scholarly journals New Insights Into the Biosynthesis of Typical Bioactive Components in the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Fungus Cordyceps militaris

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuyun Wu ◽  
Tao Wu ◽  
Ailin Huang ◽  
Yuanyuan Shen ◽  
Xuanyu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Microbial Cell Factories ◽  
Medicinal Fungus ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients

Cordyceps militaris, a traditional medicinal ingredient with a long history of application in China, is regarded as a high-value fungus due to its production of various bioactive ingredients with a wide range of pharmacological effects in clinical treatment. Several typical bioactive ingredients, such as cordycepin, D-mannitol, cordyceps polysaccharides, and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA), have received increasing attention due to their antitumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic, radioprotective, antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Here, we systematically sorted out the latest research progress on the chemical characteristics, biosynthetic gene clusters and pathways of these four typical bioactive ingredients. This summary will lay a foundation for obtaining low-cost and high-quality bioactive ingredients in large amounts using microbial cell factories in the future.

scholarly journals Low Dose of Fluoride in the Culture Medium of Cordyceps militaris Promotes Its Growth and Enhances Bioactives with Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuai Li ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
Huayue Zhang ◽  
Long Xiao ◽  
Zhongfang Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Potassium Fluoride ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Human Osteosarcoma Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients

Cordyceps militaris possesses several compounds with medicinal properties, and is commonly used in traditional Chinese functional food and medicine for a variety of health benefits. Because of its rare occurrence in nature, the market demand for artificial C. militaris is on the rise. Furthermore, efforts to increase its bioactive ingredients have also been considered in research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of fluoride on the growth and enrichment of bioactive compounds in C. militaris. A wide range of potassium fluoride concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM) were added to the culture media as a source of fluoride during the cultivation of C. militaris fruiting bodies. The contents of fluorine and bioactive substances of the fruiting bodies in normal (NM) and fluorine-supplemented (FM) media were measured and compared. C. militaris raised in the growth medium supplemented with 0.01 mM potassium fluoride led to a 44.86% (1.55 ± 0.14 g/bottle) increase in biomass and a 23.43% (3161.38 ± 35.71 µg/g) increase in total carotenoid content in the fruiting bodies. Furthermore, a remarkable increase in superoxide dismutase-like activity (84.75 U/mg) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.59 mg/mL) was recorded. In human cancer cell-based assays, C. militaris raised in FM caused stronger cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in human osteosarcoma cells. These results demonstrated that a low dose of fluoride could stimulate the growth of C. militaris fruiting bodies and enhance the production of bioactive ingredients that possess useful antioxidant and anticancer activities.

scholarly journals Use of Permanent Wall-Deficient Cells as a System for the Discovery of New-to-Nature Metabolites

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1897
Author(s):  
Shraddha Shitut ◽  
Güniz Özer Bergman ◽  
Alexander Kros ◽  
Daniel E. Rozen ◽  
Dennis Claessen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Microbial Cell Factories ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Genome Recombination ◽  
Antibiotic Discovery ◽  
Insight Into

Filamentous actinobacteria are widely used as microbial cell factories to produce valuable secondary metabolites, including the vast majority of clinically relevant antimicrobial compounds. Secondary metabolites are typically encoded by large biosynthetic gene clusters, which allow for a modular approach to generating diverse compounds through recombination. Protoplast fusion is a popular method for whole genome recombination that uses fusion of cells that are transiently wall-deficient. This process has been applied for both inter- and intraspecies recombination. An important limiting step in obtaining diverse recombinants from fused protoplasts is regeneration of the cell wall, because this forces the chromosomes from different parental lines to segregate, thereby preventing further recombination. Recently, several labs have gained insight into wall-deficient bacteria that have the ability to proliferate without their cell wall, known as L-forms. Unlike protoplasts, L-forms can stably maintain multiple chromosomes over many division cycles. Fusion of such L-forms would potentially allow cells to express genes from both parental genomes while also extending the time for recombination, both of which can contribute to an increased chemical diversity. Here, we present a perspective on how L-form fusion has the potential to become a platform for novel compound discovery and may thus help to overcome the antibiotic discovery void.

scholarly journals A Valuable Product of Microbial Cell Factories: Microbial Lipase

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wentao Yao ◽  
Kaiquan Liu ◽  
Hongling Liu ◽  
Yi Jiang ◽  
Ruiming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Microbial Cell Factories ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Multiple Reactions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Valuable Product ◽  
Microbial Lipases ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

As a powerful factory, microbial cells produce a variety of enzymes, such as lipase. Lipase has a wide range of actions and participates in multiple reactions, and they can catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol into its component free fatty acids and glycerol backbone. Lipase exists widely in nature, most prominently in plants, animals and microorganisms, among which microorganisms are the most important source of lipase. Microbial lipases have been adapted for numerous industrial applications due to their substrate specificity, heterogeneous patterns of expression and versatility (i.e., capacity to catalyze reactions at the extremes of pH and temperature as well as in the presence of metal ions and organic solvents). Now they have been introduced into applications involving the production and processing of food, pharmaceutics, paper making, detergents, biodiesel fuels, and so on. In this mini-review, we will focus on the most up-to-date research on microbial lipases and their commercial and industrial applications. We will also discuss and predict future applications of these important technologies.

scholarly journals Bioprospecting of microbial strains for biofuel production: metabolic engineering, applications, and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobolaji Felicia Adegboye ◽  
Omena Bernard Ojuederie ◽  
Paola M. Talia ◽  
Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Microbial Cell Factories ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe issues of global warming, coupled with fossil fuel depletion, have undoubtedly led to renewed interest in other sources of commercial fuels. The search for renewable fuels has motivated research into the biological degradation of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock to produce biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen. The model strain for biofuel production needs the capability to utilize a high amount of substrate, transportation of sugar through fast and deregulated pathways, ability to tolerate inhibitory compounds and end products, and increased metabolic fluxes to produce an improved fermentation product. Engineering microbes might be a great approach to produce biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass by exploiting metabolic pathways economically. Metabolic engineering is an advanced technology for the construction of highly effective microbial cell factories and a key component for the next-generation bioeconomy. It has been extensively used to redirect the biosynthetic pathway to produce desired products in several native or engineered hosts. A wide range of novel compounds has been manufactured through engineering metabolic pathways or endogenous metabolism optimizations by metabolic engineers. This review is focused on the potential utilization of engineered strains to produce biofuel and gives prospects for improvement in metabolic engineering for new strain development using advanced technologies.

scholarly journals A Mini Review on pH-Sensitive Photoluminescence in Carbon Nanodots

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Liu ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
Jiao Hu ◽  
Wenhui Gao ◽  
Mingzhen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Carbon Nanodots ◽  
Ph Sensing ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Wide Range

Carbon nanodots (C-dots) with sp2/sp3 framework and diameter of <10 nm contain abundant functional groups or polymers on their surface. C-dots have attracted immense attention because of their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, facile preparation, and low cost. With these merits, C-dots have been used in a wide range of applications including sensing, bioimaging, catalysis, and light-emitting devices. C-dots exhibit good optical properties, such as tunable emission wavelength, good photostability, nonblinking, up-conversion emission, etc. Of note, C-dots show intrinsic pH-sensitive photoluminescence (PL), indicating their great potential for pH sensing, especially in biotic pH sensing. In this review, we systematically summarize the pH-sensitive PL properties and the pH-sensitive PL mechanism, as well as recent research progress of C-dots in pH sensing. The current challenges of pH-sensitive C-dots and their future research focus are also proposed here. We anticipate this review might be of great significance for understanding the characteristics of pH-sensitive C-dots and the development of photoluminescent nanomaterials with pH-sensitive properties.

Research Progress on the Identification and Pharmacological Activity of the Active Components of the Rhododendron Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-565
Author(s):  
Myong- Hun Han ◽  
Kwang Yong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Medicine Use ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds

Rhododendron is one of the plants with the broadest spectrum species, the most extended history of traditional medicine use, and the wide range of pharmacological properties. In 2013, a report was published to summarize the studies reported from 1898 to 2012. Many phytochemical compounds and their various treatment effects of over 40 Rhododendron species were mentioned in the present review. This review aims to evaluate the newly discovered and observed phytochemical compounds in recent years and their activities in some Rhododendron species.

scholarly journals Annotated Draft Genomes of Two Caddisfly Species Plectrocnemia conspersa CURTIS and Hydropsyche tenuis NAVAS (Insecta: Trichoptera)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3445-3451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Heckenhauer ◽  
Paul B Frandsen ◽  
Deepak K Gupta ◽  
Juraj Paule ◽  
Stefan Prost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sequencing Strategy ◽  
Genomic Studies

Abstract Members of the speciose insect order Trichoptera (caddisflies) provide important ecosystem services, for example, nutrient cycling through breaking down of organic matter. They are also of industrial interest due to their larval silk secretions. These form the basis for their diverse case-making behavior that allows them to exploit a wide range of ecological niches. Only five genomes of this order have been published thus far, with variable qualities regarding contiguity and completeness. A low-cost sequencing strategy, that is, using a single Oxford Nanopore flow cell per individual along with Illumina sequence reads was successfully used to generate high-quality genomes of two Trichoptera species, Plectrocnemia conspersa and Hydropsyche tenuis. Of the de novo assembly methods compared, assembly of low coverage Nanopore reads (∼18×) and subsequent polishing with long reads followed by Illumina short reads (∼80–170× coverage) yielded the highest genome quality both in terms of contiguity and BUSCO completeness. The presented genomes are the shortest to date and extend our knowledge of genome size across caddisfly families. The genomic region that encodes for light (L)-chain fibroin, a protein component of larval caddisfly silk was identified and compared with existing L-fibroin gene clusters. The new genomic resources presented in this paper are among the highest quality Trichoptera genomes and will increase the knowledge of this important insect order by serving as the basis for phylogenomic and comparative genomic studies.

scholarly journals Animal Fat as a Substrate for Production of n-6 Fatty Acids by Fungal Solid-State Fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Ondrej Slaný ◽  
Tatiana Klempová ◽  
Volha Shapaval ◽  
Boris Zimmermann ◽  
Achim Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Microbial Cell Factories ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
By Products ◽  
Β Carotene

The method of solid-state fermentation (SSF) represents a powerful technology for the fortification of animal-based by-products. Oleaginous Zygomycetes fungi are efficient microbial cell factories used in SSF to valorize a wide range of waste and rest cereal materials. The application of this fermentation technique for utilization and biotransformation of animal-based materials represents a distinguished step in their treatment. In this study, for the first time, the strain Umbelopsis isabellina CCF2412 was used for the bioconversion of animal fat by-products to the fermented bioproducts enriched with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly γ-linolenic acid (GLA). Bioconversion of both cereals and the animal fat by-product resulted in the production of fermented bioproducts enriched with not just GLA (maximal yield was 6.4 mg GLA/g of fermented bioproduct), but also with high yields of glucosamine. Moreover, the fermentation on the cornmeal matrix led to obtaining bioproduct enriched with β-carotene. An increased amount of β-carotene content improved the antioxidant stability of obtained fermented bioproducts. Furthermore, the application of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for rapid analysis and characterization of the biochemical profile of obtained SSF bioproducts was also studied.

Evaluation of Alternatives for Two-Dimensional Linear Cascade Facilities

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Kodzwa ◽  
Amanda Vicharelli ◽  
Gorazd Medic ◽  
Christopher J. Elkins ◽  
John K. Eaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Linear Cascade ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

This paper presents two low-cost alternatives for turbine blade surface heat transfer and fluid dynamics measurements. These models embody careful compromises between typical academic and full-scale turbomachinery experiments and represent a comprehensive strategy to develop experiments that can directly test shortcomings in current turbomachinery simulation tools. A full contextual history of the wide range of approaches to simulate turbine flow conditions is presented, along with a discussion of their deficiencies. Both models are simplifications of a linear cascade: the current standard for simulating two-dimensional turbine blade geometries. A single passage model is presented as a curved duct consisting of two half-blade geometries, carefully designed inlet and exit walls and inlet suction. This facility was determined to be best suited for heat transfer measurements where minimal surface conduction losses are necessary to allow accurate numerical model replication. A double passage model is defined as a single blade with two precisely designed outer walls, which is most appropriate for flow measurements. The design procedures necessary to achieve a desired flow condition are discussed.

scholarly journals Research Progress of Photo-/Electro-Driven Thermochromic Smart Windows

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3335
Author(s):  
Xiaotong Zou ◽  
Haining Ji ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Mingying Lu ◽  
Jundong Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Combination Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Transition ◽  
Electrothermal Effects

Thermochromic smart windows can automatically control solar radiation according to the ambient temperature. Compared with photochromic and electrochromic smart windows, they have a stronger applicability and lower energy consumption, and have a wide range of application prospects in the field of building energy efficiency. At present, aiming at the challenge of the high transition temperature of thermochromic smart windows, a large amount of innovative research has been carried out via the principle that thermochromic materials can be driven to change their optical performance by photothermal or electrothermal effects at room temperature. Based on this, the research progress of photo- and electro-driven thermochromic smart windows is summarized from VO2-based composites, hydrogels and liquid crystals, and it is pointed out that there are two main development trends of photo-/electro-driven thermochromic smart windows. One is exploring the diversified combination methods of photothermal materials and thermochromic materials, and the other is developing low-cost large-area heating electrodes.

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