scholarly journals Perancangan Spiral Kondensor untuk Pengolahan Sampah Plastik Menjadi Bahan Bakar Minyak dengan Proses Pirolisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-183
Author(s):  
Moh Arif Batutah ◽  
Deni Arifin ◽  
Poniman Poniman ◽  
Solikin Solikin
Keyword(s):  
Plate Thickness ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Spiral Groove ◽  
Design Validation ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
Iron Material ◽  
Validation Testing

This study aims to determine the dimensions of the spiral groove condenser to convert plastic waste into fuel and determine the material's effectiveness for making spiral groove condensers. This research was conducted in stages: potential identification, data collection, equipment design and calculation, design validation, testing, and equipment feasibility test. In the testing and equipment feasibility test, namely by inserting plastic waste into the pyrolysis process reactor, then heated to a temperature of 180 oC and an evaporation process occurs, the vapors obtained are then condensed to be fuel. The spiral groove condenser design is made with a length of 3 m, a diameter of 30 cm, and a height of 34 cm use ½ inch galvanized iron material and a plate thickness of 0.0127 mm. The cooling water circulation process uses a spiral iron pipe, with a temperature of steam entering the condenser 180 oC and the temperature of the water in the condenser is 40 oC. From 1000 gr of plastic waste can be produced as much as 100 ml of fuel.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dimensi kondensor alur spiral untuk merubah sampah plastik menjadi bahan bakar minyak, untuk mengetahui efektifitas bahan pembuatan kondensor alur spiral. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tahapan : identifikasi potensi, pengumpulan data, desain peralatan dan perhitungan, validasi desain, pengujian dan uji kelayakan alat. Pada proses pengujian dan uji kelayakan alat yaitu dengan memasukkan sampah plastik kedalam reaktor proses pirolisis, selanjutnya dipanaskan sampai temperatur 180 oC dan terjadi proses penguapan, uap yang yang diperoleh selanjutnya di kondensasi menjadi bahan bakar minyak. Rancangan kondensor alur spiral yang telah dibuat dengan panjang 3 m, berdiameter 30 cm dan tinggi 34 cm menggunakan bahan besi galfanis ½ inch dan tebal plat 0.0127 mm, proses sirkulasi air pendingin menggunakan pipa besi spiral, dengan suhu uap yang masuk ke dalam kondensor 180 oC dan temperatur air pada kondensor 40 oC. dari 1000 gr sampah plastik dapat dihasilkan sebanyak 100 ml bahan bakar minyak.

scholarly journals DESAIN LEMBAR KERJA SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN STEM UNTUK SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Ghullam Hamdu ◽  
Nur Itsna Rostiana
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Stem Learning ◽  
Design Validation ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
Research Stage ◽  
Validation Testing

This study aims to find the right design that can be used by students in achieving 4C abilities (communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity).This research is a Research and Development research with this research stage starting from needs analysis, drafting design, validation, testing and final revision. This research was conducted at two different elementary schools in the City of Tasikmalaya. The LKS test was conducted by describing the changes in the results of the LKS entries by grade 5 students in groups at two different elementary schools in the city of Tasikmalaya, West Java. The resulting design is a LKS that is based on the STEM learning stages and the revision LKS is based on the results of student entries in the LKS. The results of this LKS become an indication of how students can complete assignments by understanding the various commands or activities contained in the LKS in writing.

scholarly journals Combustibles alternativos para motores de combustión interna obtenidos a partir de residuos plásticos

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
José Manuel Riesco-Ávila ◽  
David Alejandro Rodríguez-Valderrama ◽  
Diana Marcela Pardo-Cely ◽  
Francisco Elizalde- Blancas
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Heavy Hydrocarbons ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Rapid Pyrolysis

Of the different methods for recycling plastic, pyrolysis offers the possibility to overcome the limitations of mechanical recycling, which requires large amounts of clean, separate and homogeneous plastic waste to ensure the quality of the final product. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of plastic materials by thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. The plastic waste is introduced into a chamber, where it is subjected to high temperatures, and the gases generated are condensed in order to obtain a distillate hydrocarbon. This paper presents the results obtained from the pyrolysis of plastic waste mixtures of polypropylene, high density polyethylene, and low density polyethylene. In a first stage, the plastic waste is subjected to a rapid pyrolysis process at temperatures of 440-450 °C, obtaining a mixture of heavy hydrocarbons. Subsequently, these hydrocarbons are subjected to a distillation process, first at a temperature of 180 °C, where a hydrocarbon with properties similar to those of gasoline is obtained, and then at a temperature of 360 °C, yielding a hydrocarbon with properties similar to those of diesel.

scholarly journals Plastic Waste Pyrolysis Optimization to Produce Fuel Grade Using Factorial Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 13005
Author(s):  
Renanto Pandu Wirawan ◽  
Farizal
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Polymer Molecules ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
The Government ◽  
Fuel Pyrolysis

Indonesia is one of the biggest plastic waste production in the world. The government targets to reach 20% for recycling plastic waste in 2019. One alternative to manage plastic waste is using pyrolysis to produce fuel. Pyrolysis is used to degrade the plastic long chain of polymer molecules into smaller molecules. All type of plastic except polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were used in this study to produce fuel. For the purpose, experiment factorial design was used for the optimisation plastic type, residence time, and temperature to maximise the yield of liquid products of the pyrolysis process. In this study 2k factorial design was used for each factor. The result shows that the pyrolysis process used is able to produce diesel like fuel in low temperature.

scholarly journals Keefektifan dan Minat Baca Siswa pada Penggunaan Buku Pengayaan Non Fiksi di SD

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 1715
Author(s):  
Fridolin Vrosansen Borolla ◽  
Lia Yuliati ◽  
I Made Suardana
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Design Validation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
Reading Interest

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aims to describe the results of the effectiveness and interest in reading the nonfiction enrichment book in elementary school. The research method used is research and development data analysis techniques namely quantitative and qualitative descriptive. The test results for the level of material, language, and design validation in the teacher's books were 88.23% and 87.7% of the students' books. Then the feasibility test results are 88,75% and the withdrawal test is 93%. The results of the effectiveness test before using the product are 59,23 %%, and then using the product that is 85%. Meanwhile students' reading interest depends on the lowest percentage value of 92% and the highest percentage of 98%.</p><strong>Abstrak:<em> </em></strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan hasil uji efektivitas dan minat baca terhadap buku pengayaan nonfiksi di SD. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu <em>research and development</em> dengan teknik analisis data yaitu kuanitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil uji tingkat validasi aspek materi, bahasa, dan desain pada buku guru yaitu 88,23% dan buku siswa 87,7%. Hasil uji kelayakan 88,75% dan uji kemenarikan 93%. Hasil uji efektivitas sebelum menggunakan produk yaitu 59,23%% dan sesudah menggunakan produk yaitu 85%%. Sementara itu, minat baca siswa berada pada rentangan persentase nilai terendah yaitu 92% dan persentase nilai tertinggi 98%.

scholarly journals Pembuatan Bahan Bakar Diesel dari Limbah Plastik HDPE dengan Proses Pirolisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Taufik Iskandar ◽  
Sinar Perbawani Abrina Anggraini ◽  
Melinda Melinda
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
High Density ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Petroleum Processing ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Optimal Data Analysis

Indonesia menduduki posisi ke dua setelah cina penghasil sampah plastik terbesar di dunia. Dimana salah satu limbah plastik tersebut adalah HDPE (High Density Polyethylene). Sedangkan plastik merupakan produk hasil pengolahan minyak bumi yang dapat direcycle ke bentuk semulanya karena bahan baku pembuatan limbah plastik adalah nafta yang merupakan salah satu unsur dari minyak bumi. Salah satu solusi yang diperlukan adalah recycle dengan mengubah limbah plastik menjadi bahan bakar dengan proses pirolisis. Pirolisis merupakan salah satu proses terbaik dari recycle limbah plastik, dengan pertimbangan memahami sifat limbah plastik HDPE. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat pirolisis dengan variable suhu proses yaitu 300⸰C, 325⸰C, dan 350⸰C, waktu proses pirolisis yaitu 2 dan 4 jam. Dari proses pirolisis diperoleh hasil volume bahan bakar diesel yaitu pada suhu 300⸰C sebanyak 95 ml, suhu 325⸰C sebanyak 100 ml, dan suhu 350⸰C sebanyak 145 ml. Dari hasil analisa data optimal  untuk suhu dan waktu optimum proses pirolisis limbah plastik HDPE yaitu pada suhu 325⸰C selama 2 jam, bahan bakar diesel yang didapat memiliki kadar abu 0,044 (b/b), dan kadar air 0,031(%vol). ABSTRACTIndonesia is in second place after China, the largest plastic waste producer in the world. Where one of the plastic wastes is HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene). Meanwhile, plastic is a product of petroleum processing that can be recycled to its original form because the raw material for making plastic waste is naphtha, which is an element of petroleum. One solution that is needed to recycle by converting plastic waste into fuel by the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is one of the best processes for recycling plastic waste, with consideration of understanding the nature of HDPE plastic waste. This study used a pyrolysis tool with process temperature variables, namely 300⸰C, 325⸰C, and 350⸰C, the pyrolysis process time was 2 and 4 hours. From the pyrolysis process, the results of the volume of diesel fuel are at a temperature of 300 ⸰C as much as 95 ml, a temperature of 325 C as much as 100 ml, and a temperature of 350 ⸰C as much as 145 ml. From the results of the optimal data analysis for the optimum temperature and time of the HDPE plastic waste pyrolysis process, which is at a temperature of 325⸰C for 2 hours, the obtained diesel fuel has an ash content of 0.044 (w / w), and a moisture content of 0.031 (vol%).

scholarly journals Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Charlie Farrell ◽  
Ala'a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh ◽  
John Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Activation Energy ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Pyrolysis Process

Abstract Background: Recycling the ever-increasing plastic waste has become an urgent global concern. One of the most convenient methods for plastic recycling is pyrolysis, owing to its environmentally friendly nature and its intrinsic properties. Understanding the pyrolysis process and the degradation mechanism is crucial for scale-up and reactor design. Therefore, we studied kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis process for one of the most common plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The focus was to better understand and predict PET pyrolysis when transitioning to a low carbon economy and adhering to environmental and governmental legislation. This work aims at presenting for the first time, the kinetic triplet (activation energy, pre-exponential constant and reaction rate) for the PET pyrolysis using the differential iso-conversional method. This is coupled with the in-situ online tracking of the gaseous emissions using mass spectrometry.Results: The differential iso-conversional method showed activation energy (Ea) values of 165-195 kJ.mol-1, R2 = 0.99659. While the ASTM-E698 showed 165.6 kJ.mol-1 and integral methods such as Flynn-Wall and Ozawa (FWO) (166-180 kJ.mol-1). The in-situ Mass Spectrometry results showed the pyrolysis gaseous emissions which are C1-hydrocarbon and H-O-C=O along with C2 hydrocarbons, C5- C6 hydrocarbons, acetaldehyde, the fragment of O-CH=CH2, hydrogen and water. Conclusions: From the obtained results herein, thermal predictions (isothermal, non-isothermal and step-based heating) were determined based on the kinetic parameters and can be used at numerous scales with a high level of accuracy compared with the literature.

The What and how of Medical Device Design Validation: A Human Factors Methodology

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 750-755
Author(s):  
Merrick F. Kossack ◽  
Andrew W. Gellatly
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Medical Device ◽  
Quality System ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Design Validation ◽  
Medical Device Design ◽  
Medical Device Manufacturers ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Validation Testing

To meet the FDA's Quality System Regulation, medical device manufacturers must include design validation as part of their design and development activities. However, the regulation does not specify which product requirements must be validated or what methods satisfy a proper design validation process. This paper outlines an approach that device manufacturers can follow to determine which product requirements should undergo design validation testing and what types of testing methods should be used.

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTICS WASTE FOR PYROLYSIS PROCESS: COMPARISON OF SELECTED PACKAGING PLASTICS AND PVC

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryudi Maryudi ◽  
Martomo Setyawan ◽  
Noni Noni ◽  
Samihah Yahayor
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Process Comparison ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Plastics Waste

The poor degradability of plastics has led to huge plastics deposit in a landfill of which pyrolysis technology has been proposed to solve plastics waste problem. This paper reports the study on characteristics of two kinds of plastic wastes: selected packaging plastics and PVC. Characterizations have been performed for investigating water content, ash content, and decomposition temperature. The results revealed that the water content of packaging plastic waste was 0.69 ± 0.11%, while PVC was 1.22 ± 0.24%. The ash contents are 2.36 ± 1.03 % and 27.24±1.73 % for packaging plastics waste and PVC waste respectively. Plastic waste from packaging application and PVC waste decomposed at a temperature of 300-500°C and 200-800°C respectively. Decomposition of PVC waste took place in three stages: 200-370°C, 370-525°C and 600-800°C. It is recommended that the pyrolysis process should be conducted in the range of 300-500°C for packaging plastic waste and 200-800°C for PVC waste.

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