scholarly journals Analisa Teknoekonomi Biogas Dari Eceng Gondok dengan Stater Kotoran Sapi

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Meylinda Mulyati
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methanogenic Bacteria ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
The Cost

Water hyacinth is a waste that can be utilized by the community as an alternative potential for biogas energy. The formation of biogas from water hyacinth requires a residence time (LT) that is still long, which is between 30-35 days for the formation of methane. So that the process of forming methane is not too long, a stater is needed so that methanogenic bacteria can increase from cow dung so that the residence time is much shorter. The process of making biogas starts from making a digester, the process of taking water hyacinth by chopping water hyacinth, preparing cattle dung stater. The purpose of this study is to analyze technically and economically biogas from water hyacinth with cow manure stater. This research was carried out through several stages, namely: preparation of raw materials, stater and plastic biogas digester and techno-economic analysis. In this study the ratio of raw material 1: 1 (water hyacinth chopped 20 kg, water 20 kg) and the addition of stater cattle dung 6 kg. The results of this study are that the technical aspects of biogas start production after 10 days of filling the digester at pH 7.1. Biogas produced is known by direct flame test. Visible on the 10th day the resulting flame is still small, but this shows that the gas has been formed. The pH of the digester is between 4.7 and 8.5. The decrease in TS value from the inlet which is 46 kg to the outlet is 28 kg, indicating that there has been degradation in the substrate in the digester. On the economical aspect the investment cost of a biogas installation in a synthetic digester is IDR 1,500,000.00. Variable costs are the cost of water hyacinth, cow dung and water of Rp 150,000.00 per year. The Cost of Biogas Production is Rp 3,836.08 and if it is sold at a margin of 50% the selling price is Rp 5,800. The break even point in kilograms is 267.2 and in rupiahs is Rp 1.025,000.00. This payback period for investment in biogas business is 2.86 years.

scholarly journals Analisis Produksi Biogas Berdasarkan Bahan Baku Limbah Kotoran Sapi, Serbuk Gergaji, dan Effective Microorganisme-4 (EM4)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Mario Dwi Adrianto
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Filling Material

Biogas is an alternative energy made from organic waste. Organic waste which is often used as raw material for biogas is cow dung. Cow manure is used as raw material for biogas because the cellulose content in it is quite high and its availability is relatively large. However, if only one material is used, the optimum C / N ratio will not be achieved. If the optimum C / N ratio is achieved, the gas produced in biogas production will also increase. One way to get the optimum C / N ratio is by adding biogas filling material. In this study, variations in the composition of biogas filling materials were carried out, namely (1) cow dung, (2) cow dung and sawdust, and (3) cow dung, sawdust, and EM4. Of the three variations of this filling material, measurements of temperature, gas pressure, and pH will be carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the composition of the biogas mixture on the variables of temperature, gas pressure, and pH. The biogas production process were divided into several stages, such as mixing filling material, inputting filling material into the digester, fermentation process, taking the data of observation, and analyzing the data. The results showed that differences in the composition of biogas raw materials affected the variable temperature and gas pressure. As for pH, the composition of the filling material does not have a significant effect.   Keywords: biogas, cow dung, sawdust, EM4

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes as Raw Material in the Replacement of Fluxes for Applications on Porcelain Tile

2016 ◽  
Vol 881 ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimundo J.S. Paranhos ◽  
Wilson Acchar ◽  
Vamberto Monteiro Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Porcelain Tile

This study evaluated the potential use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes (SBA) as a flux, replacing phyllite for the production of enamelled porcelain tile. The raw materials of the standard mass components and the SBA residue were characterized by testing by XRF, XRD, AG, DTA and TGA. Test samples were fabricated, assembled in lots of 3 units and sintered at temperatures of 1150 ° C to 1210 ° C. The results of the physical properties, mechanical properties and SEM of the sintered samples, showed that the formulation, G4 - in which applied 10% of SBA replacing phyllite, sintering temperature 1210 ° C showed better performance as the previously mentioned properties due to the formation of mullite crystals, meeting the prerequisites of standards for enamelled porcelain tile, while reducing the environmental impact and the cost of production.

D. Perhitungan HPP Telur Asin Dengan Pendekatan Variabel Costing Pada UD Mulya Jaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Neno Pratiwi ◽  
Andre Setiawan ◽  
Ilmi Cayono ◽  
Johan Trinanto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company ◽  
Important Objective

ABSTRAK Pada umumnya harga pokok produksi dalam akuntansi diartikan dengan jumlah biaya dari seluruh pemakaian yang telah dilakukan selama proses produksi atau kegiatan yang mana mengubah bahan baku menjadi produk jadi (produk siap pakai/siap saji). Tujuan penting dalam tugas ini yaitu memperhitungkan harga pokok produksi dari UD Mulya Jaya dengan menggunakan pendekatan variabel costing untuk mengetahui besarnya harga pokok pada setiap produk yang diproduksi. Pentingnya penentuan harga pokok produksi dapat dilakukan sebelum para usaha menentukan harga jual. Pendampingan ini bertujuan untuk membantu mencari dan menentukan harga pokok produksi yang dapat digunakan untuk menetapkan harga jual. Pendampingan ini dilakukan untuk membantu wirausaha dalam program kerja, yaitu bimbingan akuntansi dengan fokus perhitungan harga pokok produksi. Dalam menentukan harga pokok produksi pada UD Mulya Jaya dapat menggunakan pendekatan variable costing yang biasanya metode ini digunakan untuk semacam pengambilan keputusan dalam perusahaan. Melalui program pendampingan kewirausahaan didapatkan hasil perhitungan harga pokok produksi yang menggunakan pendekatan variabel costing. Hasil tersebut dapat menjadi suatu keputusan bagi UD Mulya Jaya untuk dapat menetapkan harga pokok produksi pada setiap produk telur asin. Kata Kunci : Kewirausahaan, HPP, Harga.   ABSTRACT In general, the cost of production in accounting is defined as the total cost of all uses that have been made during the production process or activities which convert raw materials into finished products (ready-to-use / ready-to-serve products). An important objective in this task is to calculate the cost of goods manufactured from UD Mulya Jaya by using a variable costing approach to find out the cost of goods on each product produced. The importance of determining the cost of production can be done before businesses determine the selling price. This assistance aims to help find and determine the cost of production that can be used to set the selling price. This assistance is carried out to help entrepreneurs in work programs, namely accounting guidance with a focus on calculating the cost of production. In determining the cost of production at UD Mulya Jaya, it can use the variable costing approach, which is usually used for a kind of decision making in a company. Through the entrepreneurship assistance program, the results of the calculation of the cost of production are obtained using the variable costing approach. These results can be a decision for UD Mulya Jaya to be able to set the cost of production for each salted egg product. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, COGS, Price

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH FLY ASH DARI PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA PADA PEMBUATAN SEMEN PCC (PORTLAND COMPOSITE CEMENT) DI PT SEMEN XYZ LAMPUNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Septiyana Sari ◽  
◽  
Susanti Sundari
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Technical Aspect ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Composite Cement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This study discusses the use of fly ash waste from coal burning on the manufacture of PCC (Portland composite cement) at PT. XYZ Lampung. The purpose of this research is to look at the technical studies and the efficiency of raw materials in the use of fly ash in cement making, in this case PCC cement (Portland Composite Cement). The steps taken in analyzing the data in this study were viewed from a technical aspect by means of a physical test, namely the cement compressive strength test at the age of 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days using the Compression Testing Machine. This test was conducted to see the comparison of the compressive strength of PCC cement using limestone and fly ash as raw materials, then calculate the difference in raw material costs in the year before and after the replacement of limestone with fly ash. The results showed that cement with the addition of fly ash after 3 days, 7 days and 28 days had an increased compressive strength value, which increased 21.69%, 16.07% and 8.05% respectively of the compressive strength of cement using limestone. The use of fly ash as a substitute for limestone has an effect on the cost of raw materials, where the difference between the cost of raw materials in 2019 and the cost of raw materials in 2018 is Rp. 39,440,952,074.

scholarly journals Suitability of Macrophytes for Wastewater Treatment and Biogas Generation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S2) ◽  
pp. 16-18
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Water Lettuce ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Almost All

In this paper three sustainable approaches are made in waste management option. Firstly primary treated domestic sewage is treated by aquatic macrophytes using duckweed, water hyacinth and water lettuce. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Phosphate, Nitrates are tested before and after. Result indicates in terms of water quality, almost all three plants shows same removal efficiencies. BOD and TSS removal efficiency is attained more than 95%. COD and TDS removal is reached upto 50% for almost all plants. Secondly the used aquatic macrophytes for wastewater treatment is again used for generation of biogas (water lettuce unit, duckweed unit, water lettuce unit). In addition to three aquatic macrophytes, sludge is collected from aquatic macrophyte unit for generation of biogas. Comparison is made with conventional cow dung biogas unit. Result indicates water lettuce and duckweed produce biogas at earlier stage itself and water hyacinth takes some time for starting of biogas production. This may be due to the structure and texture causes some time for decomposition. Sludge gives maximum biogas generation among all experimental setup. Also in this study cow dung did not give biogas more may be due to poor blend ratio of cow dung with water is one of the reason.

scholarly journals Investigation of the process of production of crafted beer with spicy and aromatic raw materials

10.5219/1183 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 806-814
Author(s):  
Marija Zheplinska ◽  
Mikhailo Mushtruk ◽  
Volodymyr Vasyliv ◽  
Olena Deviatko
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Volumetric Fraction ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Water Alcohol

This scientific work demonstrates the stages of the process of inspiring the spicy aromatic raw materials of Badian, which is added to the craft beer in the process of its digestion. In addition, the work shows an analysis of the composition of spicy aromatic raw materials which will be used as an additive. The research proves the rational quantity and concentration of alcoholic spiro-aromatic raw materials for beer and determines the effect of alcoholic spiro-aromatic raw materials on beer indices. We have clarified the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of beer with spicy aromatic raw materials Badian and composition based on infusions of Badian and cinnamon. As a result, we received water-alcohol infusions of spicy aromatic raw materials and developed new types of beer on their basis. On the basis of the conducted studies, the regression equation of the dependence of the content of actual dry substances and the volumetric fraction of alcohol from the change in the amount of spray-aromatic raw material and alcohol concentration in the alcohol-alcoholic infusion of spin-aromatic raw materials was obtained. In addition, we conducted calculations on the cost-effectiveness of adding these types of spiced aromatic raw materials to beer.

scholarly journals CALCULATION OF PRODUCTION COST IN UD. USAHA BARU WITH FULL COSTING METHOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Suprianto Suprianto ◽  
Bina Andari ◽  
Yely Sulistyawati
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to evaluate the calculation of cost of production. The accuracy of the calculation of cost of production is influenced by the suitability in the accumulation and calculation of production costs which includes the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs and other costs (factory overhead costs). This research was conducted at UKM UD. Usaha Baru which aims to determine the calculation of cost of production at UD. Usaha Baru and to find out whether the calculation of cost of production is in accordance with the full costing method. The technique (method) of data analysis used in this study is quantitative analysis. Data collection techniques use interview techniques directly to obtain information from the number of units of monthly production, raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, as well as other information relating to the calculation of cost of production. Based on the evaluation results for the calculation of raw material costs and labor costs are in accordance with the full costing method. However, the calculation of factory overhead costs is not in accordance with the full costing method because there are costs that have not been included in the calculation of production costs.

scholarly journals Nilai Tambah Produk Olahan Jahe Merah pada UD. VisionBali Herbal Indonesia, Denpasar

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARIEF SETIAWAN ROSO ◽  
I KETUT SUAMBA ◽  
NI WAYAN PUTU ARTINI
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Red Ginger ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Product Output

The Added Value of Processed Red Ginger Product at UD. VisionBali Herbal Indonesia, DenpasarThis research aimed to determine the added value of red ginger as an herbal drink in one production process and to determine the level of profits earned by the company in the red ginger processing in one production process. Determination of the study area was done purposively and the analytical methods used was the method of added value calculation, i.e. the product value is deducted by the value of raw materials and other supporting materials.It can be concluded from the result of the research that the added value of the red ginger processing business obtained in one production process is Rp. 84.600,00/kg. The added value is obtained from the deduction of the value of the product/output of Rp. 175.000,00/kg with the cost of raw material (input prices) Rp. 25.000,00/kg and the contribution of the cost of other inputs of Rp. 65.400,00/kg. It was also found that the profits gained by the manufacturer from the processed red ginger into herbal drink in one production process was Rp. 200.954,06. The suggestion that can be given to the company is to put more attention in the details of its production costs so as not to result in a low ratio of added value and further to improve the marketing of the products, so that people are interested in re-use of herbal medicine that is free of chemical components.

scholarly journals Supply Chain Optimization by Mixed Integer Program for Manufacturer and Retailer System of Poultry firm in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khairul Islam ◽  
Mohammed Forhad Uddin ◽  
Md M Alam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Integer Program ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Mixed Integer Program ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Supply Chain Optimization ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost

In this study, we formulate mixed integer program for manufacturer and retailer system of poultry firm in Bangladesh that is one of the most promising sectors to increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate plus equitable distribution through arranging food security as well as ensuring self-employment, creating purchasing power and reducing poverty at a large scale. From the survey, it has observed that the selling price of eggs and chicken fluctuate depending on the natural calamities. We have made a question survey on some poultry firm in the district of Mymensingh and Gazipur. This paper maximized the profit and minimizes the cost. The formulated mixed integer program has solved by branch and bound algorithm using A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL). It has observed that the profit and selling price have very good relationship with production cost and raw materials cost but no significant relation with fixed cost.GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc.Vol. 34 (2014) 75-87

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