scholarly journals Fasting and Nonfasting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular and Other Diseases

2015 ◽  
pp. S323-S330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. PIŤHA ◽  
J. KOVÁŘ ◽  
T. BLAHOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Remnant Lipoproteins ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tight Association

Moderately elevated plasma/serum triglycerides (2-10 mmol/l) signalize increased risk for cardiovascular disease or presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Extremely elevated triglycerides (more than 10 mmol/l) signalize increased risk for pancreatitis and lipemia retinalis. The concentration of triglycerides is regulated by many genetic and nongenetic factors. Extremely elevated triglycerides not provoked by nutritional factors, especially inappropriate alcohol intake are more likely to have a monogenic cause. On the contrary, mildly to moderately elevated triglycerides are often caused by polygenic disorders; these could be also associated with central obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Concentration of triglycerides is also closely interconnected with presence of atherogenic remnant lipoproteins, impaired reverse cholesterol transport and more atherogenic small LDL particles. In general, there is tight association between triglycerides and many other metabolic factors including intermediate products of lipoprotein metabolism which are frequently atherogenic. Therefore, reliable evaluation of the independent role of triglycerides especially in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease is difficult. In individual cases values of HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol (total minus HDL cholesterol), non-HDL/nonLDL cholesterol (total minus HDL minus LDL cholesterol, especially in nonfasting status), atherogenic index of plasma and/or apolipoprotein B could help in decisions regarding aggressiveness of treatment.

scholarly journals New Perspectives on Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia and Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto J Lorenzatti ◽  
Peter P Toth
Keyword(s):  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Remnant Lipoproteins ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Lipid Abnormalities ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Over the past few decades, atherogenic dyslipidaemia has become one of the most common phenotypic presentations of lipid abnormalities, being strongly and unequivocally associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Despite the excellent results achieved from statin and non-statin management of LDL cholesterol and CV events prevention, there still remains a significant residual risk, associated with the prevalence of non-LDL cholesterol lipid patterns characterised by elevated triglyceride levels, low HDL cholesterol, a preponderance of small and dense LDL particles, accumulation of remnant lipoproteins and postprandial hyperlipidaemia. These qualitative and quantitative lipid modifications are largely associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and obesity, the prevalence of which has grown to epidemic proportions throughout the world. In this review, we analyse the pathophysiology of this particular dyslipidaemia, its relationship with the development of atherosclerotic CV disease and, finally, briefly describe the therapeutic approaches, including changes in lifestyle and current pharmacological interventions to manage these lipid alterations aimed at preventing CV events.

scholarly journals Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Marine and Botanical Oils: Influence on Serum Lipids

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara C. Olendzki ◽  
Katherine Leung ◽  
Susan Van Buskirk ◽  
George Reed ◽  
Robert B. Zurier
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Meaningful Improvement ◽  
Increased Risk

The gap in mortality between patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the general population (1.5–3.0 fold risk) is increasing. This disparity is attributable mainly to cardiovascular disease (CVD), as the CVD risk is comparable to patients with diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study is to determine whether borage seed oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid, fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or the combination of both oils are useful treatments for dyslipidemia in patients with RA. We randomized patients into a double blind, 18 month trial. Mixed effects models were used to compare trends over time in serum lipids. No significant differences were observed between the three groups: All three treatment groups exhibited similar meaningful improvement in the lipid profile at 9 and 18 months. When all groups were combined, these treatments significantly reduced total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, increased HDL-cholesterol, and improved the atherogenic index. All improvements observed at 9 months persisted at 18 months (P<0.001verses baseline).Conclusion. Marine and botanical oils may be useful treatment for rheumatoid arthritis patients who are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease compared to the general population.

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4620
Author(s):  
Holly J. Woodward ◽  
Dongxing Zhu ◽  
Patrick W. F. Hadoke ◽  
Victoria E. MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Primary Male

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.

scholarly journals Low levels of soluble TWEAK, indicating on-going inflammation, were associated with depression in type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva O. Melin ◽  
Jonatan Dereke ◽  
Magnus Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Background Low levels of the soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and depression are linked to cardiovascular disease. Galectin-3, inadequate glycemic control and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were previously linked to depression in these patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The main aim was to explore whether sTWEAK was associated with depression. A secondary aim was to explore diabetes related variables associated with low sTWEAK. Methods Cross-sectional design. T1DM patients (n = 283, men 56%, age18–59 years) were consecutively recruited from one specialist diabetes clinic. Depression was defined as Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression sub scale ≥8 points. Blood samples, anthropometrics and blood pressure were collected, supplemented with data from electronic health records. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure sTWEAK and galectin-3. Low sTWEAK was defined as < 7.2 ng/ml and high galectin-3 as ≥2.6 ng/ml. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, calibrated and validated for goodness of fit. We adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, galectin-3, metabolic variables, serum-creatinine, smoking, physical inactivity, medication, and cardiovascular complications. Results For 29 depressed versus 254 non-depressed patients the prevalence rates were for low sTWEAK: 93 and 68% (p = 0.003) and for high galectin-3: 34 and 13% (p = 0.005) respectively. HDL-cholesterol levels were lower for the depressed (p = 0.015). Patients with low sTWEAK versus high sTWEAK had lower usage of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (6% versus 17%, p = 0.005). Low sTWEAK (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 9.0, p = 0.006), high galectin-3 (AOR 6.3, p = 0.001), HDL-cholesterol (per mmol/l) (AOR 0.1, p = 0.006), use of antidepressants (AOR 8.4, p < 0.001), and age (per year) (AOR 1.05, p = 0.027) were associated with depression. CSII (AOR 0.3, p = 0.003) and depression (AOR 7.1, p = 0.009) were associated with low sTWEAK. Conclusions Lower levels of sTWEAK and HDL-cholesterol and higher levels of galectin-3 were independently associated with depression in T1DM. These factors might all contribute to the increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality previously demonstrated in patients with depression. CSII (inversely) and depression were independently associated with low sTWEAK levels.

scholarly journals Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ruiz-Canela ◽  
Estefania Toledo ◽  
Clary B Clish ◽  
Adela Hruby ◽  
Liming Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Branched Chain

Abstract BACKGROUND The role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that baseline BCAA concentrations predict future risk of CVD and that a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) intervention may counteract this effect. METHODS We developed a case-cohort study within the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED), with 226 incident CVD cases and 744 noncases. We used LC-MS/MS to measure plasma BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine), both at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. The primary outcome was a composite of incident stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, baseline leucine and isoleucine concentrations were associated with higher CVD risk: the hazard ratios (HRs) for the highest vs lowest quartile were 1.70 (95% CI, 1.05–2.76) and 2.09 (1.27–3.44), respectively. Stronger associations were found for stroke. For both CVD and stroke, we found higher HRs across successive quartiles of BCAAs in the control group than in the MedDiet groups. With stroke as the outcome, a significant interaction (P = 0.009) between baseline BCAA score and intervention with MedDiet was observed. No significant effect of the intervention on 1-year changes in BCAAs or any association between 1-year changes in BCAAs and CVD were observed. CONCLUSIONS Higher concentrations of baseline BCAAs were associated with increased risk of CVD, especially stroke, in a high cardiovascular risk population. A Mediterranean-style diet had a negligible effect on 1-year changes in BCAAs, but it may counteract the harmful effects of BCAAs on stroke.

scholarly journals Association between Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia and Adiponectin

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Song ◽  
Won Taek Lee ◽  
Kyung Ah Park ◽  
Jong Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Insulin Signal Transduction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Brain

Vascular dementia is caused by various factors, including increased age, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin is widely known as a regulating factor related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin plasma levels decrease with age. Decreased adiponectin increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin improves hypertension and atherosclerosis by acting as a vasodilator and antiatherogenic factor. Moreover, adiponectin is involved in cognitive dysfunction via modulation of insulin signal transduction in the brain. Case-control studies demonstrate the association between low adiponectin and increased risk of stroke, hypertension, and diabetes. This review summarizes the recent findings on the association between risk factors for vascular dementia and adiponectin. To emphasize this relationship, we will discuss the importance of research regarding the role of adiponectin in vascular dementia.

scholarly journals The Role of Fetuin-A in Disease Processes Prevalent in Postmenopausal Women (El papel de la fetuina A en los procesos de enfermedad prevalentes en mujeres posmenopáusicas)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
Annie A. Bane ◽  
Peter W. Grandjean
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Fetuin A ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Resistencia A La Insulina ◽  
Low Levels

The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of fetuin-A in disease processes prevalent in postmenopausal women and synthesize effective interventions in obtaining healthy fetuin-A levels. A review of databases for articles related to fetuin-A and diseases associated with postmenopausal women was conducted. Articles were limited to full-text access, published in English since 1944. High fetuin-A levels are closely associated with decreased bone mineral density, increased cardiovascular disease risks, impairment of insulin signaling and disruption of adipocyte functioning. Postmenopausal women have increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, insulin-resistance, intra-abdominal fat accumulation and vascular calcification. Low-levels of fetuin-A have been shown to be protective against the latter. The role of fetuin-A is multi-factorial and the mechanisms in which it is involved in each of these processes are vast. The present body of literature is inconsistent in defining high versus low levels of fetuin-A and their association with healthy-matched controls. The diseases associated with high levels of fetuin-A mimic diseases most prevalent in postmenopausal women. In addition, there is no research, to date, exploring fetuin-A levels in postmenopausal women and the associations it may or may not have in related diseases.Key words: fetuin-A; Alpha2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein; cardiovascular disease; and elderly, insulin-resistance, intra-abdominal fat, metabolic syndrome, exercise, weight-loss, calorie restriction and postmenopausal.Resumen. El propósito de esta revisión es sintetizar el papel de la fetuina A en los procesos de enfermedad prevalentes en mujeres posmenopáusicas y resumir las intervenciones efectivas que permiten obtener niveles saludables de fetuina A. Para ello, se revisaron bases de datos con artículos relacionados con fetuina A y las enfermedades asociadas con mujeres posmenopáusicas. La búsqueda de artículos se limitó a aquellos de texto completo publicados en el idioma inglés desde el año 1944. Se encontró que altos niveles de fetuina A están íntimamente relacionados con una reducción de la densidad mineral ósea, un aumento en el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, deterioro de la señalización de la insulina y la alteración del funcionamiento de los adipocitos. Las mujeres posmenopáusicas tienen un mayor riesgo de osteoporosis, enfermedad cardiovascular, resistencia a la insulina, acumulación de grasa intra abdominal y calcificación vascular. Se ha demostrado que niveles bajos de fetuina A son protectores contra esta última condición. El papel de fetuina A es multifactorial y los mecanismos en los que está involucrado en cada uno de estos procesos son muy amplios. El estado actual de la literatura no es consistente en la definición de niveles de fetuina A altos versus bajos y su asociación con controles sanos. Las enfermedades asociadas con altos niveles de fetuina A asemejan las enfermedades más prevalentes en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Además, no existen investigaciones, hasta la fecha, en las que se   exploren los niveles de fetuina A en mujeres posmenopáusicas y las asociaciones que puede o no puede tener en las enfermedades relacionadas.Palabras claves: fetuina A, glicoproteína Alpha2-Heremans-Schmid, enfermedad cardiovascular, adulto mayor, resistencia a la insulina, grasa intra abdominal, síndrome metabólico, ejercicio, pérdida de peso, restricción calórica, posmenopausia.

scholarly journals Novel Insights From Human Studies on the Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Mortality and Noncardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Madsen ◽  
Anette Varbo ◽  
Børge G. Nordestgaard
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The vast majority of research about HDL (high-density lipoprotein) has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within cardiovascular disease prevention; however, failures with therapies aimed at increasing HDL cholesterol has left questions as to what the role and function of HDL in human health and disease is. Recent observational studies have further shown that extreme high HDL cholesterol is associated with high mortality leading to speculations that HDL could in some instances be harmful. In addition, evidence from observational, and to a lesser extent genetic, studies has emerged indicating that HDL might be associated with the development of other major noncardiovascular diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and lung disease. In this review, we discuss (1) the association between extreme high HDL cholesterol and mortality and (2) the emerging human evidence linking HDL to several major diseases outside the realm of cardiovascular disease.

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: case series and literature review

Lupus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 1463-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fasano ◽  
D P Margiotta ◽  
L Navarini ◽  
L Pierro ◽  
I Pantano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Event ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Increased Risk

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Low-dose aspirin, hydroxychloroquine and statins have been suggested to play a prophylactic role of cardiovascular events. This study is devoted to reviewing the literature on the topic and assessing the effects of these drugs in preventing a first cardiovascular event in a two-centre Italian series. Methods A PubMed search on cardiovascular prevention in systemic lupus erythematosus was performed. Moreover, systemic lupus erythematosus patients admitted to two centres from 2000–2015, who at admission had not experienced any cardiovascular event, were investigated. Aspirin, hydroxychloroquine and statin use, and the occurrence of any cardiovascular event, were recorded at each visit. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the role of traditional, disease-related cardiovascular risk factors and of each of the three drugs in the occurrence of new cardiovascular events. Results The literature search produced conflicting results. Two hundred and ninety-one systemic lupus erythematosus patients were included in the study and followed for a median of eight years. During follow-up, 16 cardiovascular events occurred. At multivariate analysis, taking aspirin (hazard ratio: 0.24) and hydroxychloroquine for more than five years (hazard ratio: 0.27) reduced, while antiphospholipid antibody positivity (hazard ratio: 4.32) increased, the risk of a first cardiovascular event. No effect of statins emerged. Conclusion Our study confirms an additive role of aspirin and hydroxychloroquine in the primary prophylaxis of cardiovascular events in Italian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The lack of any detected effect in previous reports may depend on the design of studies and their short follow-up period.

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