scholarly journals Effects of Different Ambient Temperatures on Caecal Microbial Composition in Broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
YUTING YANG ◽  
XING LI ◽  
ZHENHUI CAO ◽  
YINGING QIAO ◽  
QIUYE LIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Environmental Information Processing

Short-term or acute temperature stress affect the immune responses and alters the gut microbiota of broilers, but the influences of long-term temperature stress on stress biomarkers and the intestinal microbiota remains largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of three long-term ambient temperatures (high (HC), medium (MC), and low (LC) temperature groups) on the gene expression of broilers’ heat shock proteins (Hsps) and inflammation – related genes, as well as the caecal microbial composition. The results revealed that Hsp70 and Hsp90 levels in HC group significantly increased, and levels of Hsp70, Hsp90, IL-6, TNF-α, and NFKB1 in LC group were significantly higher than in MC group (p < 0.05). In comparison with the MC group, the proportion of Firmicutes increased in HC and LC groups, while that of Bacteroidetes decreased in LC group at phylum level (p < 0.05). At genus level, the proportion of Escherichia/Shigella, Phascolarctobacterium, Parabacteroides, and Enterococcus increased in HC group; the fraction of Faecalibacterium was higher in LC group; and the percentage of Barnesiella and Alistipes decreased in both HC and LC groups (p < 0.05). Functional analysis based on communities’ phylogenetic investigation revealed that the pathways involved in environmental information processing and metabolism were enriched in the HC group. Those involved in cellular processes and signaling, metabolism, and gene regulation were enriched in LC group. Hence, we conclude that the long-term temperature stress can greatly alter the intestinal microbial communities in broilers and may further affect the host’s immunity and health.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Triclosan Exposure on Microbiota in Zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Tang ◽  
Pianpian Fan ◽  
Xiaogang Yu ◽  
Rui Ma ◽  
Yexuan Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
A Minor

Background: Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antibacterial agent in personal care products and is ubiquitous in the environment. We aimed to examine whether TCS exposure affects microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish.Methods: After exposure to TCS 0 (Dimethyl Sulphoxide, DMSO control), 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 100, and 300ng/ml, respectively, from day 0 to 120days post fertilization (dpf), or for 7days in adult 4-month zebrafish, the long- and short-term impact of TCS exposure on the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by analyzing 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing.Results: The top two most dominant microbiota phyla were Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria phylum in all zebrafish groups. In TCS exposure 0–120 dpf, compared with DMSO control, the mean number of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was 54.46 lower (p&lt;0.0001), Chao indice 41.40 lower (p=0.0004), and Ace indice 34.10 lower (p=0.0044) in TCS 300ng/ml group, but no change was observed in most of the other TCS concentrations. PCoA diagram showed that the microbial community in the long-term TCS 300ng/ml exposure group clustered differently from those in the DMSO control and other TCS exposure groups. A shorter body length of the zebrafish was observed in the long-term TCS exposure at 0.03, 100, and 300ng/ml. For 7-day short-term exposure in adult zebrafish, no difference was observed in alpha or beta diversity of microbiota nor the relative abundance of Proteobacteria or Fusobacteria phylum among DMSO control and any TCS levels, but a minor difference in microbial composition was observed for TCS exposure.Conclusions: Long-term exposure to high TCS concentration in a window from early embryonic life to early adulthood may reduce diversity and alter the composition of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of short-term TCS exposure was not observed on the diversity of microbiota but there was a minor change of microbial composition in adult zebrafish with TCS exposure.

Short-term but not long-term hypoglycaemia enhances plasma levels and hepatic expression of HSP72 in insulin-treated rats: an effect associated with increased IL-6 levels but not with IL-10 or TNF–α

2014 ◽  
Vol 397 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirna Stela Ludwig ◽  
Vânia Cibele Minguetti-Câmara ◽  
Thiago Gomes Heck ◽  
Sofia Pizzato Scomazzon ◽  
Patrícia Renck Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Tnf Α

Physiological persona differences based on stress and inflammation between meditators and healthy controls

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipti Magan ◽  
Raj Kumar Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

AbstractBackgroundNowadays, yoga is endorsed and advised routinely to stay fit and healthy, as well as control many chronic diseases including diabetes type 2, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, etc. Now, our assumption is that those who do regular yoga have different persona than who do not do yoga regularly. We planned to test our hypothesis scientifically, and therefore baseline physiological characteristics with stress and inflammation levels in long-term and short-term meditators and healthy novice controls were analyzed.MethodsIn this retrospective analysis, 97 male participants were included for their Baseline analysis. Fifteen apparently healthy subjects practicing preksha meditation (since >5 years, at least 5 days a week) were included as long-term meditators (LTMs); 58 subjects who attended one of our short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention programs for 2 weeks were included as short-term meditators (STMs); 24 male novice subjects, who did not participate in any yogic intervention, were included as healthy controls. Here, we analyzed the Baseline plasma levels of stress and inflammatory markers, cortisol, β-endorphin, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in long-term meditators vs. short-term meditators vs. healthy controls.Outcome measuresThe study parameters body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), plasma levels of stress and immune markers, cortisol, β-endorphin (β-Ed), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were assessed in all the three groups at baseline.ResultsSignificant (p<0.05) differences were observed at baseline for plasma levels of stress and inflammatory markers as well as body mass index and systolic blood pressure among LTM vs. STM vs. healthy controls.ConclusionsOur observations suggest that the subjects who do regular yoga-meditation practice have better stress & inflammation status than comparable age matched healthy controls.

scholarly journals Spatial-Memory Formation After Spaced Learning Involves ERKs1/2 Activation Through a Behavioral-Tagging Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Tintorelli ◽  
Pablo Budriesi ◽  
Maria Eugenia Villar ◽  
Paul Marchal ◽  
Pamela Lopes da Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Prior Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Spaced Learning ◽  
Inter Trial Interval ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
Massed Learning

AbstractThe superiority of spaced over massed learning is an established fact in the formation of long-term memories (LTM). Here we addressed the cellular processes and the temporal demands of this phenomenon using a weak spatial object recognition (wSOR) training, which induces short-term memories (STM) but not LTM. We observed SOR-LTM promotion when two identical wSOR training sessions were spaced by an inter-trial interval (ITI) ranging from 15 min to 7 h, consistently with spaced training. The promoting effect was dependent on neural activity, protein synthesis and ERKs1/2 activity in the hippocampus. Based on the “behavioral tagging” hypothesis, which postulates that learning induces a neural tag that requires proteins to induce LTM formation, we propose that retraining will mainly retag the sites initially labeled by the prior training. Thus, when weak, consecutive training sessions are experienced within an appropriate spacing, the intracellular mechanisms triggered by each session would add, thereby reaching the threshold for protein synthesis required for memory consolidation. Our results suggest in addition that ERKs1/2 kinases play a dual role in SOR-LTM formation after spaced learning, both inducing protein synthesis and setting the SOR learning-tag. Overall, our findings bring new light to the mechanisms underlying the promoting effect of spaced trials on LTM formation.

Factors mediating the hemodynamic effects of tumor necrosis factor-α in portal hypertensive rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. G687-G693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Muñoz ◽  
Agustín Albillos ◽  
María Pérez-Páramo ◽  
Irma Rossi ◽  
Melchor Alvarez-Mon
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Α ◽  
Portal Pressure ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and glucagon have been implicated in promoting the hyperdynamic circulatory state of portal hypertension. Recent evidence also indicates that increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production is involved in the pathogenesis of this hemodynamic abnormality. This study was aimed at investigating in rats with portal vein stenosis (PVS) the effects on splanchnic hemodynamics of blocking circulating TNF-α and the factors mediating the vascular action of this cytokine in this setting. Anti-TNF-α polyclonal antibodies or placebo was injected into rats ( n = 96) before and 4 days after PVS (short-term inhibition) and at 24 h and 4, 7, 10 days after PVS (long-term inhibition). Short-term TNF-α inhibition reduced portal venous inflow and cardiac index and increased splanchnic and systemic resistance. Portal pressure was unchanged, but portal-systemic shunting was decreased. After long-term TNF-α inhibition, portal venous inflow and portal pressure were unchanged, but arterial pressure and systemic resistance rose significantly. Anti-TNF-α PVS rats exhibited lower increments of systemic resistance after N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and indomethacin administration and lower serum levels of TNF-α, nitrates-nitrites, and 6-keto-PGF1α, both over the short and the long term. Serum glucagon levels rose after long-term inhibition. In conclusion, the specific role played by TNF-α in the development of the hyperdynamic state of portal hypertension appears to be mainly mediated through an increased release of nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Maintenance of the splanchnic hyperemia after long-term TNF-α inhibition could be due to a compensatory release of glucagon.

scholarly journals Short-Term Lincomycin Exposure Depletion of Murine Microbiota Affects Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Intestinal Morphology and Immunity

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Shunfen Zhang ◽  
Ruqing Zhong ◽  
Hui Han ◽  
Bao Yi ◽  
Jie Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Depletion Effect ◽  
Tnf Α

Lincomycin, as one of the most commonly used antibiotics, may cause intestinal injury, enteritis and other side effects, but it remains unknown whether these effects are associated with microbial changes and the effects of different doses of lincomycin on infants. Here, 21-day old mice were exposed to 1 and 5 g/L lincomycin to explore the effects of lincomycin on the gut microbiota, metabolites and inflammation. Compared to the control mice, 1 g/L lincomycin exposure decreased the body weight gain of mice (p < 0.05). Both 1 and 5 g/L lincomycin exposure reduced the diversity and microbial composition of mice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 1 and 5 g/L lincomycin reduced the relative concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in the colon chyme of mice (p < 0.05). In addition, 5 g/L lincomycin exposure reduced the villus height, crypt depth, and relative expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, IL-18, TNF-α, and p65 in the jejunum of mice (p < 0.05), while 1 g/L lincomycin exposure reduced the relative expression of TLR2, TLR3, TNF-α, and p65 (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results highlight the depletion effect of short-term lincomycin exposure on microbiota and the further regulatory effect on intestinal morphology and immunosuppression in infant mice.

Usage of whey protein may cause liver damage via inflammatory and apoptotic responses

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 769-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Gürgen ◽  
AT Yücel ◽  
AÇ Karakuş ◽  
D Çeçen ◽  
G Özen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Factor Α

The purpose of this study was to investigate the long- and short-term inflammatory and apoptotic effects of whey protein on the livers of non-exercising rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups namely (1) control group, (2) short-term whey (WS) protein diet (252 g/kg for 5 days), and (3) long-term whey (WL) protein diet (252 g/kg for 4 weeks). Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18-M30) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical methods. Apoptosis was evaluated using the terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated by quanitation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Based on the biochemical levels and immunohistochemical results, the highest level of IL-1β was identified in the WL group ( p < 0.01). The IL-6 and TNF-α results were slightly lower in the WS group than in the control group and were highest in the WL group ( p < 0.01). The CK-18-M30 and TUNEL results were highest in the WS group and exhibited medium intensity in the WL group ( p < 0.01). AST results were statistically significant for all groups, while our ALT groups were particularly significant between the WL and control groups ( p < 0.01). The results showed that when whey protein is used in an uninformed manner and without exercising, adverse effects on the liver may occur by increasing the apoptotic signal in the short term and increasing inflammatory markers and hepatotoxicity in the long term.

Novel non-cellular adhesion and tissue grafting in the mutable collagenous tissue of the sea cucumber Parastichopus parvimensis

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (21) ◽  
pp. 3003-3013 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Szulgit ◽  
R. E. Shadwick
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Collagenous Tissue ◽  
External Pressures

Previous work on wound healing in holothurians (sea cucumbers) has been concerned with the relatively long-term cellular processes of wound closure and regeneration of new tissue. In this report, we characterize a short-term adhesion that is a very early step in holothurian wound healing. Dissected pieces of dermis from the sea cucumber Parastichopus parvimensis adhered to each other after only 2 h of contact, whether the cells in the tissues were intact or had been lysed. Lapshear tests showed that the breaking stresses of adhered tissues reached approximately 0.5 kPa after 24 h of contact. Furthermore, dermal allografts were incorporated into the live recipient individuals without any external pressures, sutures or artificial gels to keep them in place. Dislodging the grafts after 24 h of contact required shear stresses of approximately 14 kPa. It appears that the adhesive property of the dermis plays a key role in the initiation of this grafting.

scholarly journals Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Drift in Long-Term High Temperature Annealing

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1454
Author(s):  
Dan Grobnic ◽  
Cyril Hnatovsky ◽  
Sergey Dedyulin ◽  
Robert B. Walker ◽  
Huimin Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fiber Bragg Gratings ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bragg Wavelength ◽  
Distributed Sensor ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
High Temperature Processes

High-temperature-resistant fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are the main competitors to thermocouples as sensors in applications for high temperature environments defined as being in the 600–1200 °C temperature range. Due to their small size, capacity to be multiplexed into high density distributed sensor arrays and survivability in extreme ambient temperatures, they could provide the essential sensing support that is needed in high temperature processes. While capable of providing reliable sensing information in the short term, their long-term functionality is affected by the drift of the characteristic Bragg wavelength or resonance that is used to derive the temperature. A number of physical processes have been proposed as the cause of the high temperature wavelength drift but there is yet no credible description of this process. In this paper we review the literature related to the long-term wavelength drift of FBGs at high temperature and provide our recent results of more than 4000 h of high temperature testing in the 900–1000 °C range. We identify the major components of the high temperature wavelength drift and we propose mechanisms that could be causing them.

The Possible Interaction of Harderian Material and Saliva for Thermoregulation in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones Unguiculatus

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitzie Grant ◽  
Del Thiessen
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Mongolian Gerbil ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Saliva Production ◽  
Thermoregulatory Reactions

Self-grooming in Meriones unguiculatus is associated with saliva spread and the release and spread of Harderian material from the external nares. Saliva spread results in evaporative cooling and Harderian spread insulates the pelage. Two experiments tested the predictions that (1) saliva production and Harderian material decrease systematically following a self-groom, (2) high ambient temperature (34°C) increases saliva production but decreases Harderian release, and (3) low ambient temperature (7°C) decreases saliva production but increases Harderian release. The predictions were generally confirmed, suggesting that short-term and long-term thermoregulatory reactions are differentially affected by ambient temperatures. Thus, an animal will tend to emphasize saliva production when evaporative cooling is needed and will exaggerate Harderian release when insulation of the pelage is required.

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