scholarly journals Truffle cultivation in the south of France: technical progress and prospects

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Sourzat
Keyword(s):  
Technical Progress ◽  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
The South ◽  
Truffle Cultivation ◽  
Siglo Xix

Antecedentes: Fue más fácil producir la trufa negra Tuber melanosporum a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX que hoy en día. Las razones de su abundancia en este período fueron los paisajes abiertos con una población rural abundante. La Primera Guerra Mundial influyó conspicuamente en el declive de la producción de trufas. Fue a principios de la década de 1970 cuando se inició el cultivo de la trufa.Objetivo: Revisar los principales métodos utilizados históricamente en el cultivo de la trufa negra.Resultados y conclusión: La invención de las plantas micorrizadas diseminada desde 1973 y las numerosas investigaciones y experimentos realizados desde entonces han permitido mantener producciones de trufas las cuales han aumentado considerablemente. Se han experimentado diferentes modelos de cultivo de trufas a partir de la invención de las plantas micorrizadas. Cuatro factores principales están involucrados en la producción de trufa: 1) una planta bien micorrizada, 2) un suelo calcáreo, aireado y drenaje con buena actividad biológica, 3) un clima templado, y 4) técnicas de cultivo apropiadas. Los modelos de cultivo de trufas se han utilizado para comparar estos aspectos técnicos. La persistencia de limitaciones en el cultivo de las trufas justifica la continuidad del estudio de las características de las plantaciones de trufas en su dinámica de cultivo.

scholarly journals Los espacios turísticos: producción, experiencias e imaginarios. El caso de la Araucanía andino-lacustre chilena, 1900-1940

2019 ◽  
pp. 219-246
Author(s):  
Pablo Martínez Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
Material Production ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Tourist Experience ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century

Los procesos de producción de espacios turísticos se expresan en sendas espacio-temporales, asociadas a una producción material, como las infraestructuras, equipamiento y conectividad, pero también en una producción inmaterial, basada en la difusión de imaginarios territoriales vinculados a la experiencia turística. Se busca analizar dicho proceso, en la Araucanía andino-lacustre chilena, entre 1900-1940, a partir de los relatos de los primeros viajeros con motivaciones turísticas a finales del siglo XIX y el rol de Estado como actor promotor de la turistificación del territorio en el sur de Chile. The processes of production of tourist spaces are expressed in space-time paths, associated with a material production, such as infrastructures, equipment and connectivity, but also in an immaterial production, based on the diffusion of territorial imaginaries linked to the tourist experience. It is sought to analyze this process, in the Chilean Andean-lacustrine Araucanía, between 1900-1940, based on the account of the first travelers with tourist motivations at the end of the 19th century and the role of the State as a promoter of the touristification of the territory in the South of Chile.

Soil factors that influence the fruiting of Tuber melanosporum (black truffle)

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. García-Montero ◽  
M. A. Casermeiro ◽  
J. Hernando ◽  
I. Hernando
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Black Truffle ◽  
Truffle Cultivation ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Collective Influence

Although soil is one of the factors in the biology of Tuber melanosporum (black truffle of Périgord), which has been the subject of much study, there are few quantitative analyses relating to its effects on carpophore production. The aim of this work is to establish the statistical relationship between T. melanosporum productivity in 20 soil surface horizons and their conventional soil properties (granulometric texture, pH, calcareous fractions, organic carbon, total nitrogen, exchangeable cations). The study area is situated in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula under a Mediterranean climate. Statistical analysis shows that the collective influence of these conventional soil features is low, as principal component analysis explains only 27% of the variance in T. melanosporum production. However, a high percentage of active limestone (calcium carbonate extractable with ammonium oxalate) accounts for 40% of the variance in T. melanosporum production. Active limestone is very important to T. melanosporum because it regulates soil pH and exchangeable Ca2+ availability and participates in the organisation and maintenance of the soil structure; it also plays a role in the truffle’s nutrition. These results obtained for active limestone may be of use in truffle cultivation.

scholarly journals “UMA INDÚSTRIA AUSENTE”: A REGIÃO DA AMAZÔNIA NA EXPOSIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE LONDRES (1862)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-181
Author(s):  
Anna Carolina De Abreu Coelho ◽  
Sérgio Moreno Rédon ◽  
Rafael Gonçalves Gumiero ◽  
Andréa Regina De Britto Costa Lopes ◽  
Maria Rita Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Central America ◽  
The South ◽  
Natural Objects ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
América Del Sur ◽  
Brazilian Case

As exposições universais durante o século XIX eram denominadas “festas do progresso”, vitrines para apresentar o melhor de cada país. Essa busca por uma representação civilizada poderia ocorrer de várias formas quando se tratava dos países das américas do sul e central, no caso brasileiro o relatório da Exposição Universal de Londres (1862), escrito por Francisco Inácio de Carvalho Moreira, demonstra uma escolha por ressaltar a diversidade dos produtos provinciais.  Indo ao encontro dessa exposição da diversidade, este artigo busca entender as formas regionais de representação das províncias do Pará e do Amazonas, cujos produtos eram notadamente objetos naturais, advindos do extrativismo, pela comissão brasileira; partindo de uma discussão sobre civilização e natureza na região da Amazônia.Palavras-chave: Região; Exposição; Amazônia; Londres; Natureza; Civilização. AbstractThe universal exhibitions during the nineteenth century were called "festivals of progress", showcases to present the best of each country. This search for a civilized representation could occur in many ways when it came to the countries of the South and Central America, in the Brazilian case the report of the Universal Exhibition of London (1862), written by Francisco Inácio de Carvalho Moreira, shows a choice to emphasize the diversity of provincial products. Going to this exhibition of diversity, the aim is to understand the representation regional forms of Pará and Amazonas provinces, whose products were notably natural objects, derived from extractivism by the Brazilian commission; starting from a discussion about civilization and nature in the Amazon region.Keywords: Region; Exhibition; Amazon; London; Nature; Civilization. ResumenLas exposiciones universales durante el siglo XIX eran llamadas “fiestas de progreso”, escaparates para presentar lo mejor de cada país. Esa búsqueda por una representación civilizada ocurrió de varias formas cuando se trataba de los países de América del Sur y Central. En el caso de Brasil el informe de la Exposición Universal de Londres (1862) escrito por Francisco Inácio de Carvalho Moreira, demuestra una acción por resaltar la diversidad de productos provinciales. Yendo al encuentro de esa exposición de la diversidad, este artículo busca entender las formas regionales de representación de las provincias de los Estados del Pará e del Amazonas escogidas por la comisión brasileña, cuyos productos seleccionados eran mayoritariamente naturales, producidos por la actividad extractiva; iniciando una discusión sobre civilización y naturaleza en la región de la Amazonia.Palabras clave: Región; Exposición Universal; Amazonia; Londres; Naturaleza; Civilización.

OS CAYAPÓ E A PROPRIEDADE DA TERRA EM SANT”™ANNA DO PARANAHYBA, SUL DE MATO GROSSO

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
MARIA CELMA BORGES
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The South ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Xix Century

Este texto objetiva apreender as ações dos Cayapó pelas estradas, roças e aldeamentos de Sant”™Anna do Paranahyba, sul de Mato Grosso, e em suas proximidades, no século XIX. O olhar volta-se para as práticas de enfrentamento e/ou negociação entre esses povos originários e os poderes locais e provinciais, com ênfase para o aldeamento e a propriedade da terra. Mas, anterior a esta discussão, percorreremos os caminhos das monções por essa localidade, nos séculos XVIII e XIX, a fim de perscrutar vestá­gios dos Cayapó no contato com essas incursões. Os ”Documentos Interessantes para a História de São Paulo” e as obras ”Extremo Oeste” e ”Monções”, de Holanda, nos dão pistas para esta empreitada. Somam-se a estas referências as memórias de um sertanista, Correspondências oficiais do Arquivo Público de Mato Grosso, bem como inventários e processo-crime coletados no Arquivo do Memorial de Justiça em Mato Grosso do Sul.Palavras-chave: Cayapó. Propriedade da terra. Sul de Mato Grosso.THE CAYAPÓ AND THE LAND PROPERTY IN SANT”™ANNA DO PARANAHYBA, SOUTH REGION OF MATO GROSSO  Abstract: This text aims to apprehend Cayapó”™s actions through roads, plantations and settlements from Sant”™anna do Paranahyba, south region of Mato Grosso and its proximities in the XIX century. The attention   focuses on confronting practices and/or negotiation between this native communities and the Local authorities with emphasis to settlement and land property. However, prior to this discussion we will course the monsoon”™s ways through this locality in the XVII and XIX centuries, to investigate the vestiges of Cayapó in contact with this incursion. The ”Documentos Interessantes para a História de São Paulo” and the pieces ”Extremo Oeste” and ”Monções” from the author Holanda give to us clues to this endeavor. Added to this references are the memories of a ”˜sertanista”™  (explorer of Brazil”™s interior), Official Correspondences from the Mato Grosso Public Archive, as well as inventories and criminal proceedings collected in the Memorial of Justice Archive in the south region of Mato Grosso.Keywords: Cayapó. Land property. South region of Mato Grosso.LOS CAYAPÓ Y LA PROPIEDAD DE LA TIERRA EN  SANT”™ANNA DO PARANAHYBA, SUR DE MATO GROSSO  Resumen: Con este trabajo objetivamos comprender los actos de los indios Cayapó por las rutas, en las huertas y en los pueblos de Sant”™Anna de Paranahyba, ubicados en el sur de Mato Grosso y en sus cercaná­as, en el siglo XIX. El enfoque está en las prácticas de enfrentamiento y/o negociación entre estos pueblos originarios y los poderes locales y provinciales, con énfasis para la población y la propiedad de la tierra. Pero, antes de esta discusión, recorreremos por caminos de monzones por las localidades, en los siglos XVIII y XIX, con el objetivo de investigar los vestigios de los Cayapó en el contacto con estas incursiones. Utilizaremos los ”Documentos Interessantes para a História de São Paulo” y las obras ”Extremo Oeste” y ”Monções”, de Holanda, que nos dan pistas para el desarrollo de este trabajo. Además de estos archivos, agregamos las memorias de un explorador, Correspondencias oficiales del archivo de Mato Grosso, asá­ como inventarios y procesos penales recogidos en el Archivo del Memorial de la Justicia en Mato Grosso do Sul.Palabras Clave: Cayapó. Propiedad de la tierra. Sur de Mato Grosso.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Mating Type Distribution of Tuber melanosporum and Their Significance to Truffle Cultivation in Artificially Planted Truffiéres in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6534-6539 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Linde ◽  
H. Selmes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Truffle Cultivation ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Tuber Brumale ◽  
Source Populations

ABSTRACTTuber melanosporumis a truffle native to Europe and is cultivated in countries such as Australia for the gastronomic market, where production yields are often lower than expected. We assessed the genetic diversity ofT. melanosporumwith six microsatellite loci to assess the effect of genetic drift on truffle yield in Australia. Genetic diversity as assessed on 210 ascocarps revealed a higher allelic diversity compared to previous studies from Europe, suggesting a possible genetic expansion and/or multiple and diverse source populations for inoculum. The results also suggest that the single sequence repeat diversity of locus ME2 is adaptive and that, for example, the probability of replication errors is increased for this locus. Loss of genetic diversity in Australian populations is therefore not a likely factor in limiting ascocarp production. A survey of nursery seedlings and trees inoculated withT. melanosporumrevealed that <70% of seedlings and host trees were colonized withT. melanosporumand that some trees had been contaminated byTuber brumale, presumably during the inoculation process. Mating type (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) analyses on seedling and four- to ten-year-old host trees found that 100% of seedlings but only approximately half of host trees had both mating types present. Furthermore, MAT1-1-1 was detected significantly more commonly than MAT1-2-1 in established trees, suggesting a competitive advantage for MAT1-1-1 strains. This study clearly shows that there are more factors involved in ascocarp production than just the presence of both mating types on host trees.

scholarly journals HISTORIA DE LOS MÉTODOS DE VALORACIÓN DE COMPAÑÍAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Hellen Claudia Téllez Porcel
Keyword(s):  
Stock Markets ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
The South ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
South Sea ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx

  Este articulo trata de los intentos en la historia de valuar una compañía o valuar capitales desde el desarrollo de los mercados de acciones en el siglo XIX, hasta los últimos años del siglo XX. Periodo en el que se destacan dos hechos históricos que se constituyeron en catalizadores para el desarrollo de las técnicas de valuación de compañías. Se presenta una relación histórica del porque los inversionistas emplearon en determinado tiempo una u otra técnica, así se comienza con el análisis del rendimiento de dividendos que por la poca información disponible para su empleo no fue útil para enfrentar la Burbuja de los Mares del Sur, que como consecuencia hizo a los inversionistas más precavidos por lo que empezaron a emplear el valor libro para determinar la tenencia de activos de las compañías para respaldar sus paquetes accionarios. Por otra parte, el valor intrínseco fue discutido desde principios del surgimiento de los mercados de valores, sin embargo, se volvió a tocar con más fuerza después de la Burbuja de los mares del Sur y del crack de 1929. Finalmente, el método de flujos descontados se empezó a usar en 1960, pero no fue hasta la Burbuja Tecnológica de finales del siglo XX que cobro importancia como método para valuar compañías y realizar comparaciones de inversiones. ABSTRACT This article refers to attempts in history to value a company or to value capitals, from the development of the stock markets in the 19th century, until the last years of the 20th century. Period in which two historical events took place and became the catalysts for the development of company valuation techniques. A historical relationship is presented to know why investors used one or another technique at a certain time, beginning with the analysis of the dividend yield that due to the little information available for its use was not useful to face the South Sea Bubble, which as a consequence made investors more cautious so they began to use the book value to determine the holdings of companies’ assets to back their share packages. On the other hand, the intrinsic value was discussed since the beginning of the emergence of the stock markets, however it was played with more force after the South Sea Bubble and the crash of 1929. Finally, the discounted cash flow method began to be used in 1960, but it was not until the Technology Bubble of the late twentieth century that it gained importance as a method to value companies and make investment comparisons.  

scholarly journals Mercado regional en el Golfo de California (1848-1910)

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Guillén Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
The 19Th Century

Resumen:El comercio marítimo que apareció en el Golfo de California a finales del siglo X V I I I, se afianzó en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX merced a la navegación de altura que tuvo como eje el puerto de San Blas, Nayarit, y al intercambio efectuado por las naves que cubrían los diversos destinos de la región con productos agrícolas y pecuarios. Su despegue definitivo, sin embargo, ocurrió con motivo de la fiebre del oro en California, que permitió el establecimiento de rutas regulares que tocaban los puertos de Guaymas, Mazatlán y La Paz . El propio desarrollo urbano de estas localidades constituyó un mercado interesante para los buques de vapor que se movían a lo largo del Pacífico. Los comerciantes locales se hicieron así de un respetable capital que invirtieron en otros sectores productivos de la región, además de fortalecer los lazos establecidos entre ellos. La entrada del ferrocarril a Sonora en la década de los ochenta del siglo XIX no eclipsó por completo a Guaymas, que por todo el resto de la centuria conservó un papel relevante como centro comercial regional. En la medida que el caballo de hierro abatió sus costos y se acreditó entre los sectores minero e industrial sonorenses y, sobretodo, cuando el Sudpacífico continuó su marcha hacia el Sur, al entrar en Sinaloa, el importante mercado regional del Golfo de California cayó de manera significativa.Palabras clave: comercio marítimo, navegación de altura, fiebre del oro en California , ferro carril, comercio en el Mar de Cortez.Abstract:Maritime trade that emerged in the Gulf of California in the late 18th century consolidated during the first decades of the 19th century thanks to deep-sea navigation, whose axis was the port of San Blas, Nayarit, as well as to trade carried out by the ships transporting agricultural and livestock products to the various destinations of the region. How ever, it took off once and for all owing to the gold fever in California, which allowed establishing regular routes that called at the ports of Guaymas, Mazatlán y La Paz. The urban development itself of these localities was a interesting market for the steamships sailing across the Pacific. Local merchants thus obtained a considerable capital which they invested in other productive sectors of the region, as well as strengthening the ties established among them. The arrival of the railroad in Sonora in the 1880s didn’t eclipse Guaymas completely, which played a important role as a regional business center for the rest of the century. As the Iron Horse reduced its costs and gained a good reputation among the Sonora mining and industrial sectors, and, above all, when the South Pacific carried on toward the south, arriving in Sinaloa, the important regional market of the Gulf of California fell significantly.Palabras clave: sea trade, ocean navigation, California gold fever, railroads, Cortez Sea trade.

scholarly journals Pizkunde: los «renacimientos» de la lengua vasca

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Xabier Zabaltza
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Literary Revival ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century

Resumen: En este trabajo se cuestionan el concepto y la cronología tradicional del Pizkunde, el «renacimiento» de la identidad vasca en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En realidad, antes de la aparición del nacionalismo, en los países vascos existieron dos «renacimientos» distintos, que solo tuvieron relación puntual entre ellos. El primero, de signo culturalista y en vascuence, fundamentalmente al norte de los Pirineos. El segundo, más político y fundamentalmente en castellano, al sur. El nacionalismo vasco procede mucho más de este que de aquel. Además, en la Vasconia meridional las reivindicaciones culturales son, en gran parte, consecuencia y no causa de las reivindicaciones políticas.  Palabras clave: lengua vasca, «renacimiento» literario, fuerismo, culturalismo, nacionalismo   Abstract: In this paper the concept and the traditional chronology of the Pizkunde, the «revival» of Basque identity in the second half of the 19th century, are questioned. In fact, before the emergence of nationalism, in the Basque countries there were two different «revivals», which only occasionally crossed paths. The first, which was culturalist and expressed in Basque, mostly to the north of the Pyrenees; the second, more political and mostly in Spanish, to the south. Basque nationalism has derived much more from the latter than from the former. In addition to this, in Southern Basqueland, cultural claims are largely a consequence and not a cause of political demands.  Keywords: Basque language, literary «revival», «fuerism», culturalism, nationalism.  

scholarly journals ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ADVANCES IN THE CULTIVATION OF TUBER SPP.

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Alessandra Zambonelli ◽  
Pamela Leonardi ◽  
Mirco Iotti ◽  
Ian Hall
Keyword(s):  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Fruiting Body Formation ◽  
Important Advance ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
Truffle Cultivation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tuber Species ◽  
Tuber Spp

Recent advances on the ecology and genetics of true truffles (Tuber spp.) are reported and their impact on truffle cultivation is discussed. New insights have been gained on truffle soil ecology and interrelationships of truffles with associated microorganisms in the soil. For instance, some bacteria seem to play a key role in truffle fruiting body formation and maturation. However, the most important advance in truffle genetics over the past 20 years has been the sequencing of the Tuber melanosporum genome and the discovery that truffles, like other Pezizalean fungi, are heterothallic. This finding has had a significant impact on research on truffles and many studies have been devoted to better understanding the distribution of the mating types in soil in natural and cultivated truffières. The characterization of the mating type idiomorphs of several Tuber species has led to the possibility of selecting mycelial strains for truffle cultivation in particular sites.

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