scholarly journals Polymers and Permeation Enhancers: Specialized Components of Mucoadhesives

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Alexander ◽  
M Ajazuddin ◽  
M Swarna ◽  
Mukesh Sharma ◽  
DK Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Mucoadhesive Polymers ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Mucoadhesive polymers have recently gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of improving drug delivery by promoting dosage form residence time and contact time with the mucous membranes. Mucoadhesion occurs between two surfaces, one of which is a mucous membrane and another is drug delivery system. Pharmaceutical aspects of mucoadhesion have been the subject of great interest during recent years because mucoadhesion could be a solution for bioavailability problems that result from a too short length of stay of the pharmaceutical dosage form at the absorption site within the gastro-intestinal tract. It has been a great challenge to the pharmaceutical sciences in order to enhance localised drug delivery or to deliver ‘difficult’ molecules (proteins and oligonucleotides) into the systemic circulation. Mucoadhesive systems remain in close contact with the absorption tissue, the mucous membrane, releasing the drug at the site of action leading to increase in bioavailability (both local and systemic effects). Extending the residence time of a dosage form at a particular site and controlling the release of drug from the dosage form are useful especially for achieving controlled plasma level of the drug as well as improving bioavailability. The present review describes mucoadhesion, mucoadhesive polymers and use of these polymers in designing different types of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.   Key words: Mucoadhesion; Mucoadhesive polymers; Mucoadhesive force; Bioadhesive property. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i1.8878 SJPS 2011; 4(1): 91-95

An Overview of Excipients Classification and Their Use in Pharmaceuticals

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cansel Kose Ozkan ◽  
Ozgur Esim ◽  
Ayhan Savaser ◽  
Yalcin Ozkan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Product Identification ◽  
Direct Administration ◽  
Active Substances

: The content and the application of pharmaceutical dosage forms must meet several basic requirements to ensure and maintain efficiency, safety and quality. A large number of active substances have limited ability to direct administration. Excipients are generally used to overcome the limitation of direct administration of these active substances. However, the function, behavior and composition of the excipients need to be well known in the design, development and production of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this review, excipients used to assist in any pharmaceutical dosage form production processes of drugs, to preserve, promote or increase stability, bioavailability and patient compliance, to assist in product identification / separation, or to enhance overall safety and effectiveness of the drug delivery system during storage or use are explained. Moreover, the use of these excipients in drug delivery systems are identified. Excipient toxicity, which is an issue discussed in the light of current studies, also discussed in this review.

Design and Optimization of Chronotherapeutic Dosage Form for the Treatment of Angina Pectoris

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupali Singh ◽  
Rishabha Malviya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Angina Pectoris ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Cellulose Solution ◽  
Specific Drug ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Time Specific

Background: The chronotherapy concept attains considerable focus towards itself due to its pulsatile fashion rather than continuous delivery. The delivery of the right amount of drug to the target organ at the most appropriate time is fulfilled by using the chronotherapeutic dosage form. Aim: The present study aims to develop and evaluate a chronotherapeutic drug delivery system by using natural polymer for time specific drug delivery at the target site. Material and Method: Tamarind seed polysaccharide was extracted and used in the preparation of core tablets. Nine formulations of core tablets were prepared with nifedipine at 5 tonnes of pressure on 6 mm punch. The core tablets were prepared by using the compression coating method. The three batches F1, F2 and F3 were prepared by using tamarind gum in different concentration i.e. 45%, 22.5% and 67.5% respectively and compressed at 8 tonnes of pressure on 12 mm of punch. The finally compressed tablet was coated with different concentrations of ethyl cellulose in which isopropyl alcohol used as a solvent. In a controlled medium, a stability study was performed to evaluate the physical appearance, drug content and release of the prepared core tablet. Result: All the nine formulations of tablets were prepared successfully and the evaluation studies (thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability etc.) revealed that all the formulations were within the official range. The release study of the drug revealed that the formulation F7 containing 67.5% of tamarind polymer, coated with 2%, 4% and 5% of ethyl cellulose solution released 59.68±1.03% (Q50%) drug within 5 h whereas, 87.09±2.08% (Q80%) within 6 h and within 12 h 97.74±2.19% of the drug was released. The formulation F7 was found to be more effective as it released the maximum amount of drug in a short period as compared with other formulations. Conclusion: The coating of core tablets allowed to prepare pharmaceutical dosage form for time specific drug delivery. These chronotherapeutic core tablets can be used for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension etc.

scholarly journals A REVIEW: ANTI-CANCER NATURAL PRODUCT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM DOSAGE FORM AND EVALUATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
RIZKA KHOIRUNNISA GUNTINA ◽  
IYAN SOPYAN ◽  
ADE ZUHROTUN
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
New Drug

A drug delivery system is a system in which a drug is released from a pharmaceutical dosage form to achieve the desired pharmacological effect. The system consists of conventional and new drug delivery systems. In the new drug delivery system, polymers are used as a matrix. The aim of this article is to find out and understand the formulation and evaluation of natural ingredients that have anticancer activity with different dosage forms and the basis for developing these dosages. Journal searches in this review came from primary data sources on the internet. Journal searches were carried out using a search engine such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. In recent years, natural products, such as extract, fraction, and isolate, are getting attention to help treat cancer. Because of their low solubility and bioavailability, the effectiveness tends to be lower than synthetic drugs. Therefore, a dosage form with a new drug delivery system was made to overcome the problem. The dosage forms commonly made are patch, suspension, powder, and emulsion with a new drug delivery system. To ensure the product that has been made met the requirements, they need to be evaluated with various methods like In vitro Study, morphology study, particle size study, and others. Cancer treatment using the natural product can be delivered through several dosage forms like patch, suspension, powder, and emulsion, with specific formulation and manufacturing methods based on several considerations such as natural ingredients properties, dosage form selection, excipient properties, and the purpose of the formulation. Dosage forms that has been made are then evaluated using several evaluation methods.

scholarly journals Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Chiva Carvalho ◽  
Marcos Luciano Bruschi ◽  
Raul Cesar Evangelista ◽  
Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Drug Actions

Drug actions can be improved by developing new drug delivery systems, such as the mucoadhesive system. These systems remain in close contact with the absorption tissue, the mucous membrane, releasing the drug at the action site leading to a bioavailability increase and both local and systemic effects. Mucoadhesion is currently explained by six theories: electronic, adsorption, wettability, diffusion, fracture and mechanical. Several in vitro and in vivo methodologies are proposed for studying its mechanisms. However, mucoadhesion is not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to review the mechanisms and theories involved in mucoadhesion, as well as to describe the most-used methodologies and polymers in mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.

scholarly journals Multiple Unite Pellet Systems (MUPS) as Drug Delivery model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 231-235
Author(s):  
Saad M. Majeed ◽  
Mohammed K. Al-Shaheen ◽  
Radhwan Nidal Al-Zidan ◽  
Sameer M. Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Dosage Forms ◽  
Different Characteristics

Multiparticulate drug delivery systems are mainly oral dosage form, consist of small discrete units that exhibit different characteristics especially in release pattern and drug bioavailability. These systems are represented by granules, pellets, microspheres, microcapsules, and minitablets. Pellets offer high flexibility in the design, formulation, and development of oral dosage forms such as sachet, suspension, capsule, and tablet. Multiparticulate tablets manufactured by compaction of multiple unite pellets is one of the latest and, yet, challenging technologies. Multiparticulate tablets combine the benefits of both a tablet and a pellet-filled capsule in one dosage form but their manufacturing experience many difficulties. The oral multiparticulate products consist of polymer-coated subunits or pellets, which are embedded in an inert excipients’ matrix, formulated to overcome the difficulty in administering capsules and improve the physicochemical stability of suspension and offer predictable release and uniform distribution in the gastro-intestinal tract compared to the plain tablet. This review discusses the advantages and drawbacks of MUPS, the properties of an ideal MUPS, various pharmaceutical applications of MUPS, the challenges and key variables that to be considered in the tableting process for successful production of MUPS Keywords: MUPS®, Pellets, Multiparticulate tablets.

scholarly journals Sublingual Tablets : An Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Rohit S. Nikam ◽  
Smita P Borkar ◽  
Prakash D Jadhav ◽  
Vishal D. Yadav ◽  
Apurva V Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Mouth Area ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Oral Mucous Membrane

Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a useful when rapid onset of action is desired with better patient compliance than oraly ingested tablets. In terms of permeability, the sublingual area of the oral cavity (i.e. the floor of the mou) is more permeable than the buccal (cheek) area, which in turn is more permeable than the palatal (roof of the mouth) area. A rapid onset of pharmacological effect is often desired for some drugs, especially those used in the treatment of acute disorders. Sublingual tablets disintegrate rapidly and the small amount of saliva present is usually sufficient for achieving disintegration of the dosage form coupled with better dissolution and increased bioavailability.

scholarly journals A Novel Synchronic Estimstion of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline by RP-HPLC in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 354-362
Author(s):  
Rama Rao Nadendla ◽  
Siva Prasad Morla ◽  
Abhinandana Patchala ◽  
Prachet Pinnamaneni
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
Standard Solutions

Aim: To design simple, rapid, new analytical method for estimation of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline by using RP-HPLC in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Study Design: Estimation of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline by using RP-HPLC in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form was planned and executed. Place and Duration of Study: Chalapathi Drug Testing Laboratory, Chalapathi Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur-522034, Andhra Pradesh, India during the period of November 2019 to February 2020. Methodology: Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis and bacterial vaginosis. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body. The study was carried out on SHIMADZU Prominance-i, LC-2030C system equipped with Shim-pack Gist (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column and mobile phase was optimized by using mixture of methanol and 0.25mM potassium phosphate buffer in the ration of 60:40 v/v at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The wavelength was set as 282nm at ambient temperature by injecting 20µl of solution and the run time was fixed for 10 min. Results: Linearity plot was constructed for concentration range of 5-15µg/ml for Metronidazole,5-15µg/ml for Ciprofloxacin and 1-8µg/ml for Doxycycline standard solutions. It shows best regression coefficient and y/s values. The accuracy of the proposed method was determined by performing recovery studies and was found between 98-102%. The repeatability testing for both sample and standard solutions the %RSD was found as <2.0% which is within the acceptable limits showing that the method is precise as well. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.33 and 0.99 µg/ml for Metronidazole, 0.33 and 0.99 µg/ml for Ciprofloxacin, 0.08 and 0.25 µg/ml for Doxycycline respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the pharmaceutical dosage form of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline and it was as economic, eco-friendly with less retention time around 10.0 min. Conclusion: The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, range, Accuracy, precision, Specificity, Robustness. Method was successfully applied to the estimation of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline in combined marketed pharmaceutical dosage form.

A Survey on Mucoadhesive Thermoreversible Drug Delivery System with special Emphasis on Recto-Anal Region for the Treatment of Internal Hemorrhoids

2021 ◽  
pp. 2878-2886
Author(s):  
Firoz S ◽  
Rajasekaran S
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Nasal Delivery ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Flowing Liquid ◽  
Internal Hemorrhoids

The concept of combination of thermo reversibility and mucoadhesion has achieved a much valuable interest in various fields of pharmaceutics. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, and mucin molecules and increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. Thermoreversible gels are the hydrogels that are liquids at room temperature but undergo gelation when in contact with body fluids or change in pH. A major problem faced by conventional formulation in various routes of administration viz. nasal, ocular, vaginal, rectal, etc is drainage of instilled formulation, poor patient compliance as in the case of vaginal and rectal delivery system. Also, blurred vision and irritation to mucosa is observed in the case of ocular and nasal delivery respectively. The drainage of the formulation results in inaccurate dose delivery thus decreasing the bioavailability of the drug which demands an increase in the frequency of the administration. To overcome these limitations, there is need of novel delivery system such as thermoreversible mucoadhesive insitu gel which provides an ease of administration and improved patient compliance as these smart delivery system is free flowing liquid at ambient temperature and gels at physiological temperature which is higher than the LCST (low critical solution temperature) of thermoreversible polymer. The combined effect of mucoadhesion and thermoreversible property will enhance prolongation of residence time of dosage form and the accuracy of the dose in body cavity respectively, leading to increased bioavailability of the drug. This review focuses on benefits of mucoadhesive thermoreversible system of drug delivery through rectum for the treatment of internal hemorrhoids.

Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Valproic Acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-245
Author(s):  
Sudhir Singh ◽  
Anand Singh ◽  
Anil Bhandari ◽  
Satish Kumar Sharma ◽  
Sumer Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Controlled Drug Delivery ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery System ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Manic Disorder ◽  
Transdermal Patches

Conventional System of Medication that requires multi dose therapy are having many problems. The controlled drug delivery is a newer approach is to deliver drug into systemic circulation. As Valproic Acid is a drug to control the manic disorder so it is necessary to maintain the concentration of drug in systemic circulation continuously. So a new approach known as transdermal drug delivery system is adopted to avoid the various drawbacks of oral and other conventional dosage form.  

scholarly journals FORMULATION AND BIO-AVAILABILITY PARAMETERS OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSION

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Pakpi Doye ◽  
Tanya Mena ◽  
Nilimanka Das
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Formulation Parameters ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Form Development

The suspension is a biphasic liquid or semi-solid dosage form where the finely divided insoluble solid drug particles are homogeneously dispersed in a liquid or semi-solid medium. The solid drug particles act here as the dispersed phase and the liquid or the semi-solid as the dispersion medium. Suspensions contribute to pharmaceutical dosage form development by supplying drugs that are insoluble in all acceptable medium and often distasteful. Suspension translates such drugs into more bio-available form when compared to capsules, tablets, coated tablets, enteric coated tablets and sustained release products. The dosage form is palatable to the patient and many are doing well when applied to the skin or mucous membrane. This particular dosage form is also applied for injecting drugs into the systemic circulation. Therefore, pharmaceutical suspension finds its application through three different routes of administration namely oral, externally applied suspension and injectable one. The success of any dosage form largely depends on formulation parameters and the factors that influence the bioavailability which ultimately dictate the therapeutic success of the formulated dosage form. Hence, it is obvious to discuss the formulation parameters and the factors influencing bioavailability of suspension for the therapeutic success of it.

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