scholarly journals The Stomach Morphology and Contents of the Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. ACCEPTED
Author(s):  
Yue Min ◽  
Shibao Wu ◽  
Fuhua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Cavity Volume ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Manis Pentadactyla ◽  
Greater Curvature ◽  
Main Component

To better understand the critically endangered Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla)’s adaptation to highly specialized prey, and to enrich the acknowledge of this species’ natural dietary, we performed anatomic observation and contents analysis on the stomach of an accidental death of Chinese pangolin. The stomach is C-shaped and consists of the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus, weight 136.5 g, volume 120 mL, and the curve length of lesser and greater curvatures is 9.1 cm and 25.1 cm, respectively. The inner wall of the stomach is covered with the milky layer of mucosa which forms 9–10 spiral folds lapping the cardia and fundus, arranged alternately with ditches and ridges, accounting for approximately 30% of the inner surface of the stomach. These folds are soft to touch and reddish. The inner surface of the greater curvature has a pie-shaped appendix that protrudes and opens into the stomach cavity; it looks like fat tissue and is kermesinus. The pyloric tunica muscularis is thick, and the pyloric sphincter is developed. There is a mulberry-like bulge at the pylorus, named the pyloric pillow, and the pyloric gland lies below it; the pyloric pits are the size of a pen tip. The surface of pyloric pillow and nearby it is covered with yellowish spinous processes and pyloric teeth. The main component of the stomach contents was found to be the diced chitin exoskeletons of Carebara sp. with small amounts of straw, roots, and small stones, which were evenly mixed with stomach juices (pH 3). The fresh weight of the contents was 29.03 g, which accounted for approximately one-quarter of the stomach cavity volume. This study has shown that there was an adaptation of the stomach of Chinese pangolin to its diet. 

Selective modification of inner surface of halloysite nanotubes: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Outer Surface ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Large Cavity ◽  
Cavity Volume ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Chemical Strategies

AbstractIn this paper, we review the chemical strategies used for the modification of the inner surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The HNTs are nanotubular materials formed by rolling up the 1:1 aluminosilicate clays, where the composition is similar with kaolin. Owing to many virtues, including the high ratio of length to diameter, large cavity volume, desirable biocompatibility, and low cost, the HNTs have been applied to numerous promising domains. The modification of the outer surface is usually intended to decrease the HNT dispersal in aqueous media. Considering that the selective modification for the inner surface gives excellent prospects for hybrid HNT-based materials, herein, we explore the advances in the selective modification of the inner surface that expanded the applications of the HNTs.

Design and Development of an Instrument for Measurement of Biting Force in Human Beings

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Vaz ◽  
Mayank Shekhar Jha ◽  
Rishi Seth ◽  
Ambuj Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Output Voltage ◽  
Electronic Circuit ◽  
Wheatstone Bridge ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Digital Readout ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Selection Of

The gnathodynamometer is a device meant for the measurement of biting force and the assessment of masticator performance. The devices reported in the literature have not been very convenient to use, and have often undergone modifications. In this paper, a systematic mechatronic approach has been followed in the design and development of a gnathodynamometer, to overcome reported inadequacies. The design problem imposes several constraints of size, access, loading, safety, hygiene, and so on. The gnathodynamometer developed in this work is designed for a maximum biting force of 600 N, and a maximum deflection of 1 mm. Design of the main component, which is the fork, has been elaborately explained. Strain gauges located at the root of the inner surface of each prong have been used to sense the strains arising due to the application of biting force. The complete electronic circuit has been designed. Readings of biting force are displayed on a digital readout. The circuit includes selection of strain gauges, design of Wheatstone bridge, preamplifier. The device is then calibrated and a relationship between applied biting force and output voltage is obtained.

scholarly journals Hypersexuality: A Clinical Observation

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
Sexual Drive ◽  
Arousal Disorder ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Main Component ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Brain

A case history is presented, where hypersexuality could be conceptualized as a manifestation of persistent genital arousal disorder / restless genital syndrome [PGAD/ReGS]. Female patient Sh., 75, who sought our medical advice on April 16, 2015, presented complaints about a feeling of a “sexual drive in my pubic region”, burning in her legs (along the inner surface of her thighs), in her pubis and on her abdomen over the pubis in a small area. “I need intimacy, but I understand with my head that it is not necessary for me”. The above burning and sexual desire were felt, but not always. The appearance of the desire coincided with the appearance of the burning. At first, the burning developed and was followed by the desire, or on the contrary. The burning and desire could begin in the morning and trouble her all day long, but when she was engaged into some activity, she changed over and forgot about it. The appearance of the disorder was preceded with the death of her elder brother, who some time before was actually a substitute for her father. He always supported her both morally and financially. He was a rather valued personality for her, she loved him very much. Therefore, she took his death, which happened in the beginning of December in 2013, very hard. The disorder, concerning which the patient consulted me, appeared on February 14, 2014. She woke up in the night because of her heavy jittering, she felt a terrible sexual drive and a bad burning in her lower abdomen over the pubis and on the inner surface of her thighs. She could not sleep any more. The arousal, which appeared in the night, did not leave her till the morning and remained during the whole day, but then became weakening. She was treated by different medical specialists. Though some weakening of her symptoms was achieved, she failed to get rid of the disorder, which developed in her. As a result of our analysis we supposed its cerebrovascular genesis, which impacted on functions of the brain. As a weighty contributing factor we regarded her long-term distress caused by a manifested psychological trauma (the death of the person who was extremely significant for the patient). Our treatment (hypnosuggestive therapy, Sonapax, Hydazepam, irrigation of the pubis with 10% Lidocaine aerosol), where hypnosis was the main component (its 10 sessions were performed), resulted in complete disappearance of the symptoms. The interview performed 5 years after the end of the treatment demonstrated persistence and duration of the obtained results. The presented clinical case is not very bright, but this fact can be explained to a great extent by the patient’s age that excluded appearance of a number of phenomena typical for PGAD/ReGS.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE SPACE CREATED BY SPLIT SPINOUS PROCESSES IN DOUBLE-DOOR LAMINOPLASTY TO OPTIMIZE SHAPE OF AN ARTIFICIAL SPACER

2000 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Hirabayashi ◽  
Kiyoshi Kumano
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
The Difference

In double-door laminoplasty, several types of artificial spinous process spacers have been used instead of grafted bone from the iliac crest. However, inadequate contact between the spacer and the spinous process has recently been reported. From the observation during operation, we suspect that the main cause of the inadequate contact is the difference in shape between the spacer and the widened space created by the split spinous processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the shape of the widened space by means of a finite element analysis in order to confirm our observation objectively and to provide a shape design of a spacer adapting to the space. Half-sectioned finite element models of the second cervical (C2) vertebra and the C6 vertebra were made from both the computed tomography (CT) of a clinical case and a plastic model of a cervical spine. The finite element model was designed to have almost the same size and shape as those of the genuine vertebra in the clinical case. Since cancellous bone and soft tissues were thought not to meaningfully influence the rigidity of the model, the model was made of only cortical bone with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The x-axis was defined as the lateral direction of the vertebral body, the y-axis as the anteroposterior direction of the vertebral body and the z-axis as the craniocaudal direction along the posterior margin of the vertebral body. The boundary conditions were fixed at the inner surface of the half-sectioned vertebral body. A force of 100 N was applied to the inner surface of the half-sectioned spinous process (to the cranial side and the caudal side, 50 N each) in the direction of the x-axis. The lateral deviation of each split spinous process was defined as the degree of deviation in the x-axis direction. The degree of lateral deviation of each split spinous process was analyzed in two types of models with and without making a lateral gutter 4 mm wide along the z-axis direction. The lateral deviation at the cranial side was larger than that at the caudal side in both the C2 and C6 vertebrae. The difference between the lateral deviation at the cranial side and the caudal side of each vertebra was larger in the type of model with the lateral gutter than in the type of model without it. It was confirmed that the shape of the widened space is trapezoidal in not only the axial but also frontal sections. In conclusion, the optimal shape of a spacer adapting to the widened space in double-door laminoplasty is trapezoidal in not only the axial but also frontal sections.

scholarly journals ASPECTOS BIOLOGICOS Y ECOLOGICOS DEL MACABI ELOPS SAURUS LINNAEUS (PISCES: ELOPIDAE) EN LA CIENAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA Y COSTA ADYACENTE, CARIBE COLOMBIANO

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Santos Martínez ◽  
Santiago Arboleda
Keyword(s):  
Condition Factor ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Weight Relationship ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
Average Condition ◽  
Stomach Contents Analysis ◽  
Main Component

A sample of 1535 individuals of Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766, from Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) and the adjacent sea was examined between February 1987 to January 1988 and May 1990 to February 1992. The main meristic and rriorphometric aspects of the species, as well as the size frequency, are presented. The Lenght-Weight relationship obtained was TW= 2.7399*10-ÿLT5 Q931, and the average condition factor K was 4.74. It was determinated that 96% of the sexed individuals were inmature and sexually undifferenciated and that the female-male ratio was 1.5:1. The smallest mature females collected was 520 mm in TL. We conclude that juveniles live in the CGSM and the adults in the sea, where spawning probably takes place during the whole year. Fecundity was estimated in 519400 eggs for 950 mm TL female. Stomach contents analysis suggest that the main component of the diet are engraulidids fish and penaeids shrimp. Some differences were detected in the diet in relation with seasons and size. The permanent capture of juveniles in the CGSM must be controlled in order to protect the population and avoid further unbalance in the fisheries and the ecosystem.

scholarly journals The diet of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the forest ecosystems of Zhytomirske Polesie of the Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Krasnov ◽  
Zoia Shelest ◽  
Sergii Boiko ◽  
Igor Gulik ◽  
Waldemar Sieniawski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Natural Flora ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Forest Plants ◽  
Forest Habitats

Abstract The botanical composition of the European roe deer diet in the radioactively contaminated forest ecosystems of Zhytomirske Polesie of the Ukraine was investigated. Deer were caught monthly over a two–year period on three plots in forest habitats typical for Zhytomirske Polesie (fresh and moist mixed coniferous forests and mixed broadleaved forests). An analysis of the stomach contents of hunted deer showed that they consumed leafy as well as leafless stems, grasses, fruits and mushrooms depending on the season and availability of forest plants. Each season was characterized by one major dietary component. In the spring, the main component of the deer diet was the stems of woody plants. 44 species of vascular plants (3% of the natural flora of the region) were identified in the roe deer diet including 41 species of Magnoliophyta, of which 34 species of Magnoliopsida and 7 species of Liliopsida, 2 species of Polipodiophyta and one species of Pinophyta. Species such as aspen (Populus tremula), oak (Quercus robur), blackberry (Rubus nessensis) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) were consumed year-round.

Cervical diastematomyelia presenting in adulthood

1985 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Beyerl ◽  
Robert G. Ojemann ◽  
Kenneth R. Davis ◽  
E. Tessa Hedley-Whyte ◽  
Marc R. Mayberg
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Spinal Canal ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Cervical Trauma ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A case of cervical diastematomyelia in an adult is reported. The patient first noted sensory and motor symptoms at 34 years of age after two episodes of cervical trauma. Metrizamide computerized tomography myelography of the cervical spine and cord showed the region of diastematomyelia and revealed a spur containing both bone and fat tissue projecting into the spinal canal and cord. The spur arose from the laminae and spinous processes of C-2 and C-3, and was successfully excised. Postoperatively, the patient's deficits gradually improved. The literature concerning adult cervical diastematomyelia is reviewed.

scholarly journals An osteometric approach to reconstruct the length and weight of Lutjanus argentiventris (Perciformes: Lujtanidae) for archaeological and ecological purposes

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernanda Martínez-Polanco ◽  
Philippe Béarez
Keyword(s):  
Standard Length ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Historical Ecology ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Allometric Model ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

ABSTRACT Lutjanus argentiventris presents a large intertropical distribution within the Eastern Pacific, which is as important to fisheries now as it was in the pre-Hispanic period. The purpose of this article is to present an allometric model that enables the size and weight of L. argentiventris to be predicted, using the isolated bones found in archaeological and paleontological contexts or the stomach contents of ichthyophagous species. A modern collection of L. argentiventris from Ecuador was used, composed of 37 individuals covering a wide range of sizes and weights. The total length (TL), standard length (SL), and total fresh weight (W) of each individual was gathered. The TL of the sample ranged between 210 and 760 mm, the SL between 164 and 627 mm and the W ranged between 123 and 6550 g. The most frequent bones (15) and otoliths were chosen and 39 measurements were taken. The total length-weight relationship was W = 6E-06 TL3.1513 with R 2 = 0.997. In general, it was observed that the relationships between the TL and the bone measurements had a strong correlation (R² > 0.95). The allometric model will be useful not only for archaeologists but also for biologists working on historical ecology.

A SEM and Light Microscope Study of the Epidermal Leaf Structures of the Carnivorous Plant, Sarracenia purpurea, L.

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 358-359
Author(s):  
B. J. Panessa ◽  
J. F. Gennaro
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Microscope Study ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Carnivorous Plant ◽  
Sarracenia Purpurea ◽  
Inner Surface

Tissue from the hood and sarcophagus regions were fixed in 6% glutaraldehyde in 1 M.cacodylate buffer and washed in buffer. Tissue for SEM was partially dried, attached to aluminium targets with silver conducting paint, carbon-gold coated(100-500Å), and examined in a Kent Cambridge Stereoscan S4. Tissue for the light microscope was post fixed in 1% aqueous OsO4, dehydrated in acetone (4°C), embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at ½u on a Sorvall MT 2 ultramicrotome. Cross and longitudinal sections were cut and stained with PAS, 0.5% toluidine blue and 1% azure II-methylene blue. Measurements were made from both SEM and Light micrographs.The tissue had two structurally distinct surfaces, an outer surface with small (225-500 µ) pubescent hairs (12/mm2), numerous stoma (77/mm2), and nectar glands(8/mm2); and an inner surface with large (784-1000 µ)stiff hairs(4/mm2), fewer stoma (46/mm2) and larger, more complex glands(16/mm2), presumably of a digestive nature.

Gastric Ulcers Produced by Cisplatin

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
S.K. Aggarwal ◽  
J. San Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽  
Intestinal Toxicity ◽  
Ovarian Cancers ◽  
Inner Surface

Cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)) a potent antitumor agent is now available for the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers. It is however, not free from its serious side effects including nephrotoxicity, gastro intestinal toxicity, myelosuppression, and ototoxicity. Here we now report that the drug produces peculiar bloating of the stomach in rats and induces acute ulceration.Wistar-derived rats weighing 200-250 g were administered cisplatin(9 mg/kg) ip as a single dose in 0.15 M NaCl. After 3 days the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. The stomachs were removed, the contents analyzed for pepsin and acidity. The inner surface was examined with a dissecting microscope after a moderate stretching for ulcers. Affected areas were fixed and processed for routine electron microscopy and enzyme cytochemistry.The drug treated animals kept on food and water consistently showed bloating and lesions (Fig. 1) with a frequency of 6-70 ulcers in the rumen section of the stomachs.

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