The Legal Process before 1968: The Juvenile Court

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-144
Author(s):  
Kenneth McK. Norrie
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Young Offenders ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Hearing System ◽  
Made In

This chapter explores the world-wide movement at the turn of the 20th century towards specialist juvenile courts to deal with children who commit offences. Following the lead of the juvenile court movement in the USA and Australia, the Children Act 1908 set up juvenile courts in both Scotland and England, though in Scotland these courts quickly acquired jurisdiction over both young offenders and children in need of care and protection. Originally little more than a separate set of procedural rules to be followed in the sheriff court dealing with children, an effort was made in the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Acts 1932 and 1937 to give better effect to the idea of a separate court presided over by specialist judges. Though never nation-wide, these new, enhanced, juvenile courts took on many of the characteristics that were later adopted by the children’s hearing system, including the processes to be followed, the involvement of the children, the requirement to look at the child’s wider environmental circumstances (including the child’s welfare), and the outcomes available to the court.

The Legal Process in the Modern Era: Scotland’s Children’s Hearing System

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-175
Author(s):  
Kenneth McK. Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
System P ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Hearing System

This chapter looks at the legal process for child protection in Scotland since the introduction of the children’s hearing system, starting with an exploration of how the Kilbrandon Report was given effect to in the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968. It then analyses the original grounds of referral to the hearing, tracing their origins and explaining the subsequently added grounds. Thereafter the chapter looks at the world-wide retreat from the juvenile court ideals, especially in England which rejected the opportunity of following the Scottish approach, and ends with some speculation on why Scotland has managed to retain these ideals, developed decades ago, and still considered appropriate here today.

The Development of Horticulture Software on Landscape Plants

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 552a-552
Author(s):  
Gary J. Kling
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Product Development ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Formats ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Made In

This presentation will cover some of the major decisions that were made in the development and modification of software to provide horticultural resources for college students and members of the industry. Technological changes have moved the production from video-disc technology to server-based digital formats, CD-ROM, and the World Wide Web. Each of these changes results in a different product suited to different audiences. The current stage of product development will be presented.

scholarly journals The process of Europeanization of law in the context of Czech law

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš Večeřa
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Process ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Legal Entities

The paper is focused on the draft of the process of Europeanization of law. The process of European integration is often understood mainly as an economic process which aims towards the world-wide integration and organization of manufacturing, commercial, banking and financial operations, technologies and information. It is, however, a complex social phenomenon which represents – in addition to economical transformations – a rather complicated cultural, social, political and legal process with an extremely broad impact in all areas of life. Europeanization, the notion increasingly used in connection with the process of European integration, significantly modifies the Czech legal environment, which is regarding to the sphere of enterprise too. Europeanization of law manifests with multi-centrism of sources of law, which brings specific problems both to the bodies which interpret and apply law and also into the legal position of legal entities and their legal awareness.

Make2ddb: A simple package to set up a two-dimensional electrophoresis database for the World Wide Web

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 2755-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Hoogland ◽  
Vincent Baujard ◽  
Jean-Charles Sanchez ◽  
Denis F. Hochstrasser ◽  
Ron D. Appel
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Dimensional Electrophoresis

The Age of Mass Child Removal in Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich

This book analyses the ideas and practices that underpinned the age of mass child removal. This era emerged from growing criticisms across the world of ‘dangerous’ parents and the developing belief in the nineteenth century that the state could provide superior guardianship to ‘unfit’ parents. In the late nineteenth century, the juvenile court movement led the way in forging a new and more efficient system of child removal that severely curtailed the previously highly protected sovereignty of guardians deemed dangerous. This transnational movement rapidly established courts across the world and used them to train the personnel and create the systems that frequently lay behind mass child removal. Spaniards formed a significant part of this transnational movement and the country’s juvenile courts became involved in the three main areas of removal that characterize the age: the taking of children from poor families, from families displaced by war, and from political opponents. The study of Spanish case files reveals much about how the removal process worked in practice across time and across democratic regimes and dictatorships. It also affords an insight into the rich array of child-removal practices that lay between the poles of coercion and victimhood. Accordingly, the book further offers a history of some of most marginalized parents and children and recaptures their voice, agency, and experience. It also analyses the removal of tens of thousands of children from General Franco’s political opponents, sometimes referred to as the lost children of Francoism, through the history and practice of the juvenile courts.

Googling the Web

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Chris Bleakley
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Recommender Algorithm ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Web

Chapter 8 explores the arrival of the World Wide Web, Amazon, and Google. The web allows users to display “pages” of information retrieved from remote computers by means of the Internet. Inventor Tim Berners-Lee released the first web software for free, setting in motion an explosion in Internet usage. Seeing the opportunity of a lifetime, Jeff Bezos set-up Amazon as an online bookstore. Amazon’s success was accelerated by a product recommender algorithm that selectively targets advertising at users. By the mid-1990s there were so many web sites that users often couldn’t find what they were looking for. Stanford PhD student Larry Page invented an algorithm for ranking search results based on the importance and relevance of web pages. Page and fellow student, Sergey Brin, established a company to bring their search algorithm to the world. Page and Brin - the founders of Google - are now worth US$35-40 billion, each.

scholarly journals The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of urgent surgery: a perspective from the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhiman Cheeyandira
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urgent Surgery ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

Abstract Corona virus pandemic has affected all the 50 states in the USA. States such as NY, CA and WA being the most affected. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, as of 28 March 2020, the total number of cases in the USA is over 103 300 and number of deaths to 1668. In the coming weeks, COVID-19 rates are expected to begin skyrocketing and hit a peak in late April/May/June given lessons learned from China, Italy and others. COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) as confirmed cases approach 575 444 patients with 26 654 deaths across over 160 countries, as of 28 March 2020. There is a lot of impact on management of the urgent and emergent cases. This article highlights the changes that are being made in delivering urgent and emergent surgical care during the pandemic.

Current Research in South-East Asian History

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The World ◽  
Asian History ◽  
Made In ◽  
Support Information

This is the first attempt at a world wide compilation, and although useful, it can not claim to be as yet comprehensive, as information from a number of Universities was not to hand when this issue went to press. Greater efforts will be made in 1962 however, and this feature of the Journal may well become an annual supplement. It is in the interests of scholars all over the world to be aware of current research, and as it is our aim to make this Journal of the utmost utility to the world-wide brotherhood of South-East Asian historians, we hope that the compilation will be given maximum support. Information for inclusion should reach us by August of each year.

Revisiting Business Historians and the Internet

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-181
Author(s):  
K. Austin Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Electronic Mail ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business History ◽  
The Internet ◽  
American Business ◽  
Graphical Interface ◽  
The World ◽  
Made In

During the 1996 annual meeting of the Business History Conference, a session on the World Wide Web attracted considerable attention from curious members (see Business and Economic History 25 [Fall 1996]: 46—54). The Internet was then somewhat of an infant, and most of us, just becoming accustomed to the speed and convenience of electronic mail, were barely aware of the opportunities afforded by the then-new graphical interface known as the Web. No more! At least not in the United States, where advertisers bombard us with their Internet addresses and news accounts inform us of vast fortunes made in new Internet ventures that have not yet turned a profit. There is, in short, a “dot.com” revolution occurring in American business. It is also happening, albeit more slowly, in scholarly and educational circles.

scholarly journals Tide prediction machines at the Liverpool Tidal Institute

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Philip L. Woodworth
Keyword(s):  
Tide Gauge ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Tide Gauge Data ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Gauge Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

Abstract. The 100th anniversary of the Liverpool Tidal Institute (LTI) was celebrated during 2019. One aspect of tidal science for which the LTI acquired a worldwide reputation was the development and use of tide prediction machines (TPMs). The TPM was invented in the late 19th century, but most of them were made in the first half of the 20th century, up until the time that the advent of digital computers consigned them to museums. This paper describes the basic principles of a TPM, reviews how many were constructed around the world and discusses the method devised by Arthur Doodson at the LTI for the determination of harmonic tidal constants from tide gauge data. These constants were required in order to set up the TPMs for predicting the heights and times of the tides. Although only 3 of the 30-odd TPMs constructed were employed in operational tidal prediction at the LTI, Doodson was responsible for the design and oversight of the manufacture of several others. The paper demonstrates how the UK, and the LTI and Doodson in particular, played a central role in this area of tidal science.

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