scholarly journals On the Calculation of Functional Safety Parameters of Technical Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-517
Author(s):  
Igor B. Shubinskiy ◽  
Leonid A. Baranov ◽  
Aleksey M. Zamyshliaev
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Operator Method ◽  
Markov Operator ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Functional Safety ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Programmable Devices

Now the scientific methodology is created, the theory and practice of the analysis and synthesis of functional safety of responsible electronic programmable devices and systems at all stages of their life cycle are developed. The basics of the methodology are fixed by standards. Methods of analysis and synthesis of functional safety are strictly formalized. They are based on the calculations of functional safety indicators with respect to failures of constituent elements and, especially, dangerous and protective failures of the system. Known methods of calculation are focused on determining the intensity and probability of dangerous failures. The objective of the proposed method lies in the fact that, in graph form, without resorting to the solution of the system of equations in the operator transformations to establish the distribution function of time until the threat or security failure, or any unhealthy condition of the system. These distribution functions determine all the necessary indicators of mean time (and, if necessary, the variance of this time) to a dangerous or protective failure. The proposed semi-Markov (Markov) operator method allows to solve a number of problems of calculation and prediction of functional safety of critical (responsible) systems. The method is formalized and suitable for subsequent computer implementation. This fact testifies to the expediency of further development of graph methods, convenient for the study of the safety of complex critical systems, devoid of the shortcomings of the proposed method in terms of the complexity of the preparatory work to determine the analytical expressions of transition probabilities in the Laplace - Stieltjes transformations. The given example of using the method has an independent value – it allows you to assess the advantages and disadvantages of ensuring functional safety by building a two-channel system without restarting the channels

scholarly journals Features of agricultural enterprises taxation system in Ukraine and directions for its improvement with consideration of foreign experience

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Natalia Novak ◽  
Svetlana Koval ◽  
Elena Krukovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Taxation System

The subject of the research is the processes and systems of taxation of agricultural enterprises, their components and principles; types and amounts of taxes in Ukraine and abroad; trends of development and possible directions of improvement. The aim of the work is to identify the peculiarities of taxation of agricultural enterprises, its principles, advantages and disadvantages for the purpose of further improvement, including on the bases of studying and taking into account foreign experience. The methodological basis of the article became general scientific methods of cognition, - system-structural analysis and synthesis, dialectical, historical, abstraction. Also, these methods are generalization, grouping, comparison, absolute and relative values, other methods of research. Results of work.It is determined that the systems, mechanisms and processes of taxation of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine are in development. They require significant improvement to optimize their inherent functions. In fact, the fiscal function is traditionally prevailing in terms of distribution and regulatory factors. For this purpose, the main types of taxes and their volumes were characterized, changes in the Tax Code were assessed, the main principles, tasks and necessary structural changes in the taxation system were determined. The experience of subsidizing, insurance and taxation of agribusiness in the United States and European countries has also been studied and summarized in detail. The forms and mechanisms of tax support for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises are especially valuable for the domestic theory and practice. The field of application of results. The results of the research can be used in the theory and practice of accounting and taxation of agrarian enterprises, management of their financial results, development of development strategies for the future, justification of the state agrarian and tax, regulatory and regional policies, with the support of the development of rural areas and local communities. Conclusions. The taxation systems of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine have certain features in terms of the components, size and principles of collection. They often change in order to improve, but the main function is fiscal. Therefore, the study and, if possible, the introduction of advanced world experience in stimulating, insurance and taxation of agricultural production, with a view to optimizing it in the long term, is of great importance.

scholarly journals INDEX METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF LIMITS FOR WORKING CAPITAL FINANCING

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Valery Alexandrovich Rakhaev
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Financial Model ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Revenue Growth ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Credit Line ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Capital Financing ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the factors causing the formation of credit limits. There has been carried out a review of methodological approaches to analysis of credit limits described in domestic economic literature, as well as applied in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of existing methods of determining credit limits have been revealed. It has been pointed out that nowadays in the theory and practice of banking there is no generally accepted method for setting limits. On the basis of the financial model, the nature of the working capital needs of customers and its impact on the need for lending were investigated. The ratios of net working capital and own working capital are considered depending on the nature of the need, financial cycle, business profitability and conditions of settlements with counterparties. A calculation of the working capital need based on the index method is proposed. The methods for calculating the limit of working capital with temporary and permanent working capital need are substantiated. There have been made calculations of the working capital need for options characterized by increasing volumes in production and sales and by changing the terms of settlements with counterparties. The relationship between the revenue growth and the required net working capital is shown. The dynamics of own working capital growth is analyzed. Using the results, the calculation of the limit for revolving financing has been made including a one-time loan for replenishing working capital and a revolving credit line with a debt limit due to the constant need for materials procurement. In the course of analysis there were used general scientific methods and techniques: systemic and logical analysis and synthesis, comparison, building a system of indicators based on vertical and horizontal relationships between them, studying the relationship between effective (generalizing) indicators and quotients, forecasting and extrapolation, the principles of induction and deduction.

THE APPLICATION OF WELLBEING RESEARCH TO REGIONAL LEVEL IN LITHUANIA

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintarė VAZNONIENĖ ◽  
Bernardas VAZNONIS
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Development Context

In this article the significance of wellbeing research in the regional level in Lithuania has been analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of the objective and subjective wellbeing research have been evaluated. The results of the analysis of wellbeing research reveal that the wellbeing research in the regional level is poorly amplified, the wellbeing research in the social sciences is not marked, the wellbeing is investigated in other fields not in social sciences or according to the aims of the researher and more often causes and outcomes of social economical inequality for regional development are emphasized. Scientific studies show that wellbeing research can have big influence for shaping the future of regions because it concerns local people, their choices and overall wellbeing of a particular region. Findings from foreign countries good practice disclose that wellbeing is currently widely used as a key factor and trend for the development policy evaluation. Accordingly in this article big attention is drawn to wellbeing research possible effect for policymakers. It can be concluded that wellbeing research should become an important discussion object in the regional development context because it reveals the situation about people overall wellbeing and particular life domains. The main aim of this article is to analyse the importance of wellbeing research to regional level in Lithuania. The research problem of this article is the fact that the poor experience of wellbeing research in Lithuania insufficiently reveals the wellbeing expression and use in the regional level. In the research common research methods like analysis and synthesis of the scientific literature, analysis of documents and comparative analysis have been employed.

Developing capital accounting practices in the integrated reporting system of agricultural organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 906-921
Author(s):  
R.A. Alborov ◽  
S.M. Kontsevaya ◽  
S.V. Kozmenkova
Keyword(s):  
Original Method ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Agricultural Organization

Subject. This article deals with the theory-and practice-relevant issues of classification and content definition of different types of capital used as sources of operations financing, and recommendations for developing their accounting in agricultural organizations. Objectives. The article aims to substantiate the organizational and methodological aspects of capital accounting development to generate information on value reserve and creation of value as new in the organization's integrated reporting. The article also aims to define the classification and content of capital types as sources of financing for the organization's activities and develop recommendations for developing the accounting of the availability, increase, reduction or transformation of the relevant types of capital in the organization's business activities. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy, and comparison. The scientific works of domestic specialists and regulations, including the International Standard on Integrated Reporting (IR) are the methodological basis of this work. Results. The article defines conceptual provisions and offers practical recommendations on the set-up and development of capital flow accounting in the corporate governance system of the agricultural organization. It clarifies the classification and economic content of capital as a source of funding for the organization's reproduction activities. The article also offers an original method of accounting for the value reserve (balances) and capital changes. Conclusions and Relevance. The practical application of the developed recommendations for value accounting and capital changes will help generate all the necessary information in the integrated reporting of the agricultural organization to assess its reserves of value, create value as new, economic, environmental, and social efficiency of the organization's activities. The results of the study can be used to develop the theory, methodology and techniques of accounting of capital types as sources of financing of value creation as a result of the agricultural organization's business activities.

Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: implications for parasitology

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (13) ◽  
pp. 1688-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN A. NADLER ◽  
GERARDO PÉREZ-PONCE DE LEÓN
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Parasite Biodiversity ◽  
Operational Practices ◽  
Methodological Considerations

SUMMARYHerein we review theoretical and methodological considerations important for finding and delimiting cryptic species of parasites (species that are difficult to recognize using traditional systematic methods). Applications of molecular data in empirical investigations of cryptic species are discussed from an historical perspective, and we evaluate advantages and disadvantages of approaches that have been used to date. Developments concerning the theory and practice of species delimitation are emphasized because theory is critical to interpretation of data. The advantages and disadvantages of different molecular methodologies, including the number and kind of loci, are discussed relative to tree-based approaches for detecting and delimiting cryptic species. We conclude by discussing some implications that cryptic species have for research programmes in parasitology, emphasizing that careful attention to the theory and operational practices involved in finding, delimiting, and describing new species (including cryptic species) is essential, not only for fully characterizing parasite biodiversity and broader aspects of comparative biology such as systematics, evolution, ecology and biogeography, but to applied research efforts that strive to improve development and understanding of epidemiology, diagnostics, control and potential eradication of parasitic diseases.

Fuzzy Analysis of Geometric Tolerances Using Interval Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 220 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Wu ◽  
S S Rao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical System ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Mechanical Assembly ◽  
Geometric Dimensioning And Tolerancing ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Linear Interval ◽  
Linear Interval Equations ◽  
And Performance

The quality and performance of any mechanical system are greatly influenced by the GD&T (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing) used in its design. A proper consideration of the various types of tolerances associated with different components could not only satisfy the assembly requirements, but also minimize the manufacturing cost. To satisfy the design and functional specifications, one has to know how various tolerance patterns affect the manufacturability and assemblability of the designed parts. Therefore, a thorough understanding of how different forms of mechanical tolerances interact with each other becomes a must for designers and manufacturers. The effects of form, orientation, and position tolerances on the kinematic features and dimensions of mechanical systems are analysed using a new approach, based on fuzzy logic, in this article. In this approach, the α-cut method is used with the mechanical tolerances concerned as intervals. The proposed approach represents a more natural and realistic way of dealing with uncertain properties like geometric dimensions. A typical mechanical assembly system involving form, orientation, and position tolerances is used as an illustrative example. As the fuzzy approach leads to systems of non-linear interval equations, a modified Newton-Raphson method is developed for the solution of these equations. The current approach is found to be effective, simple, and accurate and can be extended to the analysis and synthesis of any uncertain mechanical system where the probability distribution functions of the uncertain parameters are unknown.

scholarly journals TECHNICAL CONDITION OF CORRUGATED METAL TRANSPORT STRUCTURES

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
J. J. LUCHKO ◽  
V. V. KOVALCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Corrugated Metal

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to establish the real technical condition of transport structures made of corrugated metal structures on the basis of the analysis of scientific and technical sources.And to analyze the experience of operation of metal corrugated structures in the soil environment and to form and generalize the problems of ensuring the reliability and durability of structures made of metal corrugated structures in the conditions of operation on railways and highways of Ukraine. Methodology. To achieve this goal, a review of scientific and technical sources and regulations of different countries on the technical condition of transport facilities in Ukraine was conducted. In particular, data on the distribution of bridges and pipes made of corrugated metal structures by mode of transport are given. It is shown that the development and implementation of new technologies for the repair of existing defective pipes and small bridges, both on the railways and highways of Ukraine is a very important issue. A thorough analysis of the experience of operation of corrugated metal structures in the soil environment in different countries was conducted. Data on the main inadmissible defects of pipes and the reasons of their development are given. CMS' (corrugated metal structures) corrosion and other defects are given. A number of examples of overpass defects, collapse of bridges and structures with MCS in operation are presented. The qualitative indicators of metal corrugated structures, their advantages and disadvantages are also considered, the problems and the analysis of ensuring the reliability and durability of the structures with CMS in the conditions of operation on the railways and highways of Ukraine are formulated. Findings. An analysis of domestic and foreign scientific and technical sources on the technical condition of transport facilities in Ukraine was conducted. In particular, the experience of operation of corrugated metal structures in different countries of the world is studied and generalized. The analysis and synthesis of problems of ensuring the reliability and durability of buildings with CMS in the conditions of operation on the railways and highways of Ukraine. Originality. As a result of the analysis of the technical condition of transport facilities operated on railways and highways of Ukraine, it was found that about 15 % of transport facilities – small and medium bridges and culverts on Ukrainian railways and about 45 % of transport facilities on Ukrainian roads have unacceptable defects and require immediate repair and replacement. Also, it was established on the basis of research that there are no methods for assessing the load-bearing capacity of transport facilities with CMS in the presence in the body of the embankment of the railway or highway metal corrugated structures with a diameter greater than 6 m. It was determined that standards don't include regulations on design and monitoring of CMS on railway tracks. Practical value. On the basis of these data it was possible to offer directions of theoretical and experimental research and methods of calculation, tests of CMS and diagnostics of a technical condition of transport structures with CMS. In particular, the measurement of the impact of the environment on the bearing capacity of the CMS and the measurement of residual deformations of the corrugated metal pipe on the railway track. Execution of the analysis and synthesis of methods of calculation of transport constructions with CMS will lead to improvement of methods of calculation of CMS.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF PEER ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Morze ◽  
Viktoriia Vember
Keyword(s):  
Formative Evaluation ◽  
Peer Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Evaluation Tools ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Evaluation

The article presents the peculiarities and trends of the implementation of peer assessment in the educational process of institutions of higher education, analyzes the view of world scholars on the changes in the theory and practice of assessing academic achievements of students in the context of emphasizing personality-oriented learning, namely recognition of the formative evaluation function through which students become not only observers of the process of evaluation by the teacher, and are involved in the use and development of evaluation criteria, self-assessment and peer assessment. The peculiarities of formative and peer assessment are analyzed, advantages and disadvantages of traditional and peer assessment are determined. Among the suggested ways to avoid the disadvantages of traditional assessment is the combination of traditional and peer assessment, the implementation of ICT tools to support peer assessment. The digital evaluation tools were analyzed and the results of the survey of teachers regarding the interest in possession of digital evaluation tools were presented, which was attended by 769 teachers from six Ukrainian partner universities of the MoPed project. The results of the survey on the use of assessment techniques and the use of digital tools for assessment, which was attended by scientific and teaching staff of the Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, were presented. The results of the survey showed that today peer assessment is used in the educational process by 15.6% of respondents, 62.3% use it in part, 22.1% do not use it. At the same time, 51.9% of the respondents are ready to use peer assessment in the educational process after a closer look at this method. According to the survey results, the digital instruments used by scientific and teaching staff in the learning process are the most popular ones: e-mail, computer tests that are checked automatically, and work with shared documents or presentations, but some resources that can be used for peer assessment, less than a third of teachers are used and their use does not always take into account all possibilities of such means.

scholarly journals RESULTS OF STUDYING THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF REFLEXIVE SKILLS AMONG FUTURE MANAGERS IN THE SYSTEM OF SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
V.A. Adolf ◽  
◽  
O.N. Bukhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Secondary Vocational Education ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis

Statement of the problem. The purpose of professional education is to provide managers with professional qualities which form the competence of an individual. In this context, much attention is paid to the formation of reflexive skills of future managers that contribute to understanding, awareness, analysis, and evaluation of large amount of information. The lack of universal understanding in Pedagogy of the features of the process of forming reflexive skills among future managers proves the relevance of this study. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the process of formation of reflexive skills among future managers in the system of secondary vocational education and to analyze the results of experimental work on the implementation of the developed organizational and pedagogical conditions in the educational process. Review of the scientific literature on the problem. The analysis and synthesis of professional and educational standards, normative legal documents of secondary vocational education is carried out. The analysis of scientific works of philosophers who have studied human reflection and thinking is carried out. The works on psychology devoted to the problem of understanding the essence of the process of reflection and the formation of reflexive competence of the individual’s personality in modern society are considered. In the field of pedagogical science and practice, the analysis of scientific works devoted to the competence approach and the study of the essence of the process of forming reflexive skills is carried out. The elements of the methodology of pedagogy and the theory of pedagogical research are systematized, in particular, the concept of humanization of the educational process, the methodology of personality-oriented learning, the competence approach, the theory of reflexive activity, on the basis of which systematization of an educational process is carried out within the framework of modern tendencies and trends. Methodology (materials and methods). Based on the research of scientific works of Russian and foreign authors devoted to the development of pedagogical theory and practice in the field of vocational education and arrangement of an educational process in vocational education institutions. The analysis and synthesis of practical methods and techniques that contribute to systematization of the process of formation of reflexive skills among future managers in the Secondary Professional Education (SPE) system is carried out. The analysis of scientific literature, a survey among teachers and heads of institutions in the SPE system, allowed us to identify and justify the features of the formation of reflexive skills among future managers in the SPE system and to develop organizational conditions for the process of developing these skills. The article shows the content, features, and results of the implementation of these conditions. Research results. The article deals with current methods and techniques that provide effective professional training of management students in the system of secondary vocational education, who are able to detect and formulate professional tasks and find ways to solve them. On the basis of the philosophical understanding of reflection, the content of reflexive skills aimed at discovering meanings in their own activities and in the “teacher – student” interaction is determined. The conditions for the formation of reflexive skills in the pedagogical process are revealed: creation and implementation of the typology of reflexive tasks; creation of a dialogic context in educational activities based on construction of the process of solving educational tasks; ensuring personal acceptance of the subject of a reflexive task; filling an educational process with a reflexive component; creation and implementation of the mechanism for development of reflexive skills among future managers in the SPE system. The results of the formation of reflexive skills in the system of secondary vocational education are presented. Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of reflexive skills among future managers in the SPE system were developed providing a qualitative increase in the level of formation of reflexive skills among students. Consequently, the reconstruction of the educational process in the SPE system, based on the implementation of the presented organizational and pedagogical conditions, significantly optimizes the process of forming the reflexive skills among future managers.

Assessment of methods for analyzing the economic security of the university

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2365-2384
Author(s):  
Elizaveta E. ERMOSHINA
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
The University ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

Subject. The article investigates the analysis of economic security of a higher education institution. It defines its directions, analytical indicators, methodological guidelines, considering the specific nature of activity, which contribute to improving the economic security and the quality of management decisions made by key executives of universities. Objectives. The purpose is to conduct a critical review and evaluate the main methods of economic security analysis of higher education institutions, taking into account the specifics of their activities. Methods. The study rests on general and specific methods of cognition (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping, comparison, etc). Results. I reviewed the existing methods of analyzing the economic security of commercial organizations and higher educational institutions, systematized advantages and disadvantages of methods developed by scientists, substantiated the need to introduce diagnostic indicators to improve the quality and efficiency of analytical information for making informed management decisions. The paper offers to conduct an analysis of economic security, using indicators of intensity and productivity of labor, which consider the specifics of activities of universities in comparison with other organizations of the public sector. Conclusions. Currently, there is no unified approach to the analysis of economic security of universities. The conducted critical assessment of methodology may form a basis for further development of ideas and methodological guidelines on the analysis of economic security, and informed and effective management decisions.

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