scholarly journals Retinal Vasculitis: Fundamentals, Diagnostics, and Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 493-500
Author(s):  
Sutasinee Boonsopon ◽  
Stephen D. Anesi
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Retinal Vasculitis ◽  
Vitreous Hemorrhage ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Tractional Retinal Detachment ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Retinal Blood Vessels ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Retinal vasculitis is inflammation of retinal blood vessels typically resulting from infection or immune-mediated inflammatory processes. It may present as isolated ocular inflammation or as a part of severe or potentially fatal systemic disease. Ocular complications of retinal vasculitis include cystoid macular edema, neovascularization, tractional retinal detachment, and vitreous hemorrhage, which all greatly threaten vision. Multimodal imaging and thorough systemic investigations are the main tools for making a precise diagnosis, which aids in predicting disease prognosis and visual outcome as well as preserving a patient’s vision and possibly their life. This review aims to discuss the current understanding of retinal vasculitis as well as current diagnostic tools and treatments.

Platelets: Angels and demons dancing on the immune stage. Nutrition conducts the orchestra

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Manrico Magrone ◽  
Matteo Antonio Russo ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Background: Platelets are cellular fragments derived from bone-marrow megacaryocytes and they are mostly involved in haemostasis and coagulation. However, according to recent data, platelets are able to perform novel immune functions. In fact, they possess a receptorial armamentarium on their membrane for interacting with innate and adaptive immune cells. In addition, platelets also secrete granules which contain cytokines and chemokines for activating and recruiting even distant immune cells. Objectives: The participation of platelets in inflammatory processes will be discussed also in view of their dual role in terms of triggering or resolving inflammation. Involvement of platelets in disease will be illustrated, pointing to their versatile function to either up- or down-regulate pathological mechanisms. Finally, despite the availability of some anti-platelet agents, such as aspirin, dietary manipulation of platelet function is currently investigated. In this regard, special emphasis will be placed on dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyphenol effects on platelets. Conclusion: Platelets play a dual role in inflammatory-immune-mediated diseases either activating or deactivating immune cells. Diet based on substances, such as omega-3 PUFAs and polyphenols, may act as a modulator of platelet function, even if more clinical trials are needed to corroborate such a contention.

Surgical management and outcomes of pediatric open globe injuries requiring vitrectomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110006
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Lufei Wang ◽  
Fengjuan Yang ◽  
Jia’nan Xie ◽  
Jinsong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Vitreous Hemorrhage ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Poor Visual Outcome ◽  
Early Vitrectomy ◽  
Open Globe ◽  
Time From Injury ◽  
Ocular Sign

Purpose: To describe surgical management and establish visual outcomes of open globe injury (OGI) in pediatric patients requiring vitrectomy. Methods: Forty-eight eyes of 48 pediatric patients underwent vitrectomy for OGI with secondary vitreoretinal complications in the eye center of Jilin University were included. Characteristics of patients, details of ocular examination and operation, presenting and final visual acuity were recorded. Results: Presenting visual acuity less than 20/400 was found in 44 eyes (91.7%), which included no light perception (NLP) in four eyes. At last visit, there was no eyes with visual acuity of NLP, and 19 eyes (39.6%) had a vision recovery to 20/400 or better. Mechanisms of injury, intraocular contents prolapse, presence of hyphema, intraocular foreign body, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and total time from injury to PPV > 2 weeks were significant predictors of visual prognosis. Logistic regression analysis showed that hyphema was a significant predictive factor for poor visual outcome. Conclusion: Visual acuity was improved in most of the patients with OGI in this study. Hyphema is an important presenting ocular sign in estimating the post-vitrectomy visual outcome for OGI in children. Proper timing of vitrectomy is suggested, and in this study patients may benefit more with early vitrectomy as less proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) was found together with a better visual acuity.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of disease-activity related ophthalmological manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A systematic review

Lupus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 096120332110503
Author(s):  
Nitish Jawahar ◽  
Jessica K Walker ◽  
Philip I Murray ◽  
Caroline Gordon ◽  
John A Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Retinal Vasculitis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Ophthalmic Manifestations

Objective Ophthalmic complications in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) are broad and can occur in up to a third of patients. The British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) 2004 Index identifies 13 ocular manifestations of active SLE, as opposed to those related to previous disease activity and/or the consequences of therapy. We conducted a systematic review of published literature to determine the frequency of ophthalmic manifestations of active SLE. Methods A systematic literature search of Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE from their respective inceptions to July 2020 was conducted to identify cohort, case–control and cross-sectional studies. Results 22 studies meeting eligibility criteria were included. Most studies featured small sample sizes and were judged to have a high risk of methodological bias. The number and quality of studies did not allow us to confidently estimate the incidence of the conditions. No studies reported epidemiological data for orbital inflammation/myositis/proptosis. The prevalence of each of the other ocular manifestations, with the exception of retinal vaso-occlusive disease, was consistently less than 5%. Retinal vasculitis, uveitis and isolated cotton wool spots tended to be associated with more active SLE disease. Conclusion The prevalence of eye disease due to SLE activity is uncommon, but clinicians should be aware that some conditions tend to be associated with more active systemic disease. Further studies to determine the incidence and risk factors for these ophthalmic manifestations are needed.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Latest Trends in Isolation, Content Optimization and Delivery Avenues

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1802
Author(s):  
Elena Munoz-Perez ◽  
Ainhoa Gonzalez-Pujana ◽  
Manoli Igartua ◽  
Edorta Santos-Vizcaino ◽  
Rosa Maria Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Stromal Cells ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Considering the high prevalence and the complex pharmacological management of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), the search for new therapeutic approaches for their treatment is vital. Although the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied as a potential therapy in this field, direct MSC implantation presents some limitations that could slow down the clinical translation. Since the beneficial effects of MSCs have been mainly attributed to their ability to secrete a plethora of bioactive factors, their secretome has been proposed as a new and promising pathway for the treatment of IMIDs. Formed from soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), the MSC-derived secretome has been proven to elicit immunomodulatory effects that control the inflammatory processes that occur in IMIDs. This article aims to review the available knowledge on the MSC secretome, evaluating the advances in this field in terms of its composition, production and application, as well as analyzing the pending challenges in the field. Moreover, the latest research involving secretome administration in IMIDs is discussed to provide an updated state-of-the-art for this field. Finally, novel secretome delivery alternatives are reviewed, paying special attention to hydrogel encapsulation as one of the most convenient and promising strategies.

scholarly journals Haemoglobin scavenger receptor: function in relation to disease.

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Zuwała-Jagiełło
Keyword(s):  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Soluble Cd163 ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Haem Oxygenase ◽  
New Treatment

Highly efficient systems remove the toxic and proinflammatory haemoglobin from the circulation and local sites of tissue damage. Macrophages are major haemoglobin-clearing cells; CD163 was recently recognized as the specific haemoglobin scavenger receptor (HbSR). It is tightly involved in both physiological as well as pathophysiological processes, such as cytoprotection and inflammation. Haemoglobin functions as a double-edged sword. In moderate quantities and bound to haptoglobin, it forms a ligand for haemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163/HbSR, but when unleashed in large amounts, it can become toxic by mediating oxidative stress and inflammation. CD163/HbSR plays a crucial role in the control of inflammatory processes, probably in part through its effects on both ferritin induction and subsequent induction of antiinflammatory pathways through interleukin-10 and haem oxygenase. Besides the observation that the haemoglobin scavenger receptor provides a promising target for new treatment possibilities, it offers a novel view on the aetiology of diverse physiological as well as pathophysiological processes. In addition, monocyte CD163/HbSR and soluble CD163/HbSR are potential diagnostic tools in a variety of disease states, such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, transplant rejection, and carcinoma.

scholarly journals Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 4786
Author(s):  
Undine-Sophie Deumer ◽  
Angelica Varesi ◽  
Valentina Floris ◽  
Gabriele Savioli ◽  
Elisa Mantovani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Non Coding Rna

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic systemic disease that manifests via various symptoms such as chronic fatigue, post-exertional malaise, and cognitive impairment described as “brain fog”. These symptoms often prevent patients from keeping up their pre-disease onset lifestyle, as extended periods of physical or mental activity become almost impossible. However, the disease presents heterogeneously with varying severity across patients. Therefore, consensus criteria have been designed to provide a diagnosis based on symptoms. To date, no biomarker-based tests or diagnoses are available, since the molecular changes observed also largely differ from patient to patient. In this review, we discuss the infectious, genetic, and hormonal components that may be involved in CFS pathogenesis, we scrutinize the role of gut microbiota in disease progression, we highlight the potential of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) for the development of diagnostic tools and briefly mention the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection causing CFS.

scholarly journals Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Marieta Dumitrache ◽  
Rodica Lascu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Macular Edema ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Vitreous Hemorrhage ◽  
Tractional Retinal Detachment ◽  
Clinically Significant Macular Edema ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Photocoagulation Laser

Management in D.R. through prophylactic treatment (maintaining a glycemic level as close as possible to normal, control hypertension <150/85 mmHg, hyperlipidemia) and curative treatment of D.R. does not cure the disease, but may slow the evolution of D.M. and D.R. AntiVEGF agents are indicated as adjuvant therapy in pan-photocoagulation laser and / or vitrectomy in patients with DR to block angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF. All antiVEGF agents are an effective treatment for the clinically significant macular edema. Photocoagulation laser is a treatment of choice in preproliferative and proliferative DR and an effective treatment of diabetic macular edema. The indications for laser treatment in diabetic retinopathy are related to the incidence, evolution of neovessels, duration of diabetes, HbA1c level, presence of macular edema, stage of DR. The laser for macular lesions reduces the risk of vision loss in the eyes with incipient and moderate non-proliferative DR and macular edema concomitant; the laser should be applied to all patients with clinically significant macular edema. Vitrectomy in proliferative DR is indicated in vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment in order to remove the vitreous hermorrhage and excision of tractional preretinal membranes.

IDIOPATHIC CONDYLAR RESORPTION-A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
Devyani Sangai ◽  
Sujoy Banerjee ◽  
Usha Shenoy
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Skeletal Changes ◽  
Precise Diagnosis

Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a condition that is often esthetically and functionally altering, characterized by progressive resorption of the TMJ condylar heads, without a known cause. Studies suggest that patients with ICR remain undiagnosed and unrecognized in the orthodontic clinic owing to the poorly understood etiology of the disease and lack of diagnostic tools. ICR often causes occlusal and skeletal changes, TMJ dysfunction and pain, and maxillofacial deformities. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the disease and proper treatment plan is essential.

Select Viruses in Adults

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-79
Author(s):  
Randall C. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Epidemiologic Factors ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

The following types of viral infections are discussed in this chapter: viral infections that have the capacity for multiorgan or systemic disease; infections that affect adults who may be otherwise healthy or at least not in special populations such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, mumps virus, human parvovirus B19, and coxsackievirus. Reviews of these viruses focus on differentiating clinical features, diagnostic tools and treatment, and salient microbiologic and epidemiologic factors.

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