdaus ◽  
Nur Taufiq-Spj ◽  
Sri Redjeki
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Abundance Ratio ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Mangrove Crab

Scylla serrata yang dikenal sebagai kepiting bakau merupakan sumber daya hayati ekosistem bakau yang hingga saat ini memiliki demand pasar yang cukup tinggi. Kondisi ini meningkatkan eksploitasi penangkapan species ini sehingga menyebabkan terganggunya populasi kepiting di alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi hasil tangkapan kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) dengan melihat rasio kelimpahan dan hubungan lebar - berat kepiting bakau jantan dan betina dari hasil tangkapan di perairan Mangkang Wetan – Tugu, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada musim penghujan di akhir tahun 2018 (Desember) dan awal tahun 2019 (Januari). Purposive sampling merupakan metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan melakukan survey yang terarah dan terencana. Sampel kepiting bakau didapatkan dari hasil tangkapan nelayan yang diarahkan pada lima titik berdasarkan aktivitas yang berbeda. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tangkapan kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) pada Bulan Desember 2018 dan Januari 2019 di dominasi oleh kepiting jantan. Tangkapan bulan Desember 2018 memiliki rasio jantan : betina lebih besar (1,65:1) dari Januari 2019 (1,21:1). Korelasi lebar karapas dan berat kepiting bakau jantan dan betina bersifat allometrik, dimana jantan memiliki pola pertumbuhan allometrik positif sedangkan betina memiliki pola perumbuhan allometrik negatif. Dari data tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa populasi kepiting jantan lebih banyak ditemukan selama musim penghujan terutama di bulan Desember dan Januari. Ketidak seimbangan sex rasio ini akan menyebabkan terganggunya kestabilan populasi Scylla setrata di ekosistem estuaria Mangkang Wetan Semarang.  Scylla serrata known as mangrove crab as an edible food resources of the mangrove ecosystem which has a very high market demand. Due to this conditions will be affected in increasing exploitation of this species and cause inbalancing the population in the nature. The study aims to calculate abundance ratio and width – weight correlation between male and female of the crab caught from the estuary of Mangkang Wetan Semarang, Central Java. This study conducted at the end of 2018 (December) to the first month of 2019 (Januari). Survey method was used in this study by using purposive sampling in order to get the right data aimed as a planned. The crab sample was caught by some fisherman which were dirrected at five sampling points base on different fisherman activities. The results shows that the caught seasons in the rainy time  of Dec 2018 and Jan 2019, dominated by males crab (Scylla serrata). The December caught have higher sex ratio between male and female (1,65:1) compare to Januari caught (1,21:1). Correlation in carapage width and body weigth between the crabs male and female shows allometrik growth. Where, the male growth tend to have a positive allometric, while the female were negative. These can be conclude that, the male crabs were dominantly found during rainy seasons especially in December dan January. This imbalance of the sex ratio will disturb the population stability of Scylla setrata in estuary ecosystem of Mangkang Wetan Semarang.

scholarly journals Biomorfometrik Kepiting Bakau (Scylla sp.) Hasil Tangkapan di Perairan Semarang Guna Menunjang Konservasi Sumberdaya Hayati

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anggun Sri Hardiyanti ◽  
Sunaryo Sunaryo ◽  
Ita Riniatsih ◽  
Adi Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Condition Factor ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Gonad Maturity ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Mangrove Crab ◽  
Almost All

Kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.) merupakan komoditas perikanan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Permintaan terhadap komoditas kepiting dari tahun ke tahun cenderung meningkat, sehingga dalam memenuhi semua permintaan ini seluruhnya berasal dari hasil tangkapan di alam, yaitu sebesar 70% dan banyaknya penangkapan kepiting bakau tanpa memperhatikan ukuran yang layak tangkap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji biomorfometrik kepiting bakau, meliputi jumlah, distribusi, nisbah kelamin, hubungan lebar karapas dan berat, faktor kondisi dan tingkat kematangan gonad. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan  Mei – Juni 2017 di kawasan perairan Semarang, yaitu di Mangkang Wetan, Tapak, Tanah Mas dan Tambak Lorok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa jumlah kepiting bakau yang diamati sebanyak 616 ekor, terdiri atas 362 betina (58,77%) dan 254 jantan (41,23%), perbandingan betina dan jantan 1,43 : 1. Ukuran lebar karapas berkisar antara 47,05 - 132,56 mm dengan berat berkisar antara 33,02 - 513,09 g. Hubungan lebar karapas dengan berat bersifat allometrik negatif dan positif. Nilai faktor kondisi yang didapatkan berkisar 1,368 – 9,752. Tingkat kematangan gonad kepiting betina maupun jantan didominasi oleh TKG II dan III, dengan demikian diduga pada bulan Mei – Juni di perairan Semarang sedang terjadi masa pemijahan. Biomorphometry of Mangrove Crab (Scylla sp.) Catched in SemarangMangrove crab (Scylla sp.) is one of the fishery commodities that have high economic value. The demand for crab commodity from year to year tends to increase, in order to fulfilling all these demands almost all of them come from the catch in nature that is equal to 70%, and this led to the occurrence of a lot of mangrove crab catching regardless of the size of the catch. This study aimed to examine the biomorphometric of mangrove crab, which includes the composition, sex ratio distribution, widht and weight relation, condition factors and gonad maturity level. The descriptive explorative methods was used in this research. This research was conducted from May - June 2017 in the Semarang waters included Mangkang Wetan, Tapak, Tanah Mas and Tambak Lorok. The results showed that the composition of mangrove crab were 616, consist of 362 females (58,77%) and 254 males (41,23%), with the comparison of female and male ratio of 1,43 : 1. The size of the obtained carapace width ranged from 47,05 - 132,56 mm with the size of the weight ranged from 33,02 – 512,09 g. The relations between width and weight of caparace indicated allometric. The value of the obtained condition factor ranged from 1,368 – 9,752. Gonad maturity level of male and female mangrove crab was dominated by TKG II and III, because the research location was in the spawning period.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Reproduction of Yellowstripe Scad Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833) In Manado Bay Waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Febrina Sinaga ◽  
Ferdinand F Tilaar ◽  
Nego E Bataragoa
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Random Draw ◽  
First Maturity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Size At First Maturity

The waters of Manado Bay are areas that have a lot of biological resources. One of these resources is Yellowstripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis). The research was aimed to find out the reproduction characteristics of  Yellowstripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis) by looking at male and female sex ratio, growth pattern with male and female condition factor, maturity level of gonad (TKG), gonad maturity index (IKG), size at first maturity, and fecundity. The location of fish sampling is taken from the catch of fishermen in Manado Bay waters in not April-May 2018. Fish sampling using random draw method withdrawal. The number of samples is 200, taken four times in two months (April to May 2018). The sex ratio of Yellowstripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis) in the waters of Manado Bay is balanced. The growth pattern of male is positive allometric, while females is isometric. The condition of male and female fish are 0.9 and 1.3 respectively.  The Yellowstripe scad breeding season in Manado Bay waters takes place after the fourth week in April. The size of the first time ripe gonad Yellowstripe scad male and female 189 mm. The fecundity ranged from 1,960 - 29,145 with an average of 11,716 ± 6,088.Keywords: Yellowstripe scad, reproductive biology, Manado Bay ABSTRAKPerairan Teluk Manado adalah perairan  yang memiliki sumberdaya hayati cukup banyak. Salah satu sumberdaya di perairan tersebut yaitu ikan Selarkuning (Selaroides leptolepis). Penelitian itu bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik reproduksi ikan Selarkuning (Selaroides leptolepis) dengan melihat dari rasio kelamin jantan dan betina, pola pertumbuhan dengan faktor kondisi pada jantan dan betina, tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG), indeks kematangan gonad (IKG), ukuran pertama kali matang gonad, dan fekunditas.       Sampel ikan diambil dari hasil tangkapan nelayan di perairan Teluk Manado pada bulan April-Mei 2018. Pengambilan sampel ikan menggunakan metode penarikan secara acak berlapis.  Jumlah sampel sebanyak 200 ekor, diambil empat kali dalam dua bulan. Berdasarkan uji Chi-square, rasio kelamin ikan Selarkuning (Selaroides leptolepis) di perairan Teluk Manado adalah seimbang. Pola pertumbuhan ikan Selarkuning yaitu bersifat allometrik positif, sedangkan betina bersifat isometrik dengan rata-rata faktor kondisi ikan jantan dan betina mencapai 0,9 dan 1,3. Musim pemijahan ikan Selarkuning di perairan Teluk Manado berlangsung setelah minggu keempat pada bulan April. Ukuran pertama kali matang gonad ikan Selarkuning jantan dan betina 189 mm. Fekunditas ikan Selarkuning berkisar antara 1.960 – 29.145 butir dengan rata-rata 11.716 ± 6.088.Kata kunci: ikan Selarkuning,biologi reproduksi, Teluk Manado

scholarly journals Rasio Jenis Kelamin dan Tingkat Kematangan Gonad pada Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) Linnaeus, 1758 (Malacostraca:Portunidae) yang Didaratkan di Kelurahan Pacar, Kabupaten Rembang

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sri Devi Simanjuntak ◽  
Ervia Yudiati ◽  
Subagiyo Subagiyo
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Swimming Crab ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Portunus Pelagicus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gonad Maturity ◽  
The Village ◽  
Swimming Crabs

ABSTRAK : Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi, dimana berbanding lurus dengan penangkapan yang meningkat. Tingkat pemanfaatan yang tidak mengindahkan ukuran dan kondisi rajungan dapat mempengaruhi struktur ukuran dan stok rajungan di suatu perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian morfometri, rasio jenis kelamin dan tingkat kematangan gonad rajungan yang didaratkan di Kelurahan Pacar, Kabupaten Rembang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian bersifat deskriptif dan eksploratif. Pengamatan rajungan dilakukan pada salah satu pengepul di Kelurahan Pacar. Rajungan yang diteliti berdasarkan morfometri, rasio seksual dan tingkat kematangan gonad selama 30 hari. Informasi ini dapat dijadikan pedoman dalam menentukan kebijakan mengenai pengelolaan perikanan rajungan yang berkelanjutan. Hasil dari penelitian diketahui bahwa ratio kelimpahan rajungan jantan sebesar 45% (1342 ekor); rajungan betina 55% (1658 ekor) dari 3000 ekor sampel rajungan. Rasio perbandingan jantan dan betina 0,80:1 berdasarkan uji chi square. Berdasarkan distribusi ukuran lebar karapas rajungan di perairan Kelurahan Pacar adalah berkisar antara 60–179 mm dan distribusi berat sebesar 23–251 gram. Distribusi tingkat kematangan gonad pada perairan Kelurahan Pacar adalah 558 ekor pada TKG 1; 761 ekor pada TKG 2; dan 339 pada TKG 3. Data menunjukkan bahwa pola pertumbuhan rajungan yang ada di perairan Kelurahan Pacar adalah allometrik negatif yaitu pertumbuhan lebar karapas lebih cepat bertambah daripada berat tubuhnya baik rajungan jantan maupun rajungan betina.ABSTRACT : Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) has a high economic value, which is causing the crab catch to rise as well. The catch rate that does not consider the size and maturity of sea crab can affect the size structure and population stock of sea crab in waters. This research to study morphometry, sexual ratio and maturity level of the gonads landed in Pacar Village, Rembang Regency.The method used in this study descriptive and exsplorative. Observation of blue swimming crab samples was carried out in one of the collectors in the village. Blue swimming crab was observed based on morphometry and sexual ratio for 30 days. The results of the study revealed that the abundance of male blue swimming crab was 45% (1342 male blue swimming crabs) and the abundance of the female blue swimming crabs was 55%  (1658 female blue swimming crabs) of 3000 blue swimming crab samples. The ratio of male and female   0.80 ; 1 based on the chi square. Based on the size distribution of the width of the blue swimming crab carapace in the waters of Pacar Village it range from 60-179 mm and the distribution of weight 23-251 grams. The distribution of gonad maturity level in the waters Pacar Village is 558 female blue swimming crab at TKG 1; 761 female blue swimming crab at TKG 2; and 339 female blue swimming crab at TKG 3. Data is showed that the blue swimming crab growth pattern in Pacar Village waters was negative allometric both male and female blue swimming crab.

scholarly journals Biologi Reproduksi Ikan Pari Toka-Toka (Himantura walga, Muller dan Henle 1841) yang Tertangkap dan di Daratkan di Cilincin

Jurnal BIOMA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Novariani Novariani ◽  
Hafni Lubis ◽  
Fahmi Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reproduction Biology ◽  
Maturity Method ◽  
Java Sea ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Rays are cartilaginous fishes that are commonly caught by fishermen in Java Sea especially in Jakarta Bay. One species of rays that has been oftenly caught is Himantura walga. Even though they are not categorized as target fishes, rays are susceptible to excessive fishing, due to their biological characteristics, so an effort is needed to conserve these fishes in the nature. As a first step to their conservation, an initial survey about its reproduction was done for Himantura walga. The survey covered spread of width size, sex ratio, growth pattern, sexual maturity level and the width size of males and females when they reach sexual maturity. Method used was descriptive with both market and purposive sampling. Chi square analysis showed that male and female ratio were well balanced. Result of regression showed that the width-weight correlation between male and female rays was allometrically positive. Most Captured males showed that their sexual maturity were at fully calcified stage (FC) while most females were at immature stage (TKG 1), according to their gonad condition. Males tend to reach sexual maturity earlier and have smaller body than females. Hence, it is advised for the fishermen to use selective fishing gears that are only able to capture adult rays. Key words: Himantura walga, rays, reproduction biology

HUBUNGAN PERAN KADER POSYANDU DENGAN STATUS GIZI BALITA

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Wiwid Wahyuningsih ◽  
Atik Setiyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Keberadaan kader di posyandu sebagai salah satu sistem penyelenggarakan pelayanan sangat dibutuhkan. Mereka adalah ujung tombak  pelayanan kesehatan yang merupakan kepanjangtanganan puskesmas Jawa Tengah tahun 2011 jumlah gizi kurang 5,35% dan gizi buruk 0,10%. Untuk Kabupaten Semarang dari 23.562 balita yang ditimbang pada tahun 2011 gizi lebih 1,13%, gizi baik 93,51%, gizi kurang 4,86% dan gizi buruk 0,49% (DepKes Prov Jateng, 2011). Tujuan Penelitian : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan peran kader posyandu dengan status gizi balita. Metode Penelitian : Desain penelitian ini adalah survey analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh balita di Posyandu Mawar di Desa Gedangan sejumlah 40 responden, dengan teknik total sampling dan analisa data chi square. Hasil Penelitian : Hasil perhitungan chi square di peroleh X² hitung 10.644 pada df=4, P.value 0.031 dimana probabilitas lebih kecil dari level of significant 5 % (0,001 < 0,05) berarti Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Kesimpulan : ada hubungan antara peran kader posyandu dengan status gizi pada balita.Kata Kunci : peran kader , status gizi balitaCADERE ROLE RELATIONSHIP WITH NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN POSYANDUABSTRACTBackground : posyandu cadre in Existence as one of the 56th's service system is urgently needed. They are the tip of the Spear is a kepanjangtanganan health services clinics in Central Java in 2011 the amount of nutrition less 5.35% 0.10% and malnutrition. To Semarang from 23.562 toddler who weighed in 2011 more nutritional 1.13%, 93,51%, good nutrition nutrition less 4.86% and 0.49% poor nutrition (Department of Health Central Java Prov., 2011). Objective : the research aims to find out the relationship role of posyandu cadre with the nutritional status of children. Methods : the design of this research is a survey using the analytic approach of cross sectional. The population in this study are all the toddlers at the Rose in the village of Posyandu Gedangan some 38 respondents, with total sample techniques and data analysis a chi square. The results :. The chi square calculation results in getting X ² count 10.644 on df = 4, P. value 0.031 where probability is smaller than the level of significant 5% (0.001 < 0.05) mean Ha Ho accepted and rejected. Conclusion : there is a connection between the role of cadres of posyandu with nutritional status on toddlers.Keywords : the role of cadres, toddler nutrition status

Interpopulation variability of the reproductive cycle of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the south-western Mediterranean

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mourad Guettaf ◽  
Gustavo A. San Martin ◽  
Patrice Francour
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
Gonad Index ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Rocky Substrate ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Reproductive Cycles

The spawning of Paracentrotus lividus has been determined on the basis of the annual gonad index cycle at three sites in the Algiers area presenting low, intermediate and strong hydrodynamism. Three biotopes (Posidonia oceanica beds, rocky substrate with photophilous algae and overgrazed rocky substrate) and two depths (1–3 m and 6–10 m) were considered at these sites, the sex-ratio was always strongly in favour of females (2:1 to 3:1). In all sites but one, there were marked differences in the gonad index and the spawning period between sites; the gonad index reached its maximum value at the site with the weakest hydrodynamism, and the minimum value at the site with the strongest hydrodynamism. Spawning took place in April–May and August–September at the site with the weakest hydrodynamism, in April–June and October–December at the site with intermediate hydrodynamism and only in winter at the site with maximum hydrodynamism. The coexistence, on regional scale, of these reproductive cycles might enable Paracentrotus lividus to compensate the mortality during planktonic larval phase by the fact that spawning of this sea urchin occurred in all seasons.

Comparison Between Fetal Biometric Measurements (BPD, HC and FL) of Male and Female Fetuses in Population of Pakistan on Antenatal Ultrasound, A Multicentric Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 2080-2082
Author(s):  
Nuzhat Rafeeq ◽  
Ayesha Niaz ◽  
Lubna Noor ◽  
Anum Sultan ◽  
Durre-E-Shahwar Hayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Circumference ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Multicentric Study ◽  
Femur Length ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Antenatal Ultrasound ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Insignificant Difference

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the fetal biometric growth measurements (Head Circumference, Bi-Parietal Diameter, and Femur Length) between male and female fetuses on antenatal ultrasound in our population. Methodology: This was an observational study carried out in the Department of Radiology CMH Malir, Karachi and Ziauddin hospital, Karachi from July 2016 till July 2018 using non-probability sampling technique. A total of 510 pregnant women with second and third trimester were enrolled for the study. The biometric parameters of fetus i.e., Bi-Parietal Diameter, Head Circumference, and Femur Length were established through two-dimensional ultrasound. Chi-square and t tests were used to analyze differences in biometric parameters in both genders. Results: The study results showed significant differences in the Bi-Parietal Diameter and Head Circumference between male and female fetuses (p=0.006 and p=0.003, respectively). Mean Bi-Parietal Diameter in males was 71.47±13.70 and in females it was68.30±11.90cm, mean Head Circumference in males was 264.23±47.87and in females it was 252.03±44.91cm. It has also been observed that there was an insignificant difference in the femur length between male and female fetuses (p= 0.605). Mean femur length was 52.74±12.39 in males and 52.19±11.38 in females. Conclusion: This study concluded that male fetuses have considerably larger bi-parietal diameter and head circumference as compared to female fetuses however, no variation in femur length is observed in both genders. Keywords: Fetal Gender, Bi-Parietal Diameter, Head Circumference, Femur Length.

scholarly journals Check This One out: Analyzing Slang Usage among Iranian Male and Female Teenagers

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hashemi Shahraki ◽  
Abbass Eslami Rasekh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Female Teenagers ◽  
Age And Sex

Slang usage in modern age Iran is a popular phenomenon among most male and female teenagers. How pervasive this variation of language use is among various age and sex groups in Iran has been a question of debate given the significance of religion in a theological system of social structure. The work presented in this study aims to investigate the effect of age and sex on variability of slang usage. Sixty Iranian participants were selected, and then were divided into three age groups (i.e. primary school, high school, and senior university students) each group consisting of ten males and ten females. A self-made questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Test (DCT) describing nine situations of friendly conversations was given to the participants. They were asked to make their choice on the responses, which ranged from formal to very informal style (common teenage slang expressions), or to write down what they wish to say under each circumstance. The results of the chi–square tests indicated that slang usage among high school students is more frequent as compared with other age groups. Unlike the popular belief suggesting that slang is used by boys rather than girls, the findings suggested that young Iranians both male and female use slang as a badge of identity showing their attachment to the social group they wish to be identified with.

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