Urban Dibao: Emergence and Transition to National Policy, 1992–1999

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-66
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Local Government ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
National Implementation ◽  
Fragmented Authoritarianism ◽  
The Relationship

The chapter covers two analytical discussions. The first discusses the emergence and spread of the MLG from the early 1990s. Through analysis of the relationship between the Ministry of Civil Affairs, in particular Minister Duoji Cairang, and local government it will show how two aspects of fragmented authoritarianism in particular, values and political structure, shaped the spread of the policy. This is followed by an analysis of the campaign to achieve national implementation in 1999. This shows how a ministry lacking in resources achieved implementation, addressing one of the criticisms of the fragmented authoritarianism model raised by Michel Oksenberg. It will argue that while the MCA made extensive efforts to achieve implementation without expending resources these appear to have had little impact. Rather successful implementation was achieved through the intervention of the highest tiers of the state and subsidies. This shows that appealing to shared values under fragmented authoritarianism has limitations and these can be overcome, eventually, through use of political structure, decision making authority, and the allocation of resources.

Rural Dibao: The Countryside and Fragmentation

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-105
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Local Government ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Programme Implementation ◽  
Administrative Capacity

In 2007 the Chinese government nationally implemented the rural dibao programme. The chapter argues that while the circumstances of rural dibao’s implementation were different from its urban predecessor there are three striking similarities. First, in terms of values, it is argued that the rural dibao programme did fit comfortably with the agenda under Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao to address China’s unequal development and in particular the san nong wenti of the countryside. However, the process surrounding implementation of the rural programme also carried appeals to social stability. Second, the political structure had a significant impact on the implementation of the rural MLG. As with the urban programme implementation faced local intransigence. This was overcome by not only using similar means as with the urban programme; but also through explicitly dealing with one common source of problems, funding. Finally, there is the problem of administrative capacity in running the rural MLG programme. This appears as a classic outcome of the fragmented political and decision making structure in China where local government, often struggling to meet mandates passed down from above, prioritises the resources it has. What this all shows is that the challenges facing social assistance in China are not specific to the urban or the rural programme; but are a consequence of the structure of the state.

Urban Dibao: The Resolution of Unwanted and Unintended Outcomes, 1999–2003

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-88
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Actors ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Fragmented Authoritarianism ◽  
Roll Out

This chapter first highlights the problems faced by both central and local government in shaping dibao into the programme it was intended to be after the initial national roll out in 1997. The discussion focuses on three unintended outcomes which attracted the most from policy actors: exclusion; resource dependencies; and variation. This is then followed by two discussions related to how the features of fragmented authoritarianism contributed to the outcomes discussed. The first discussion argues that fragmented authoritarianism, especially the structure of the state and decision making, contributed to the emergence of what I identify as unintended consequences. I will argue that the MCA struck a compromise with local government in the 1990s achieving implementation of dibao systems by allowing local variation. The second discussion argues that the MCA played a game where policy goals sought by Premier Zhu Rongji, primarily the moving of xiagang workers to dibao, were used to also resolve some of the unintended consequences which had emerged post-1999. This shows that while the assumptions of fragmented authoritarianism hold, especially the importance of resource allocation and hierarchical authority, policy actors lower down the hierarchy cannot use these circumstances to achieve their own goals.

Quantifying the relationship between predisaster mitigation spending and major disaster declarations for US states and territories

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-347
Author(s):  
Katharina Renken, PhD ◽  
Andrea M. Jackman, PhD ◽  
Mario G. Beruvides, PhD, PE
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Major Disaster ◽  
National Implementation ◽  
Disaster Declarations ◽  
Proactive Measures ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

Since the Stafford Act of 1988, the process of obtaining a formal Major Disaster Declaration has been codified for national implementation, with tasks defined at the smallest levels of local government up to the President. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) placed additional requirements on local government to plan for mitigation activities within their jurisdictions. The goal of DMA 2000 was to not only implement more mitigative actions at the local level, but also initiate a process by which local governments could set up ongoing conversations and collaborative efforts with neighboring jurisdictions to ensure continuous, proactive measures were taken against the impacts of disasters. Based on the increased attention paid to mitigation and planning activities, a reasonable expectation would be to see a decline in the number of major disaster declarations since DMA 2000. However, simple correlation analysis shows that since DMA 2000, the number of major disaster declarations continues to increase. This article is intended as a preliminary study to encourage more detailed analysis in the future of the impacts of federal policy on local-level disaster prevention.

Impact of institutions on flood policy learning

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Rouillard ◽  
K. V. Heal ◽  
A. D. Reeves ◽  
T. Ball
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Policy Learning ◽  
Adaptive Governance ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Learning And Collaboration ◽  
The Relationship

Improving flood management is of fundamental importance to reduce human vulnerability to natural hazards, yet, policy reforms have been slow in many countries. To overcome inertia in our societies, the adaptive governance literature prescribes learning and collaboration. In this article, we examine how national institutions have influenced initiatives to improve flood policies in Scotland between the 1950s and 2000s. We use thematic analysis and historical process tracing to explore these relationships in parliamentary debates, policy documents and 16 interviews with national policy actors. Results suggest that the creation of an inclusive and deliberative national policy venue supported policy learning. The locus, nature and success of policy learning were highly dependent on rules regarding the allocation of resources within and between policy venues and political venues. Rules governing political venues have a significant influence on policy learning by allocating resources for policy learning and by opening or closing access to powerful decision-making processes such as the development of statutes. Therefore, improving policy learning and the adaptability of flood policies, requires attention to be given to the characteristics of policy venues, but also of political venues and to the relationship between policy and political venues.

Communities of Disagreement

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-353
Author(s):  
Lars Laird Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Democratic Communities ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This guest column in Common Knowledge presents the concept of “communities of disagreement” to an international and interdisciplinary audience, perhaps for the first time. It takes as its starting point the contrast between agonistic and deliberative democratic theories, and it attempts to outline how democratic groups may live well with unresolved disagreement yet not give on up developing truth-sensitive decision-making processes. It argues against the widespread idea that shared values are the social glue of democratic communities. By developing arguments of Manfred Frank, the article outlines a model of the relationship between social context, interpretation, and information.

Pigouvian vs. Coasian approach: Ideas, values, perspectives

2022 ◽  
pp. 23-46
Author(s):  
A. E. Shastitko ◽  
N. S. Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Decision Making

The paper reveals the characteristics of competing approaches — Pigouvian and Coasian — to identify the grounds for state regulation. We outline the connections between Pigouvian and Coasian approaches with the values and prospects for their advancement in the field of political decision-making in the context of demand for economic knowledge and the possibilities of organizing compensating transactions. These connections are considered in the light of the externalities problem as one of the manifestations of market failure, as well as different internalization options. We also clarify the provisions from the theory of externalities in terms of their definition, classification and correlation with the conditions for optimal allocation of resources. The key types of structural alternatives for correcting market flaws are considered, and the main properties of the Pigouvian and Coasian approaches in economics, as they relate to the problem of market and government flaws, are determined. This helps explain why the Coasian approach cannot be considered synonymous with liberal fundamentalism. Finally, we indicate the relationship between normative conclusions and prospects of functionalism and two types of fundamentalism in the field of political decision-making. Using the example of intertemporal externalities, the difference in the approaches of Coasianism and Pigouvianism to their internalization is demonstrated.

scholarly journals The perceived usefulness of financial information for decision making in Portuguese municipalities

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Paula da Silva Nogueira ◽  
Susana Margarida Faustino Jorge
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the extent to which the perceived usefulness of financial information for internal decision making is affected by the internal control to which that information is subjected. Design/methodology/approach The research is positivist and quantitative, based on a cross-sectional analysis developed in the local government context. Data were collected from a survey to decision makers (politicians and chief officials) in charge of the financial area in all Portuguese municipalities. The response rate was approximately 49 per cent, assuring representativeness. Findings Regarding the perceived usefulness of financial and budgetary reporting for internal decision making, the results in the paper show that municipalities’ internal users’ attitudes towards using accrual-based financial reporting for decision making is changing. Additionally, internal decision makers consider financial and budgetary information as very useful for decision making, and the different types of internal control applicable to that information as very important. The results also clearly point to the existence of a significant and positive relationship between the internal control (including internal auditing) to which financial and budgetary information is subject, and its perceived usefulness for municipal decision making. Research limitations/implications The main limitations of this study are related to the way in which information was collected in order to obtain empirical evidence. The questionnaire, sent by e-mail, despite reaching a wide-range and dispersed population, cannot guarantee the truthfulness and integrity of the responses. Findings might have been affected by the fact that respondents may have been sympathetic to the reforms brought by the Official Local Government Accounting Plan (POCAL). Certainly, politicians linked to the political party that promoted those reforms would be predisposed in this way. Another limitation might concern the fact that new laws and regulations passed after POCAL, might have somehow affected the answers regarding the perceived usefulness of budgetary and financial information for internal decision making, as well as the importance of the internal control to which that information is subject. Practical implications The results of this study have important repercussions for the implementation of internal control systems at local government level. Particularly, they highlight the need to develop or improve internal control procedures to ensure budgetary and financial information reliability, which in turn determines its usefulness for decision-making purposes. Originality/value This research makes a contribution to the (scarce) literature on the relationship between internal control and the perceived usefulness of financial and budgetary information for decision making, particularly in the local government setting. It adds with further empirical evidence concerning the relationship between these two issues, helping to reinforce previous embryonic research in this field. As to policy making, this research also contributes by calling attention for the need to define the types of internal control financial information must be subject, a critical issue while assuring the usefulness of that information for decision making. This is particular important in current contexts of countries moving towards IPSAS-based financial reporting systems.

scholarly journals Allocation of Funds from Public Offerings of Shares (IPO's) in Brazil and Stock Returns

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
George André Willrich Sales ◽  
Rodolfo Leandro de Faria Olivo ◽  
Rodolfo Vieira Nunes ◽  
Fabiana Lopes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Public Offerings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Data Survey ◽  
Abnormal Stock Returns ◽  
Public Offering ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyzes the relationship between the allocation of funds raised in a public offering of shares and abnormal profitability on the first day of trading. The objective is to identify whether the allocation of resources can be considered for the decision-making of investors. To measure the data, multivariate analysis was used, and the data survey considered the information from the prospectuses of the public offers and the announcements for the closing of the offers, between January 2007 and December 2011. Two hypotheses were tested: one in relation to allocation of resources and another in relation to the group of investors participating in the offer. The results show that there is no relationship between the allocation of resources and the abnormal returns of companies. However, for investors who are part of the company's management, they were related to abnormal stock returns on the first day of trading.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

Centralization and Effectiveness of Reward Management in Multinational Enterprises

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tekieli ◽  
Marion Festing ◽  
Xavier Baeten
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Role Identities ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Subsidiary Managers ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Based on responses from 158 reward managers located at the headquarters or subsidiaries of multinational enterprises, the present study examines the relationship between the centralization of reward management decision making and its perceived effectiveness in multinational enterprises. Our results show that headquarters managers perceive a centralized approach as being more effective, while for subsidiary managers this relationship is moderated by the manager’s role identity. Referring to social identity theory, the present study enriches the standardization versus localization debate through a new perspective focusing on psychological processes, thereby indicating the importance of in-group favoritism in headquarters and the influence of subsidiary managers’ role identities on reward management decision making.

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