scholarly journals Yield of subterranean clover after post-emergence herbicide application for broadleaf weed control

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Breanna J. O. Taylor ◽  
Rainer W. Hofmann ◽  
Derrick J. Moot
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Rumex Obtusifolius ◽  
Herbage Yield

A field experiment was established in Lincoln, Canterbury in autumn 2018 to evaluate the effect of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides on subterraneun (sub) clover. Two herbicides, imazethapyr and flumetsulam, were applied to seven sub clover cultivars at the 4-5 trifoliate leaf stage during July 2018. By December 2018, both herbicides had reduced the broadleaf weed yield by 1000 kg DM/ha. Sub clover herbage yield in spring (3 Oct 2018) increased only for ‘Antas’ and ‘Napier’ cultivars but all cultivars had an increase in total annual herbage yield when herbicides were applied. Plots were managed for seed set so re-establishment was examined. Imazethapyr had a longer residual than flumetsulam with greater control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) eight months after application. Herbicide application had no effect on subsequent sub clover emergence the following year. This experiment demonstrated the potential to establish a pure sward of sub clover with the use of ALS inhibiting herbicides, which could be used to create a high legume base in pasture before overdrilling grass the following year.

scholarly journals Tolerance of newly sown cocksfoot-clover pastures to the herbicide imazethapyr

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Lewis ◽  
R.J. Lucas ◽  
R.W. Hofmann ◽  
D.J. Moot
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Lincoln University ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Clover Pasture

In New Zealand, subterranean clover is recommended as a companion legume in mixed swards, particularly in dryland cocksfoot-based pastures. However, establishment of cocksfoot is slower than perennial ryegrass and therefore weed ingress is more common. An experiment at Lincoln University, Canterbury showed imazethapyr applied when clover was at the 3-4 trifoliate leaf stage, and cocksfoot at the 2+ leaf stage, increased the subterranean clover content of the pastures by at least 1000 kg DM/ha, despite initial visual phytotoxicity responses. Balansa and white clover pasture yields were not different to their unsprayed unweeded controls. Imazethapyr application controlled broadleaf weeds from early in the season. The herbicide application reduced cocksfoot yields by 70% in early spring, but yields recovered and were not different to the unsprayed unweeded controls at 1350 ± 260 kg DM/ha after grazing. Imazethapyr application improved subterranean clover pastures through an increase in clover content by suppressing weeds and temporarily reducing the rate of cocksfoot growth. Keywords: subterranean clover, Spinnaker herbicide, seedling, white clover, balansa clover

Optimizing the Application Time of Pre-emergence Herbicide Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen Application for Effective Weed Management in Irrigated Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and Its Residue Persistence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selvakumar ◽  
R. Ajaykumar ◽  
A. Ammaiyappan
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Vigna Mungo ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Control Efficiency ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Weed Control Efficiency

Background: Time of pre-emergence herbicide application is an important factor that decides the efficiency of herbicide. If the pre-emergence herbicide is not applied at appropriate time, it may cause ineffective weed control or toxicity to crops. With this background, a field experiment was conducted at TNAU, Madurai to optimize the time of pre-emergence herbicides namely pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen application for effective weed management in irrigated blackgram. Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication. Treatments were application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 and oxyfluorfen at 0.2 kg ha-1 on 1, 2, 3, 4 days after sowing, weed free check and unweeded check. Result: Results of the study revealed that oxyfluorfen gave maximum weed control efficiency as compared to pendimethalin, but toxicity to the crop was observed when oxyfluorfen was sprayed after 2 days of sowing. Yield and economics were achieved higher with application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin at 2 DAS, which was on par with application of 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen at 1 DAS due to lesser toxicity. Application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin and 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen didn’t leave any herbicide residue after harvest. Hence, application of 0.75 kg ha-1 of pendimethalin at 2 DAS and 0.2 kg ha-1 of oxyfluorfen at 1 DAS can be recommended for effective weed management in irrigated balckgram.

Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.

Effect of time of application of MCPA and bromoxynil in relation to flowering on subterranean clover seed yield and quality

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
GA Sandral ◽  
JE Pratley ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Primary Yield ◽  
Herbage Yield

The importance of stage of phenological development and cultivar maturity ranking in influencing the seed yield response of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to broadleaf herbicides was examined in a field study in southern New South Wales. The herbicides, bromoxynil (200 g a.i./L) at 1.4 L/ha and MCPA (500 g a.i./L) at 1.0 Wha, were applied 6 (TI) and 3 weeks (T2) before flowering, and at 5% flowering (T3) to 7 cultivars ranging from early to late flowering. The stage of phenological development at herbicide application, the maturity ranking of the cultivar and the herbicide applied, all influenced seed set. Application of bromoxynil at T1 did not reduce seed yield of any cultivar but increased seed yield of 4 cultivars by up to 30%. MCPA applied at the same time reduced seed yield in 1 cultivar by 26% and increased yields in 4 others by up to 57%. Application of bromoxynil at T3 caused reductions in seed yield in 3 of the 7 cultivars. MCPA applied at this time was more damaging than bromoxynil with all cultivars showing large seed yield reductions ranging from 22 to 64%. Despite large reductions in herbage yield as a result of some herbicide treatments, there was only a low correlation (r = 0.3, P<0.01) between herbage yield at full flower and seed yield. Our findings suggest that the reduction in herbage yield and change in canopy structure as a result of the early application of herbicides stimulated seed production. Seed number was the primary yield component responsible for the change in seed yield with a high correlation (r = 0.86, P<0.01) between these 2 parameters. Seed size was relatively insensitive to herbicide treatment but varied markedly with cultivar. Germination percentage of seed produced by swards treated with bromoxynil was unaffected, even when applied at T3, whereas MCPA lowered germination percentage of almost all cultivars if applied within 3 weeks of the commencement of flowering. The maturity ranking of the cultivars was highly negatively correlated with percentage seed yield loss (r = -0.80, P<0.01) when either herbicide was applied at T3, the seed yield of the early flowering cultivars being most depressed by the herbicides. Length of recovery period between herbicide application and flowering was shown to be very important in influencing seed yield, the effect being modified by both herbicide and cultivar maturity.

Improving Weed Control with 2,4-DB Amine in Seedling Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Cudney ◽  
Steve B. Orloff ◽  
Carol J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Desert Region ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
High Desert

2,4-DB ester had been widely used for winter annual broadleaf weed control in seedling alfalfa in the western United States, but was replaced commercially by the amine formulation in 1990. Field studies conducted in the high desert region of southern California confirmed previous reports that 2,4-DB amine is not as effective as the ester formulation. Two methods were found to improve the weed control performance of 2,4-DB amine: 1) application at earlier alfalfa growth stages and 2) the addition of adjuvant. Applications made at the three-trifoliate leaf stage of the alfalfa were more than three times as effective as applications made at the eight-trifoliate leaf stage. When adjuvants were added to the amine formulation, weed control was improved 50 to 97%.

Influence of cultivar and season on the response of Trifolium subterraneum to simazine

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
DJ Conlan ◽  
MF Richards ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Seed Yields

The tolerance of 6 cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) to simazine applied at 0.63 and 1.25 kg a.i./ha was determined under weedfree conditions in the field by measuring herbage and seed yields. Large herbage yield losses occurred as a result of the simazine in spring in the 2 years of the experiments. In 1989, spring herbage yield losses of the cultivars at the 0.63 and 1.25 kg/ha simazine rates averaged 56 and 82%, respectively. In 1990 the spring herbage yield losses were 27 and 51%. Significant variation in tolerance was observed between cultivars in both years, with Trikkala being the most tolerant and Karridale the most susceptible cultivar. Rate of herbicide had the greatest effect on herbage yield, with cultivar having a smaller effect. In 1989, with relatively favourable spring conditions, clover seed yields were depressed by simazine, but in 1990 when drier conditions prevailed during flowering and seed set, seed yields were unaffected or slightly increased by simazine in all cultivars except the early-flowering cultivar Dalkeith. Seed yields of simazine-treated swards were 196-1480 kg/ha in 1989 and 359-686 kg/ha in 1990. The seed yield response in 1990 suggests that herbicides which retard growth in winter help to conserve soil water and, therefore, may benefit seed filling later in the season. The presence of Lolium rigidum at spraying did not reduce the effect of the herbicide on clover herbage yield and had no effect on seed set. Although simazine may reduce herbage yields and, in some cases, seed yields, its use may be justified for the control of annual grasses when other factors such as disease control, pasture quality, and level of weed competition are considered.

THE EFFECTS OF FUSARIUM WILT AND WEED CONTROL ON SURVIVAL OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. MURPHY ◽  
A. R. GOTLIEB ◽  
D. T. DUGDALE
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Leaf Stage

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) seed production is no longer profitable for Champlain Valley farmers, partly because the plants do not grow or persist as well as they did in the past due to a Fusarium wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum). This study was done to determine the effects of chemical and cultural weed control on birdsfoot trefoil seedlings in a Champlain-Valley clay soil containing Fusarium oxysporum. In a greenhouse experiment, 2,4-DB was applied to birdsfoot trefoil seedlings growing on pasteurized potting mix inoculated with F. oxysporum. When applied at label rate in the second trifoliate-leaf stage, and 14 days later, 2,4-DB increased seedling mortality additively with death due to F. oxysporum. When 2,4-DB was applied 7 days after the second trifoliate-leaf stage, it did not influence seedling survival. Applying 2,4-DB reduced dry weights of tops and roots of surviving seedlings. A field experiment was done on a clay soil (Glossaquic Hapludalf) being used for birdsfoot trefoil seed production and known to contain F. oxysporum. Raised beds were included as a variable to determine effects of improved root-zone drainage. Weeds were controlled by clipping or with 2,4-DB/dalapon postemergent herbicides in two birdsfoot trefoil seeding rates of 16.8 and 3.4 kg seed∙ha−1. The herbicides did not influence seedling death rate. By May of the second year plant populations within a seeding rate were the same, regardless of weed control practice and seedbed preparation.Key words: Dalapon, Fusarium oxysporum, Lotus corniculatus L., 2,4-DB

The effect of seed size on seedling growth in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Stage

The effect of seed size on seedling growth in a single population of Daliak subterranean clover was studied by growing individually weighed seeds to the third trifoliate leaf stage in three controlled environments. The environments were: 18°C at high light intensity (27,000 lux), 12° at high light intensity, and 18° at low light intensity (5400 lux). Plant weight at emergence exceeded the weight of embryo in the original seed, owing in part to the utilization of endosperm. At emergence the ratio of plant weight to seed weight increased with increasing seed size. Nevertheless, in all environments the smaller seeds ultimately produced relatively larger plants owing to a higher relative growth rate, particularly during the cotyledon and unifoliate leaf stage of growth. Higher relative growth rates in seedlings from smaller seeds were associated with higher leaf area ratios resulting from the production of relatively larger cotyledon and individual leaf areas in all environments. More rapid leaf expansion in seedlings from larger seeds progressively offset this advantage.

The tolerance of three transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines with the bxn gene to herbicides containing bromoxynil

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
D. Spencer ◽  
M. R. I. Khan ◽  
T. J. V. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Agronomic Characteristics ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Transgenic Lines

A bxn gene, coding for the nitilase enzyme that catalyses the detoxification of the herbicide bromoxynil, was inserted into subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. subsp. yanninicum). The agronomic characteristics of 3 transgenic lines (BXN 5, 7, 10) and their response to herbicides containing bromoxynil, were compared with that of the non-transgenic parent, cv. Gosse, in 1 glasshouse and 2 field experiments.The application of bromoxynil at 1.5 L/ha resulted in a 50% reduction in the spring herbage yield of the non-transgenic control but no reduction in BXN 5 and 7. The level of the phyto-oestrogens, genistein and biochanin A, in the leaf tissue were low in Gosse and the 2 transgenic lines, BXN 7 and 10, but the level of genistein increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.85% in Gosse to 1.43% dry weight in BXN 5, and biochanin A increased from 0.35% in Gosse to 0.73% in BXN 5. The application of the herbicides bromoxynil, bromoxynil+MCPA, and Jaguar (bromoxynil+diflufenican) at the cotyledon stage in a glasshouse study significantly reduced the leaf area of the non-transgenic Gosse, but did not reduce the leaf area of the 3 transgenic lines. When applied at the 4–5 leaf stage, the leaf area of Gosse was again reduced by all the herbicides, but only the bromoxynil+MCPA treatment reduced the leaf area of the transgenic lines relative to the control. The application of bromoxynil or Jaguar at the 4–5 leaf stage depressed the herbage yield of Gosse by about 62% compared with 0–24% in the 3 transgenic lines. In the field studies, BXN 5 and 10 had similar seed yields to Gosse in the absence of herbicide application, but the seed yield of BXN 7 was significantly less than the other 2 transgenic lines. The level of hard-seed in BXN 7 was also lower at 25% compared with 55–57% in the other transgenic lines and Gosse.These findings stress the need to carefully assess the agronomic qualities of transgenic lines prior to release as although tolerance to bromoxynil may be greatly increased by the bxn gene, other important agronomic characteristics, such as seed yield, hardseededness, and isoflavone content, may change as result of the gene or transformation process.

scholarly journals Suitability of new subterranean clovers in the Canterbury region

2000 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Widdup ◽  
C. Pennell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Late Maturity

The annual legume, subterranean clover, is adapted to permanent pastures in the summer drought-prone areas of eastern New Zealand. Dry summers over the last decade in Canterbury have renewed the interest from farmers in the use of sub clover. As the previously used cultivars Mt Barker and Tallarook are no longer available, a trial was established at AgResearch Templeton to evaluate a new series of cultivars and breeding lines from Australia together with recent New Zealand selections. The lines were sown in rows in May 1993 and assessed for seed set, autumn seedling regeneration and spring growth under sheep grazing for 4 years. The new Australian cultivars had improved seed set and consistently better seedling regeneration and herbage yield compared with older cultivars. The late-flowering, small-leaved and densely branched types were best adapted to the Canterbury environment. The late-maturity cultivars Denmark and Leura, selected from Sardinian germplasm, re-established 50% more seedlings and produced 25% greater late winter/ spring growth than Mt Barker and Tallarook in the third year. The New Zealand selection Ak 948 had similar performance to Denmark and Leura but the remaining selections were mediocre by the fourth year. The Sardinian ecotype breeding material appeared well-adapted to Canterbury conditions and future cultivars based on this material may be most suitable. Further trials are required in harsher sites to confirm these cultivar recommendations. Keywords: Australian cultivars, dry regions, herbage yield, seedling regeneration, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum

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