scholarly journals Dysbiotic Fecal Microbiome in HIV-1 Infected Individuals in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Kofi Parbie ◽  
Taketoshi Mizutani ◽  
Aya Ishizaka ◽  
Ai Kawana-Tachikawa ◽  
Lucky Ronald Runtuwene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
West African ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
African Populations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Control Study

HIV-1 infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy can control viremia but often develop non-AIDS diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Gut microbiome dysbiosis has been indicated to be associated with progression of these diseases. Analyses of gut/fecal microbiome in individual regions are important for our understanding of pathogenesis in HIV-1 infections. However, data on gut/fecal microbiome has not yet been accumulated in West Africa. In the present study, we examined fecal microbiome compositions in HIV-1 infected adults in Ghana, where approximately two-thirds of infected adults are females. In a cross-sectional case-control study, age- and gender-matched HIV-1 infected adults (HIV+; n = 55) and seronegative controls (HIV-; n = 55) were enrolled. Alpha diversity of fecal microbiome in HIV+ was significantly reduced compared to HIV- and associated with CD4 counts. HIV+ showed reduction in varieties of bacteria including Faecalibacterium, the most abundant in seronegative controls, but enrichment of Proteobacteria. Ghanaian HIV+ exhibited enrichment of Dorea and Blautia; bacteria groups whose depletion has been reported in HIV-1 infected individuals in several other cohorts. Furthermore, HIV+ in our cohort exhibited a depletion of Prevotella, a genus whose enrichment has recently been shown in men having sex with men (MSM) regardless of HIV-1 status. The present study revealed the characteristics of dysbiotic fecal microbiome in HIV-1 infected adults in Ghana, a representative of West African populations.

Prevalence and Correlation of Idiopathic Hirsutism with Body Mass Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 2160-2162
Author(s):  
Aqsa Naheed ◽  
Tehzeeb Zehra ◽  
Rahila Aamir ◽  
Salma Ambreen Shahab ◽  
Mahpara Mazhar
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dermatology Clinic ◽  
Idiopathic Hirsutism ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Control Study

Objective: To observe the prevalence and association of idiopathic hirsutism with obesity Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional, case control study Place and Duration of Study: Dermatology Clinic, Heavy Industry Taxila Hospital Taxila from 1st July 2020 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: Two hundred and fifty female patients and age between 12 to 50 years were enrolled. The complaint of hirsutism while their work up for secondary causes of hirsutism was negative were labelled as idiopathic hirsutism as cases and their age and gender matched healthy attendants were taken as controls. Both cases and controls were checked for body mass index and Ferriman Gallwey (FG) scores. Results: Idiopathic hirsutism was found significantly prevalent and increased body mass index was statistically significantly associated with the idiopathic hirsutism in females. Mean age of idiopathic hirsute cases was less than 30 years. So younger females were found to be more prevalent having hirsutism with increased body mass index. Mild to moderate hirsutism was frequently observed in overweight and obese females, however severe hirsutism was rarely observed. Conclusion: Idiopathic hirsutism is prevalent and associated with obesity in our females, so obesity management should also be addressed through referrals in derma clinics where hirsute obese/overweight female have reported. Keywords: Obesity, Hirsutism, Body mass index (BMI), Hirsutism, Excessive hair growth

Sexual risk behaviours and HIV-1 prevalence among urban men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa

Sexual Health ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Burrell ◽  
Daniella Mark ◽  
Robert Grant ◽  
Robin Wood ◽  
Linda-Gail Bekker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sexual Risk Behaviour ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: Distinct homosexual and heterosexual HIV epidemics have previously been recognised in South Africa. However, linked HIV prevalence and self-reported sexual risk behaviour data have not been reported for men who have sex with men (MSM) in Cape Town since 1986. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, anonymous, venue-based HIV risk behaviour and prevalence study of 542 self-identified MSM in greater Cape Town using a self-administered risk questionnaire and the OraSure® testing device to asses HIV-1 prevalence. Results: This sample had an overall HIV prevalence of 10.4% (56/539). We found that self-identifying as gay, homosexual or queer (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0–20.0) and reporting ever having had a sexually transmissible infection diagnosis (AOR 4.3, 95% CI: 2.3–8.3) were significantly predictive of testing HIV-1 positive, while reporting unprotected anal intercourse with a known HIV-negative partner (AOR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.9) was significantly protective. Conclusion: These data suggest a mature epidemic with consistent high-risk taking among MSM in Cape Town, and significant associations of select self-reported risk behaviours and HIV-1 serostatus. There is a need for continued and robust HIV surveillance along with detailed risk behaviour trends over time to inform the development of targeted risk-reduction interventions for this population.

Lipodystrophy and Metabolic Disorders in HIV-1-Infected Adults on 4- to 9-Year Antiretroviral Therapy in Senegal: A Case-Control Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Mercier ◽  
Ndeye Fatou Ngom Gueye ◽  
Amandine Cournil ◽  
Annick Fontbonne ◽  
Nane Copin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Control Study

No evidence of colonization with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 738-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. GIULIANI ◽  
B. LONGO ◽  
A. LATINI ◽  
G. PRIGNANO ◽  
M. MONACO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Local Circulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Mrsa Colonization ◽  
Hiv 1

SUMMARYTo assess the prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) colonization in HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), a cross-sectional study was conducted on 104 persons attending a large STI/HIV unit in Rome, Italy in the period June 2007–June 2008. Swabs obtained from both anterior nares and S. aureus isolates were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods. A total of 24 individuals (23·1%) were colonized with S. aureus but none carried MRSA. No statistically significant association between colonization with S. aureus and behavioural, clinical, virological or immunological characteristics was identified. This study indicates a lack of circulation of CA-MRSA in HIV-1-infected MSM in Italy and underscores large epidemiological differences between the USA and a European country, so that only locally conducted epidemiological studies can provide insight into the local circulation of CA-MRSA in general and selected populations.

scholarly journals Disparities in HIV/STI burden and care coverage among men and transgender persons who have sex with men in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e055783
Author(s):  
Adrian D Smith ◽  
Elizabeth Fearon ◽  
Rhoda Kabuti ◽  
Erastus Irungu ◽  
Mary Kungu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transgender Persons ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

ObjectivesThe study aimed to estimate the prevalence of, and associations, with HIV and metrics of HIV care engagement in a representative population of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and transgender persons (TP) who have sex with men (GBMSM/TP)SettingUrban districts of Nairobi, Kenya.DesignCross-sectional.Participants608 eligible participants were identified through respondent-driven sampling over 19 waves of recruitment arising from ten seeds between May and December 2017. Inclusion criteria were: age >18 years; Nairobi residence; male sex assignment at birth or current identification as male, and recent consensual sex with male partners. Exclusion criteria were: missing or invalid recruitment coupon; repeat registration; intoxication at study visit.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHIV status measured using Determine Alere HIV 1/2 and First Response HIV 1–2.0 and GeneXpert HIV-1 Qual. Self-reported metrics of HIV status awareness, antiretroviral use and objective quantification of viral suppression using GeneXpert HIV-1 VL.Results26.4% (286/618) were HIV positive of whom 76.6% were status aware, 65.3% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 47.4% were virally suppressed (<50 copies/mL). Participants 18–22 years were less likely to be status aware, be receiving ART or to have achieved viral suppression. Mean log viral load was 3.14 log higher in 18–22 years compared with older participants. Bacterial sexually transmitted infections were common at both urethral and rectal sites and most infections were asymptomatic by self-report (rectal 82.2%, urethral 82.3%).ConclusionsEngagement in the HIV diagnosis and care cascade among GBMSM/TP in Nairobi is markedly better than in most sub-Saharan African countries, yet falls short of achievements for the general population in Kenya and for GBMSM in high income settings. Young GBMSM/TP are least well served by the current configuration of adult key population services, and programmes should identify and address the sexual, social and developmental needs of adolescent and young key populations.

scholarly journals The fecal microbiome in diverticulitis and asymptomatic diverticulosis: A case-control study in the US

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith A. J. Hullar ◽  
Richard S. Sandstrom ◽  
John A. Stamatoyannopoulos ◽  
Johanna W. Lampe ◽  
Lisa L. Strate
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Acute Diverticulitis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveThe intestinal microbiota are hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of diverticulitis. We compared fecal microbial communities in individuals with diverticulitis to those with uncomplicated diverticulosis.MethodsWe used 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to assess and compare the microbiota composition of fecal samples from 10 patients presenting with acute diverticulitis (cases) and 10 controls with asymptomatic diverticulosis matched on age and sex.ResultsWe found differences in the distribution of relative abundances of bacterial phyla and genera in diverticulitis cases versus diverticulosis controls. At the phyla level, Verrucomicrobia was more abundant on average in diverticulitis cases at the time of diagnosis than in diverticulosis controls (p=0.07). Univariate analysis identified a significant increase in the genera Coriobacteria (p=0.050), Anaerotruncus (0.046), Subdoliganulum (p=0.034), Marvinabryantia (p=0.006), and Akkermansia (p=0.04), and a decrease in Barnesiella (p=0.035) and Coprococcus (p=0.035) in diverticulitis cases at the time of diagnosis compared to diverticulosis controls. However, after correction for multiple comparisons, these differences were no longer significant. Partial least squares discriminant analysis on all microbial genera showed partial separation of diverticulitis cases at diagnosis and diverticulosis controls. The microbial alpha diversity was higher in diverticulitis cases at time of diagnosis vs controls but this was not significant (Shannon diversity index 7.4±0.6 vs 6.8±0.7, p=0.08).ConclusionsIndividuals with diverticulitis differ from those with asymptomatic diverticulosis based on components of the fecal microbiome.

scholarly journals Does Allergic Rhinitis have any Effect on Choroidal Thickness?

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Raşit Kiliç ◽  
Harun Soyaliç
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right ◽  
Control Study

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the choroidal thickness between patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and healthy controls. Study Design: Prospective case-control study. Methodology: This cross sectional case control study consisted of 52 patients with AR and 52 healthy subjects. The choroidal thicknesses were measured horizontally with the digital calipers provided by the Heidelberg Spectralis software. The points of measurements were at the subfovea, 1500 µm nasal and 1500 µm temporal to the center of the fovea. The right eye was assessed in all participants. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for age and gender distribution, intraocular pressure and spherical equivalent. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness, nasal choroidal thickness and temporal choroidal thickness were 382.1±121.7, 328.6±111.8 and 368.1±98.2 in AR patients and 378.5±87, 309±77 and 354.2±94.2 in healthy subjects respectively. These differences were not found statistically significant (P˃0.05). Conclusion: Choroidal thickness in AR patients was found to be thicker, but not statistically significant.

Cerebellar Volume in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wyciszkiewicz ◽  
Mikolaj A. Pawlak ◽  
Krzysztof Krawiec
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Cerebellar Volume ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Control Study

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered cerebellar volume and cerebellum is associated with cognitive performance. However there are mixed results regarding the cerebellar volume in young patients with ADHD. To clarify the size and direction of this effect, we conducted the analysis on the large public database of brain images. The aim of this study was to confirm that cerebellar volume in ADHD is smaller than in control subjects in currently the largest publicly available cohort of ADHD subjects.We applied cross-sectional case control study design by comparing 286 ADHD patients (61 female) with age and gender matched control subjects. Volumetric measurements of cerebellum were obtained using automated segmentation with FreeSurfer 5.1. Statistical analysis was performed in R-CRAN statistical environment. Patients with ADHD had significantly smaller total cerebellar volumes (134.5±17.11cm3 vs.138.90±15.32 cm3). The effect was present in both females and males (males 136.9±14.37 cm3 vs. 141.20±14.75 cm3; females 125.7±12.34 cm3 vs. 131.20±15.03 cm3). Age was positively and significantly associated with the cerebellar volumes. These results indicate either delayed or disrupted cerebellar development possibly contributing to ADHD pathophysiology.

scholarly journals HIV-1 subtype diversity and transmission strain source among men who have sex with men in Guangxi, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Chen ◽  
Zhiyong Shen ◽  
Yi Feng ◽  
Yuhua Ruan ◽  
Jianjun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Sexual Network ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Subtypes

AbstractWith the rapid increase in HIV prevalence of men who have sex with men (MSM) in recent years and common human migration and travelling across different provinces in China, MSM are now finding it easier to meet each other, which might contribute to local HIV epidemics as well as fueling cross-province transmission. We performed a cross-sectional survey in 2018–2019 to investigate the current HIV subtype diversity and inferred HIV strain transmission origin among MSM in Guangxi province, China based on a phylogenetic analysis. Based on 238 samples, we found that the HIV-1 subtype diversity was more complicated than before, except for three major HIV subtypes/circulating recombinant forms (CRFs): CRF07_BC, CRF01_AE, CRF55_01B, five other subtypes/CRFs (CRF59_01B, B, CRF08_BC, CRF67_01B, CRF68_01B) and five unique recombinant forms (URFs) were detected. In total, 76.8% (169/220) of samples were infected with HIV from local circulating strains, while others originated from other provinces, predominantly Guangdong and Shanghai. The high diversity of HIV recombinants and complicated HIV transmission sources in Guangxi MSM indicates that there has been an active sexual network between HIV positive MSM both within and outside Guangxi without any effective prevention. Inter-province collaboration must be enforced to provide tailored HIV prevention and control services to MSM in China.

scholarly journals Signature changes in gut microbiome are associated with increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in MSM

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chen ◽  
Huang Lin ◽  
Mariah Cole ◽  
Alison Morris ◽  
Jeremy Martinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Aids Pandemic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) have been disproportionately affected by HIV-1 since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic, particularly in the USA and Europe. Compared to men who have sex with women (MSW), MSM have a distinct fecal microbiome regardless of HIV-1 infection. However, it is unclear whether the MSM-associated gut microbiome affects the susceptibility and progression of HIV-1 infection. We studied fecal microbiome profiles, short-chain fatty acids, and blood plasma inflammatory cytokines of 109 HIV-1 seroconverters (SC) from the early, 1984–1985 phase of the HIV-1 pandemic in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) before and after HIV-1 infection compared to 156 HIV-1-negative MACS MSM (negative controls [NC]). Results We found that family Succinivibrionaceae, S24-7, Mogibacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were significantly higher (p<0.05), whereas Odoribacteraceae, Verucomicrobiaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Barnesiellaceae, and Rikenellaceae were significantly lower (p<0.05), in SC before HIV-1 infection compared to NC. At the species level, Prevotella stercorea, Eubacterium biforme, and Collinsella aerofaciens were significantly higher (p<0.05), and Eubacterium dolichum, Desulfovibrio D168, Alistipes onderdonkii, Ruminococcus torques, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides caccae, Alistipes putredinis, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides ovatus were significantly lower (p<0.05) in SC before HIV-1 infection compared to NC. After HIV-1 infection, family Prevotellaceae and Victivallaceae and species Bacteroides fragilis and Eubacterium cylindroides were significantly higher (p<0.05) in SC who developed AIDS within 5 years compared to the SC who were AIDS free for more than 10 years without antiretroviral therapy (ART). In addition, family Victivallaceae and species Prevotella stercorea, Coprococcus eutactus, and Butyrivibrio crossotus were significantly higher (p<0.05) and Gemmiger formicilis and Blautia obeum were significantly lower (p<0.05) after HIV-1 infection in SC who developed AIDS within 5–10 years compared to the SC who were AIDS-free for more than 10 years without ART. Furthermore, plasma inflammatory cytokine levels of sCD14, sCD163, interleukin 6, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein were significantly higher in SC with p<0.05 before HIV-1 infection compared to NC. Conclusions Our results suggest that pathogenic changes in the gut microbiome were present in MSM several months prior to infection with HIV-1 in the early phase of the AIDS pandemic in the USA. This was associated with increased inflammatory biomarkers in the blood and risk for development of AIDS.

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