The Evidence of Meaning (bayān al-maʿnā) in the Ẓāhirī Approach to the Qur'an

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Massimo Campanini
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Idea Of God ◽  
Ibn Hazm

The article carries on the project of a ‘Philosophical Qur'anology’, referring to the possibility of approaching the Qur'an as a philosophical book. Here I will focus on the concept of bayān, exploring the role of language in understanding more thoroughly the Qur'anic idea of God in relation with philosophical topics as ontology and epistemology. My idea is to read Qur'anic obviousness through the pair-couple of ẓāhir and bāṭin in order to make meaning ( maʿnā) manifest (in the sense of the Latin verb: ostendere) in the immediateness of its evidence. The proposed approach is grounded in Ẓāhirī rules of interpretation, which claim to be wholeheartedly faithful to the apparent meaning of the text, but through the a-letheia (‘disclosure’, in Heidegger's terms) of the manifested and the clear truthfulness ( haqīqa) of the content. Taking the thought of Ibn Ḥazm as a starting point, the article will explore Averroes' method through the lenses of the Moroccan philosopher Muḥammad ʿĀbid al-Jābirī. I will try to show that bayān does mean first of all that a text is clear in the language wherein it has been revealed or however expressed. As the source of all revealed lights is the Arabic language, the Arabic Qur'an is in itself clear and explains itself. The evidence of the Qur'an is the emergence of meaning from the clarity of the text. To provide an illustrative example, al-Ghazzālī's interpretation of the Light Verse will be shortly addressed.

scholarly journals АБУ ЯҚУБ САККОКИЙ “LĀM”, “MĪM”, “VĀV” ҲАРФЛАРНИНГ СЎЗДАГИ ЎРНИ ҲАҚИДАГИ ҚАРАШЛАРИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Akmalkhon Akmalkhonov
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Morphological Method ◽  
Original Letter ◽  
Starting Point

Ушбу мақолада араб тилидаги тасриф (сўз ясалиши) илмининг нозик ва мураккаб жиҳатларини қамраб олган ҳодисалардан бири тадқиқ қилинган. Араб тилида сўз ясалиши ўзиги хос услуб – морфологик қолип асосида амалга оширилади. Бу морфологик қолип сўз ясалишининг асоси ҳисобланади ва у икки турли ҳарфлар бирикмасидан иборат бўлади. Араб тилидаги 28та ҳарф сўз ҳосил қилишда “асл” ҳарф ёки “зиёда” ҳарф сифатида иштирок этади. Бундан ташқари, бир ҳарф икки турга мансуб бўлиши ҳам мумкин. Сўз ҳосил қилишдаги мураккаблик зиёда ҳарфнинг асл ҳарф бўлиб келишидир. Зиёда ҳарфнинг асл ҳарф бўлиб келиш ўринларини билиш сўзнинг асл ўзак ҳарфларини белгилашда, бу сўз қайси мофологик қолипда эканлигини билишда, у қандай маъноларни қамраб олганлигини аниқлашда муҳимдир. Мақолада ушбу жараёнда энг фаол бўлган как و [vāv], ل [lām] и م [mīm] ҳарфларининг сўздаги ўринлари ўрганилган, ушбу ҳарфларнинг қайси ўринда асл ва қайси ўринда зиёда бўлиб келиши ёритилган. Зиёда бўлиб келганда қандай маъно англатиши борасидаги фикрлар ёзилган. Муаллиф ўз фикр-мулоҳазаларини асослаш учун илк ўрта асрларда яратилган ва кўпчиликка ҳаммага маълум бўлган ишончли манбалардан файдаланган. В статье была исследована одна из сложных сторон науки тасрифа (словообразования) арабского языка. Словообразование в арабском языке осуществляется на основеморфологической модели, являющейся особым методом. Эта морфологическая модель,являясь основой словообразования, состоит из двух разных буквенных комбинаций. 28 букв в арабском языке участвуют в словообразовании в качестве коренных или некоренных букв. Одна и та же буква может относиться как к коренным, так и некоренным буквам, что усложняет анализ словообразования. Исследование таких закономерностей, где некоренная буква может быть коренной, считается важным для определения коренных букв в слове, выявления морфологической модели слова и понимания того, какие значения включает в себя эта морфологическая модель. В статье исследована роль в словообразовании каждой из самых активно участвующих в этом процессе букв, таких как و [vāv], ل [lām] и م [mīm]. Произведено исследование участия этих букв в качестве коренных и некоренных в слове. Выражено мнение автора о значении этих букв при их участии в качестве вспомогательного элемента в слове. При подготовке статьи были использованы известные и надежные источники раннего средневековья. The article discusses one of the most sensitive and complicated aspects of the tasrif (of word formation) in the Arabic language. This event is the starting point of the word in word formation. Creation of words in the Arabic language is made up in a specific method of morphology. This morphological method is the basis of word formation and consists of two different combinations of letters. The 28 letters in the Arabic language are used as the original or lowercase letters. It can also be one letter of both types. Complexity in making words is that additive letters comes as original. Knowing where additive letters come as original letter is essential concept in determining base letters of the word, to understand in which model of morphology, to understand which meanings cover this morphologic model. The article summarizes participation role of most actively used letters such as و («vāv»), ل («lām»), م («mīm»). These letters indicated in which way they are original and in which way they are additive. Thoughts about what meaning come when used additives. For the article has been used well-known and reliable sources of early medieval centuries.

scholarly journals Arabism in Arab(ic) Rap : local languages, translocal references and virtual networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Felix Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Hip Hop ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Hip Hop Culture ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Starting Point

One of the hip-hop networks that has gained influence in Arab countries since 2011 has emerged around the Arabic language and culture. This (new) "Arabism" manifests itself in various forms: The Arab(ic) rap scenes that are the subject of this study include rappers who rap in Arabic, rappers of Arab ethnicity who express themselves in other languages, and rappers who belong to local hip hop scenes in Arab countries. This study focuses on the role of Arabic language and Arab culture as a unifying element. The question of the role of Arabism in these communities serves as a starting point for the study to ask more specific questions about mechanisms of community formation and the construction of group identity. This thesis addresses the related questions at three different levels. The first level is networks between artists, collaboration, mutual musical influence, and connections to other regions and countries. The second level is language use, the role of Standard Arabic, the languages and scripts of music production and reception. The third level is intertextual references that link rap to other forms of Arabic literature and culture. Methodologically, the work relies on ethnographic and netnographic field research, active participation in the field and in social networks, interviews with artists, song and battle rap text analysis, and social network analysis. It is organized as follows: First, key theoretical concepts are explained. Ensuing is a brief overview of hip hop culture and Arab(ic) rap. Then, three case studies focusing on different aspects of Arab rap are presented before a final conclusion is drawn.

INTERPRETATION OF SINO-RUSSIAN CULTURE AND HUMANITIES COOPERATION IN THE NEW ERA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-193
Author(s):  
REN YANYAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
New Era ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cooperative Partnership ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The friendship between nations lies in the mutual affinity of the people, and the people’s affinity lies in the communion of hearts. The cultural and humanities cooperation between China and Russia has a long history. In recent years, under the role of the“Belt and Road” initiative, the SCO, and the Sino-Russian Humanities Cooperation Committee, Sino-Russian culture and humanities cooperation has continued to deepen. Entering a new era, taking the opportunity to promote Sino-Russian relations into a “new era China-Russia comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership”, the development of human relations between the two countries has entered a new historical starting point, while also facing a series of problems and challenges. This article is based on the current status of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, interprets the characteristics of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, analyzes the problems and challenges of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, and tries to propose solutions and solutions with a view to further developing Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era. It is a useful reference, and provides a reference for future related research, and ultimately helps the Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era to be stable and far-reaching.

La conexión entre política de cohesión y gobernanza económica en la UE: Eficiencia del nuevo marco para abordar las consecuencias de la crisis

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-62
Author(s):  
Laura Gómez Urquijo
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Current Economic Crisis ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
New Economic Governance ◽  
Social Protection Systems ◽  
New Instruments

The objective of this article is to contribute to the discussion on the validity of new instruments to enhance cohesion in the European Union (EU). First, we question to which extent cohesion policy is submitted to the new economic governance. Second, we discuss this subordination affects the fulfillment of cohesion aims. This question is especially relevant due to the increase of inequalities in the current economic crisis and the great diversity among State Members (including social protection systems and expenses). Thus, our starting point is the new economic governance framework and its impact on the fulfillment of cohesion objectives. Statistical data are considered with this aim. Next, we will assess the role of European Structural and Investment Funds to eventually compensate public expense cuts, as well as its subordination to the macroeconomic government. This aspect will be contrasted through the study of Country Specific Recommendations given by the European Semester. Spanish El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a la discusión sobre la validez de los nuevos instrumentos para fomentar la cohesión en la Unión Europea. Nos preguntamos en qué modo queda sometida la política de cohesión a la nueva gobernanza económica y cómo afecta a la efectividad para cubrir susfines. Esta cuestión es particularmente relevante ante el incremento de las desigualdades suscitado en la crisis económica actual. Por ello, nuestro punto de partida es el nuevo marco de gobernanza económica y su impacto en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de cohesión, considerando para ello datos estadísticos. A continuación, valoraremos, el papel de los Fondos Estructurales y de Inversión Europeos como posibles compensadores de la reducción del gasto público así como su subordinación al gobierno macroeconómico. Esta cuestión será contrastada también a través del examen de las Recomendaciones Específicas por país dadas por el Semestre Europeo. French Le but de cet article est de contribuer à la discussion sur la validité de nouveaux instruments pour promouvoir la cohésion dans l'UE. Nous avons considéré, d'une part, en quoi la politique de cohésion est soumise à la nouvelle gouvernance économique et, d'autre part, la façon dont elle utilise l'efficacité pour répondre à ses fins.Cette question est particulièrement pertinente étant donnée l'augmentation de l'inégalité soulevée par la crise économique actuelle, dans un contexte de grande diversité d'États membres, notamment en ce qui concerne les systèmes de protection sociale et les dépenses publiques. Par conséquent, notre point de départ s'inscrit dans le nouveau cadre de gouvernance économique et son impact sur la mise en œuvre des objectifs de cohésion, à partir de la prise en compte de données statistiques. Pour ce faire, nous évaluons le rôle des Fonds Structurels Européens, leur capacité de compenser la réduction des dépenses publiques et leur subordination au gouvernement macroéconomique. Ce e question sera également abordée par l'examen des recommandations spécifiques par pays fournies par le Semestre Européen.

scholarly journals Thermal Physics and Glaucoma II: Preliminary Evidences for a Thermophysical Design of a Possible Visible-Light-Photons Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6301
Author(s):  
Giulia Grisolia ◽  
Mariarosa Astori ◽  
Antonio Ponzetto ◽  
Antonio Vercesi ◽  
Umberto Lucia
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Thermodynamic Approach ◽  
Equilibrium Thermodynamic ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Thermal Physics ◽  
Starting Point

Recently, a non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach has been developed in order to model the fundamental role of the membrane electric potential in the cell behaviour. A related new viewpoint is introduced, with a design of a photobiomodulation treatment in order to restore part of the visual field. Here, a first step in experimental evidence of the validity of the thermodynamic approach is developed. This result represents the starting point for future experimental improvements for light stimulation in order to improve the quality of life of the patients. The future possible therapy will be in addition to the pharmacological treatments.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of the GATA transcription factor family and their expression patterns under temperature and salt stress in Aspergillus oryzae

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmiao Jiang ◽  
Gongbo Lv ◽  
Jinxin Ge ◽  
Bin He ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Gata Transcription Factor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Evolutionary Features ◽  
First Time

AbstractGATA transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the regulation of growth processes and various environmental stresses. Although GATA TFs involved in abiotic stress in plants and some fungi have been analyzed, information regarding GATA TFs in Aspergillusoryzae is extremely poor. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized seven GATA proteins from A.oryzae 3.042 genome, including a novel AoSnf5 GATA TF with 20-residue between the Cys-X2-Cys motifs which was found in Aspergillus GATA TFs for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these seven A. oryzae GATA TFs could be classified into six subgroups. Analysis of conserved motifs demonstrated that Aspergillus GATA TFs with similar motif compositions clustered in one subgroup, suggesting that they might possess similar genetic functions, further confirming the accuracy of the phylogenetic relationship. Furthermore, the expression patterns of seven A.oryzae GATA TFs under temperature and salt stresses indicated that A. oryzae GATA TFs were mainly responsive to high temperature and high salt stress. The protein–protein interaction network of A.oryzae GATA TFs revealed certain potentially interacting proteins. The comprehensive analysis of A. oryzae GATA TFs will be beneficial for understanding their biological function and evolutionary features and provide an important starting point to further understand the role of GATA TFs in the regulation of distinct environmental conditions in A.oryzae.

scholarly journals Nafia for the Tigris: The Privy Purse and the infrastructure of development in late Ottoman Iraq, 1882–1914

2021 ◽  
pp. 007327532199926
Author(s):  
Camille Lyans Cole
Keyword(s):  
Development Planning ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Late Ottoman

Between 1893 and 1908, at least six private consortia and the municipality of Baghdad were denied permission to operate steamships on the Tigris and Euphrates on the grounds that a navigation concession had already been granted to the Privy Purse ( hazine-i hassa). The Privy Purse justified its insistence on monopoly with reference to the emerging ideology of development ( nafia), though its ideas about the role of steam technology in nafia stood in contrast to those of private investors and other Ottoman bureaucrats. Working from the hazine-i hassa’s planning memos and contracts, I show that the private treasury envisioned a primarily agrarian future for Iraq, with steamships serving agricultural aims. As such, it focused on envisioning future steamships rather than managing its existing fleet, while still acquiring dominance over land and transport in the region. However, private companies and officials contested this vision, emphasizing the materiality of existing steamships, their roles in trade, and the potential for commercial competition as a means of resisting British imperial encroachment. After the Committee of Union and Progress came to power in 1908, the Privy Purse was disestablished and its properties reverted to the Finance Ministry, opening a brief window during which steamship companies were encouraged to proliferate. Quickly, however, new comprehensive schemes were proposed, though with railways replacing steamships as the corollary to Iraq’s imagined riches. Engaging questions about the futurity of both infrastructure and capital, as well as those posed by the technology-in-use paradigm, this article suggests that the hazine-i hassa is a rich starting point for analysis because the scalar and ontological tensions it embodied highlight how different kinds of futures interact in development planning to affect the present.

Deepfaking Keanu: YouTube deepfakes, platform visual effects, and the complexity of reception

2021 ◽  
pp. 135485652110304
Author(s):  
Lisa Bode
Keyword(s):  
Film Studies ◽  
Media Theory ◽  
Digital Rhetoric ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Media Creation ◽  
Media Practices

On July 14, 2019, a 3-minute 36-second video titled “Keanu Reeves Stops A ROBBERY!” was released on YouTube visual effects (VFX) channel, Corridor. The video’s click-bait title ensured it was quickly shared by users across platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. Comments on the video suggest that the vast majority of viewers categorised it as fiction. What seemed less universally recognised, though, was that the performer in the clip was not Keanu Reeves himself. It was voice actor and stuntman Reuben Langdon, and his face was digitally replaced with that of Reeves, through the use of an AI generated deepfake, an open access application, Faceswap, and compositing in Adobe After Effects. This article uses Corridor’s deepfake Keanu video (hereafter shorted to CDFK) as a case study which allows the fleshing out of an, as yet, under-researched area of deepfakes: the role of framing contexts in shaping how viewers evaluate, categorise, make sense of and discuss these images. This research draws on visual effects scholarship, celebrity studies, cognitive film studies, social media theory, digital rhetoric, and discourse analysis. It is intended to serve as a starting point of a larger study that will eventually map types of online manipulated media creation on a continuum from the professional to the vernacular, across different platforms, and attending to their aesthetic, ethical, cultural and reception dimensions. The focus on context (platform, creator channel, and comments) also reveals the emergence of an industrial and aesthetic category of visual effects, which I call here “platform VFX,” a key term that provides us with more nuanced frames for illuminating and analysing a range of manipulated media practices as VFX software becomes ever more accessible and lends itself to more vernacular uses, such as we see with various face swap apps

scholarly journals First Survey of SNPs in TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88 and CCR5 Genes in Sheep Reared in Italy and their Association with Resistance to SRLVs Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Chiara Arcangeli ◽  
Daniele Lucarelli ◽  
Martina Torricelli ◽  
Carla Sebastiani ◽  
Marcella Ciullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ccr5 Gene ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Visna Virus ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Tlr9 Gene ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
Serological Status

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), referred to as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), belong to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. SRLVs infect both sheep and goats, causing significant economic losses and animal welfare damage. Recent findings suggest an association between serological status and allelic variants of different genes such as TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88 and CCR5. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of specific polymorphisms of these genes in SRLVs infection in some sheep flocks in Italy. In addition to those already known, novel variants in the TMEM154 (P7H, I74V, I105V) gene were detected in this study. The risk of infection was determined finding an association between the serological status and polymorphisms P7H, E35K, N70I, I74V, I105V of TMEM154, R447Q, A462S and G520R in TLR9 gene, H176H* and K190K* in MYD88 genes, while no statistical association was observed for the 4-bp deletion of the CCR5 gene. Since no vaccines or treatments have been developed, a genetically based approach could be an innovative strategy to prevent and to control SRLVs infection. Our findings are an important starting point in order to define the genetic resistance profile towards SRLVs infection.

Social Ontology and Model-Building: A Response to Epstein

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Nadia Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Ontological Commitments ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social

Brian Epstein has recently argued that a thoroughly microfoundationalist approach towards economics is unconvincing for metaphysical reasons. Generally, Epstein argues that for an improvement in the methodology of social science we must adopt social ontology as the foundation of social sciences; that is, the standing microfoundationalist debate could be solved by fixing economics’ ontology. However, as I show in this paper, fixing the social ontology prior to the process of model construction is optional instead of necessary and that metaphysical-ontological commitments are often the outcome of model construction, not its starting point. By focusing on the practice of modeling in economics the paper provides a useful inroad into the debate about the role of metaphysics in the natural and social sciences more generally.

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