The Volunteers

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-62
Author(s):  
Fraser Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Political Sphere ◽  
Popular Memory ◽  
The Many ◽  
New Evidence

Of the many ways that Scots responded to the war in Spain, those who joined the International Brigades have always been at the centre of historical and popular memory. This chapter seeks to establish exactly who these volunteers were and what connections they shared before coming to Spain, offering detailed new evidence and analysis regarding their collective identities. Instead of viewing them as a relatively small, disparate collection of individuals, it is shown that the Scottish volunteers were heavily clustered along the lines of geography, class and political affiliations. Rather than understanding these volunteers as the representatives of Scotland, or even the Scottish left, it is argued that they are best understood as a more concentrated mobilisation of quite narrow socio-political sphere, defined by formal and informal links to the Communist Party of Great Britain.

Psychiatrie Sociale De L'Enfant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-378
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Social Psychiatry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Broad Subject ◽  
The Many

This interesting book, written in French, consists of 535 pages of which 46 are devoted to the description of the many tests now in use in psychologic work, and 33 deal with an extensive "international" bibliography on the subject of child social-psychiatry. The most important part of the book is devoted to the broad subject of child psychiatry itself which is approached through many different angles and by authors of various countries including France, Great Britain, Sweden, Belgium, Spain and Switzerland.

On the Chloride Waters of Great Britain

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
The South ◽  
Very Old ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Village ◽  
Made In

Formerly there were several surface brine springs in the North-East Coalfield; to-day there are none. From the many accounts of their occurrence nothing has been learned of their exact position, and very little of the composition of their waters. The earliest record, made in 1684, described the Butterby spring (Todd, 1684), and then at various times during the next two centuries brine springs at Framwellgate, Lumley, Birtley, Walker, Wallsend, Hebburn, and Jarrow were noted. In particular the Birtley salt spring is often mentioned, and on the 6-in. Ordnance map, Durham No. 13, 1862 edition, it is sited to the south-east of the village. Although no record has been found there must have been either a brine spring or well at Gateshead, for the name of the present-day suburb, Saltwell, is very old, and brine springs are still active in the coal workings of that area.

Response to James Lebovic's review of Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1169-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jervis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Policy Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bright Side ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cold War

Among the many issues raised by James Lebovic's perceptive review are two that strike me as crucial: the relationships between intelligence and social science and those between intelligence and policymaking. The first itself has two parts, one being how scholars can study intelligence. Both access and methods are difficult. For years, diplomatic historians referred to intelligence as the “hidden dimension” of their subject. Now it is much more open, and Great Britain, generally more secretive than the United States, has just issued the authorized history of MI5 (see Christopher Andrew, Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, 2009). Since the end of the Cold War, the CIA has released extensive, if incomplete, records, and the bright side (for us) of intelligence failures is that they lead to the release of treasure troves of documents, which can often be supplemented by memoirs and interviews. But even more than in other aspects of foreign policy analysis, we are stuck with evidence that is fragmentary. In this way, we resemble scholars of ancient societies, who forever lament the loss of most of the material they want to study.

A miner cause?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Leeworthy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
British State ◽  
Plaid Cymru

If twentieth century politics in Wales has largely been defined by class, and therefore along the typical cleavage of Labour versus Conservative; it is nevertheless true that for a significant proportion of Welsh activists and voters, the cleavage is between nation and union (identifiable with the British state). Closely identified with Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, a political manifestation of the Welsh nation was a direct inheritance from nineteenth-century liberalism and its persistence for much of the postwar period was a result of the persistence of that form of politics. But there was an alternative form of left nationalism that emerged through the Communist Party of Great Britain, which this chapter focuses its attention on. Beginning in the 1930s, and spanning almost the entire life of the party thereafter, communists engaged with and developed ideas about nationalism, nationhood and national liberation. This chapter considers the development of these ideas and argues that rather than Plaid Cymru, it was the Communist Party of Great Britain that enabled the persistence of left-nationalist thought and action after 1945 and that it was, to a large extent, communist activists who were the most consistently nationalist in that period.

Word Wars

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
Ralph Keyes
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
English Language ◽  
New World ◽  
Daniel Defoe ◽  
Jonathan Swift ◽  
John Adams ◽  
New Words ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
Noah Webster ◽  
The Many

Pitched battles have long been fought between neology advocates and those who think we have enough words already. Centuries ago language purists such as Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift railed against the many new words they thought were defiling the English language. Britons and Americans subsequently squabbled fiercely over Americanisms, the neologisms that settlers began to create soon after they arrived in the New World (e.g., foothill, skunk, eel grass). Jefferson’s coinage belittle raised particular hackles in the mother country. Jefferson – a self- proclaimed “friend to neology” – joined John Adams, Noah Webster and others in defending the coinage-rich American version of English that they thought was integral to establishing a sense of independence from the mother country. Guardians of the King’s English in Great Britain considered this attitude impudent. Protecting their national franchise and sense of ethnic privilege proved to be integral to that guardianship.

scholarly journals Toxic Mechanisms of the Heart: A Review*

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (4a) ◽  
pp. 583-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Combs ◽  
Daniel Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Moderate Drinking ◽  
The Public ◽  
Toxic Injury ◽  
Convulsive Seizures ◽  
The Many ◽  
General Physical ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Intrinsic Effect

Toxic injury is one of the many ways by which the functional integrity of the heart may become compromised. Any of the subcellular elements may be the target of toxic injury, including all of the various membranes and organelles. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cardiotoxicity may lead to treatment of the toxicity or to its prevention. Doxorubicin and its analogs are very important cancer chemotherapeutic agents that can cause cardiotoxicity. Other agents which are cardiotoxic and which have profound public health implications include the alkaloid emetine in ipecac syrup, cocaine, and ethyl alcohol. The most important cardiotoxic mechanisms proposed for doxorubicin include oxidative stress with its resultant damage to myocardial elements, changes in calcium homeostasis, decreased ability to produce ATP, and systemic release of cardiotoxic humoral mediators from tissue mast cells. Each of the first 3 mechanisms can lead to each of the other 2, and the causal relationships between all of these mechanisms are not clear. New evidence suggests that doxorubicinol, one of the metabolites of doxorubicin may be the moiety responsible for cardiotoxicity. Several other potential mechanisms also have been proposed for doxorubicin. Emetine in ipecac syrup is the first aid treatment of choice for many acute toxic oral ingestions and the alkaloid, itself, is used to treat amebiasis. Cardiotoxicity occurs following chronic exposure, such as occurs therapeutically in amebiasis and with ipecac abuse by bulemics. A number of mechanisms are proposed for emetine cardiotoxicity, but the current mechanistic literature is quite scarce. Cocaine abuse recently has caught the public interest, in particular because of the drug-related sudden deaths of certain athletes. Cocaine can cause hypertension, arrhythmias, and reduced coronary blood flow, each of which can contribute to its lethality. However, it may be possible that cocaine sudden death episodes are more related to hyperthermia and convulsive seizures, rather than to cardiovascular toxicity. Chronic alcohol use leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and failure as part of the general physical degeneration that occurs with alcoholism. Several mechanisms are proposed for the cardiomyopathy, but only 2 things seem clear. The cardiotoxicity is due to an intrinsic effect of alcohol, rather than to malnutrition or co-toxicity, and abstinence is the only effective treatment for the cardiomyopathy. Recent articles indicate that very moderate use of alcohol may be beneficial and protect against cardiovascular-related morbidity. One explanation for these findings seems to be that the non-drinking groups, against whom the moderate drinking comparisons were made, were enriched in former drinkers with significant alcohol-related cardiovascular pathology.

scholarly journals After Less Than 2 Months, the Simulations That Drove the World to Strict Lockdown Appear to be Wrong, the Same of the Policies They Generated

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233339282093232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Boretti
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
British Government ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainable Protection ◽  
New Evidence

Here, we review modeling predictions for Covid-19 mortality based on recent data. The Imperial College model trusted by the British Government predicted peak mortalities above 170 deaths per million in the United States, and above 215 deaths per million in Great Britain, after more than 2 months from the outbreak, and a length for the outbreak well above 4 months. These predictions drove the world to adopt harsh distancing measures and forget the concept of herd immunity. China had peak mortalities of less than 0.1 deaths per million after 40 days since first deaths, and an 80-day-long outbreak. Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, or Great Britain flattened the curve at 13.6, 28.6, 9.0, 10.6, and 13.9 deaths per million after 40, 39, 33, 44, and 39 days from first deaths, or 31, 29, 24, 38, and 29 days since the daily confirmed deaths reached 0.1 per million people, respectively. The declining curve is much slower for Italy, the Netherlands, or Great Britain than Belgium or Sweden. Opposite to Great Britain, Italy, or Belgium that enforced a complete lockdown, the Netherlands only adopted an “intelligent” lockdown, and Sweden did not adopt any lockdown. However, they achieved better results. Coupled to new evidence for minimal impact of Covid-19 on the healthy population, with the most part not infected even if challenged, or only mild or asymptomatic if infected, there are many good reasons to question the validity of the specific epidemiological model simulations and the policies they produced. Fewer restrictions on the healthy while better protecting the vulnerable would have been a much better option, permitting more sustainable protection of countries otherwise at risk of second waves as soon as the strict measures are lifted.

scholarly journals National Liberation for Whom? The Postcolonial Question, the Communist Party of Great Britain, and the Party’s African and Caribbean Membership

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Smith
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Trade Relationship

AbstractThe Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) had a long tradition of anti-colonial activism since its foundation in 1920 and had been a champion of national liberation within the British Empire. However, the Party also adhered to the idea that Britain’s former colonies, once independent, would want to join a trade relationship with their former coloniser, believing that Britain required these forms of relationship to maintain supplies of food and raw materials. This position was maintained into the 1950s until challenged in 1956–1957 by the Party’s African and Caribbean membership, seizing the opportunity presented by the fallout of the political crises facing the CPGB in 1956. I argue in this article that this challenge was an important turning point for the Communist Party’s view on issues of imperialism and race, and also led to a burst of anti-colonial and anti-racist activism. But this victory by its African and Caribbean members was short-lived, as the political landscape and agenda of the CPGB shifted in the late 1960s.

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