scholarly journals Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in People With Severe Mental Illness: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medhia Afzal ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Bilal Ahmad ◽  
Nida Afsheen ◽  
Faiza Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Aims1) To determine the pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity in people with severe mental illness (SMI), overall and by type of SMI, geographical region, and year of data collection; and 2) to assess the likelihood of overweight and obesity, in people with SMI compared with the general population.MethodsPubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched to identify observational studies assessing the prevalence of obesity in adults with SMI. Screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessments were performed independently by two co-authors. Random effect estimates for the pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity and the pooled odds of obesity in people with SMI compared with the general population were calculated. Subgroup analyses were conducted for types of SMI, setting, antipsychotic medication, region of the world, country income classification, date of data collection and sex. We assessed publication bias and performed a series of sensitivity analyses, excluding studies with high risk of bias, with low sample size and those not reporting obesity according to WHO classification.Result120 studies from 43 countries were included, the majority were from high income countries. The pooled prevalence of obesity in people with SMI was 25.9% (95% C.I. = 23.3-29.1) and the combined pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity was 60.1% (95% C.I. = 55.8-63.1). Sub-Saharan Africa (13.0%, 95%C.I. = 6.7-25.1) and South Asia (17.7%, 95%C.I. = 10.5-28.5) had the lowest prevalence of obesity whilst North Africa and the Middle East (35.8%, 95%C.I. = 23.8-44.8) reported the highest prevalence. People with SMI were 3.04 more likely (95% C.I. = 2.42-3.82) to have obesity than the general population, but there was no difference in the prevalence of overweight. Women with schizophrenia were 1.44 (95% C.I. = 1.25-1.67) times more likely than men with schizophrenia to live with obesity; however, no gender differences were found among those with bipolar disorder.ConclusionPeople with SMI have a markedly high prevalence and higher odds of obesity than the general population. This may contribute to the very high prevalence of physical health conditions and mortality in this group. People with SMI around the world would likely benefit from interventions to reduce and prevent obesity.

scholarly journals Victimisation in adults with severe mental illness: Prevalence and risk factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 207 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte D. de Mooij ◽  
Martijn Kikkert ◽  
Nick M. Lommerse ◽  
Jaap Peen ◽  
Sabine C. Meijwaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Sheltered Housing ◽  
Property Crimes ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Violent Victimisation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Housing Facility

BackgroundPatients with a severe mental illness (SMI) are more likely to experience victimisation than the general population.AimsTo examine the prevalence of victimisation in people with SMI, and the relationship between symptoms, treatment facility and indices of substance use/misuse and perpetration, in comparison with the general population.MethodVictimisation was assessed among both randomly selected patients with SMI (n = 216) and the general population (n=10 865).ResultsCompared with the general population, a high prevalence of violent victimisation was found among the SMI group (22.7% v. 8.5%). Compared with out-patients and patients in a sheltered housing facility, in-patients were most often victimised (violent crimes: 35.3%; property crimes: 47.1%). Risk factors among the SMI group for violent victimisation included young age and disorganisation, and risk factors for property crimes included being an in-patient, disorganisation and cannabis use. The SMI group were most often assaulted by someone they knew.ConclusionsCaregivers should be aware that patients with SMI are at risk of violent victimisation. Interventions need to be developed to reduce this vulnerability.

scholarly journals Overweight and Obesity Among Adult HIV Infected Peoples Receiving ART in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272199364
Author(s):  
Robel Hussen Kabthymer ◽  
Solomon Nega Techane ◽  
Temesgen Muche ◽  
Helen Ali Ewune ◽  
Semagn Mekonnen Abate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Publication Bias ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Nutrition And Diet ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Trim And Fill

Background: Over-nutrition and diet-linked non-communicable morbidities are showing increasing trend overtime. Even if there are different factors that affect the change in BMI other than ART, several authors have reported increases in BMI among PLHIV on treatment that are equal to or surpass the general population. This study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight among adult HIV infected peoples taking ART in Ethiopia. Method: PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, global health and Google scholar electronic databases were used to perform a systematic literature search. Two authors independently extracted all the necessary data using a structured data extraction format. Data analysis was done using STATA Version 14. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed by using I2 test. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Publication bias was checked using Funnel plot and Egger’s test. Result: Two thousand seven hundred and fifty-one studies were reviewed and 13 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of 13 studies, comprising 4994 participants resulted in pooled prevalence of overweight to be 17.85% (95% CI: 12.22-23.47). Whereas, the pooled prevalence of overweight was found to be 3.90 (95% CI: 2.31-5.49) but after adjusting for publication bias using trim and fill analysis it has become 3.58 (95% CI: 2.04-5.13). Magnitude of both overweight and obesity was higher in studies conducted in Addis Ababa, studies done after 2016 and studies having sample size of less than 400, in subgroup analysis. Conclusion: The magnitude of overweight and obesity among HIV infected peoples taking ART in Ethiopia is high. There is a need to have a routine screening to PLWHA on the risk of over-nutrition in order to facilitate early detection.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity among Somalis in Norway and Somaliland: A Comparative Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheir H. Ahmed ◽  
Haakon E. Meyer ◽  
Marte K. Kjøllesdal ◽  
Ahmed A. Madar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Somali Immigrants ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Study Population ◽  
High Bmi

Background and Aim. The knowledge about the health status of Somalis in Norway and Somaliland is limited. This paper reports the results of a comparative study on the prevalence and predictors of overweight/obesity among Somalis in Norway and Somaliland. Method. We conducted two cross-sectional studies using the same tools and procedures, between 2015 and 2016. The study population was adults aged 20–69 years (n=1110 (Somaliland) and n=220 (Norway)). Results. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2) was 44% and 31% in women in Norway and Somaliland, respectively. In contrast, the prevalence of obesity was low in men (9% in Norway; 6% in Somaliland). Although the prevalence of high BMI was higher in Somali women in Norway than women in Somaliland, both groups had the same prevalence of central obesity (waist circumference (WC) ≥ 88 cm). In men, the prevalence of central obesity (WC ≥ 102 cm) was lower in Somaliland than in Norway. For women in Somaliland, high BMI was associated with lower educational level and being married. Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among Somali immigrants in Norway, but also among women in Somaliland. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among women, calls for long-term prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Oral health inequality in people with severe mental illness: a cross-sectional study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Kang ◽  
Jianhua Wu ◽  
Vishal Aggarwal ◽  
David Shiers ◽  
Tim Doran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Oral Health Outcomes

AbstractOBJECTIVETo explore whether people with severe mental illness (SMI) experience worse oral health compared to the general population, and the risk factors for poor oral health in people with SMI.METHODThis study used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2016) including on self-rated oral health, ache in mouth, tooth loss, periodontitis stage, and number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth. Candidate risk factors for poor oral health included demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical health comorbidities, and dental hygiene behaviours. The authors used ordinal logistic regression and zero-inflated negative binomial models to explore predictors of oral health outcomes.RESULTS53,348 cases were included in the analysis, including 718 people with SMI. In the fully adjusted model, people with SMI were more likely to suffer from tooth loss (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12-1.75). In people with SMI, the risk factors identified for poor oral health outcomes were older age, white ethnicity, lower income, smoking history, and diabetes. Engaging in physical activity and daily use of dental floss were associated with better oral health outcomes.CONCLUSIONSPeople with SMI experience higher rates of tooth loss than the general population, and certain subgroups are particularly at risk. Having a healthy lifestyle such as performing regular physical exercise and flossing may lower the risk of poor oral health. These findings suggest opportunities for targeted prevention and early intervention strategies to mitigate adverse oral health outcomes.Significant outcomes (x3)People with severe mental illness were at 40% higher risk of tooth loss when compared to the general population.Older adults, smokers and people with diabetes were at particularly high risk of poor oral health.Physical exercise and daily use of dental floss were associated with better oral health outcomes.Limitations (x3)The number of cases with data on periodontal disease was limited.The study was cross-sectional so causation could not be inferred.The analysis used prescriptions of antipsychotic and mood stabilising medication as a proxy measure of severe mental illness, as clinical diagnoses were not available in the dataset.Data availability statementThe NHANES 1999-2016 data is available at CDC website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm, and is accessible and free to download for everyone.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Mental Illness Symptoms in Spain in the COVID-19 Crisis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Z. Chen ◽  
Stephen X. Zhang ◽  
Wen Xu ◽  
Allen Yin ◽  
Rebecca Kechen Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Adult Students ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

AbstractObjectiveThis paper systematically reviews and assesses the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in the general population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students in Spain during the COVID-19 crisis.Data sourcesArticles in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and medRxiv from March 2020 to February 6, 2021.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms in 23 studies comprising a total sample of 85,560 was 20% (95% CI: 15% - 25%, I2 = 99.9%), that of depression symptoms in 23 articles with a total sample comprising of 86,469 individuals was 23% (95% CI: 18% - 28%, I2 = 99.8%), and that of insomnia symptoms in 4 articles with a total sample of 915 were 52% (95% CI: 42-64%, I2 = 88.9%). The overall prevalence of mental illness symptoms in frontline HCWs, general population, and students in Spain are 42%, 19%, and 50%, respectively.DiscussionThe accumulative evidence from the meta-analysis reveals that adults in Spain suffered higher prevalence rates of mental illness symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis with a significantly higher rate relative to other countries such as China. Our synthesis reveals high heterogeneity, varying prevalence rates and a relative lack of studies in frontline and general HCWs in Spain, calling future research and interventions to pay attention to those gaps to help inform evidence-based mental health policymaking and practice in Spain during the continuing COVID-19 crisis. The high prevalence rates call for preventative and prioritization measures of the mental illness symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Police Violence among Adults Diagnosed with Mental Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jin Jun ◽  
Jordan E DeVylder ◽  
Lisa Fedina
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Mental Health Conditions

Abstract Police violence is reportedly common among those diagnosed with mental disorders characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms or pronounced emotional lability. Despite the perception that people with mental illness are disproportionately mistreated by the police, there is relatively little empirical research on this topic. A cross-sectional general population survey was administered online in 2017 to 1,000 adults in two eastern U.S. cities to examine the relationship between police violence exposure, mental disorders, and crime involvement. Results from hierarchical logistic regression and mediation analyses revealed that a range of mental health conditions are broadly associated with elevated risk for police violence exposure. Individuals with severe mental illness are more likely than the general population to be physically victimized by police, regardless of their involvement in criminal activities. Most of the excess risk of police violence exposure related to common psychiatric diagnoses was explained by confounding factors including crime involvement. However, crime involvement may necessitate more police contact, but does not necessarily justify victimization or excessive force (particularly sexual and psychological violence). Findings support the need for adequate training for police officers on how to safely interact with people with mental health conditions, particularly severe mental illness.

Confronting 60 Minutes’ “Imminent Danger”: The Evidence on Schizophrenia and Psychotropic Medications, Violence, and Forced Orders to Treat

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby T. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Television Show ◽  
Imminent Danger ◽  
The World

Recently, considerable attention has been given to individuals labeled “mentally ill,” with the possibility that they too often go untreated with psychotropic medications and in turn, commit disproportionally higher rates of violence. The world-known television show60 Minutesbroadcasted a special on this topic in the United States on September 29, 2013; however, they created a disturbingly inaccurate picture of those who suffer with what some label as “mental illness.” There are decades of peer-reviewed research demonstrating that individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness, labeledschizophrenia,and given psychotropic medications are in fact less likely to recover from their disorder and more likely to be rehospitalized. Additionally, although mental health commitments, often calledforced orders to treat,are quite common and now being supported more so due to such programming, the research on mental health commitments has not shown they are actually effective.

scholarly journals Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm for people with severe mental illness (PRIMROSE)

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e018181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Zomer ◽  
David Osborn ◽  
Irwin Nazareth ◽  
Ruth Blackburn ◽  
Alexandra Burton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Life Years

ObjectivesTo determine the cost-effectiveness of two bespoke severe mental illness (SMI)-specific risk algorithms compared with standard risk algorithms for primary cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in those with SMI.SettingPrimary care setting in the UK. The analysis was from the National Health Service perspective.Participants1000 individuals with SMI from The Health Improvement Network Database, aged 30–74 years and without existing CVD, populated the model.InterventionsFour cardiovascular risk algorithms were assessed: (1) general population lipid, (2) general population body mass index (BMI), (3) SMI-specific lipid and (4) SMI-specific BMI, compared against no algorithm. At baseline, each cardiovascular risk algorithm was applied and those considered high risk (>10%) were assumed to be prescribed statin therapy while others received usual care.Primary and secondary outcome measuresQuality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs were accrued for each algorithm including no algorithm, and cost-effectiveness was calculated using the net monetary benefit (NMB) approach. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test assumptions made and uncertainty around parameter estimates.ResultsThe SMI-specific BMI algorithm had the highest NMB resulting in 15 additional QALYs and a cost saving of approximately £53 000 per 1000 patients with SMI over 10 years, followed by the general population lipid algorithm (13 additional QALYs and a cost saving of £46 000).ConclusionsThe general population lipid and SMI-specific BMI algorithms performed equally well. The ease and acceptability of use of an SMI-specific BMI algorithm (blood tests not required) makes it an attractive algorithm to implement in clinical settings.

scholarly journals Social exclusion of people with severe mental illness in Switzerland: results from the Swiss Health Survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Richter ◽  
H. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Swiss Health Survey ◽  
Swiss Health ◽  
The Social

Aims.People with severe mental illness (SMI) have a high risk of living socially excluded from the mainstream society. Policy initiatives and health systems aim to improve the social situation of people who suffer from mental health disabilities. The aim of this study was to explore the extent of social exclusion (employment and income, social network and social activities, health problems) of people with SMI in Switzerland.Methods.Data from the Swiss Health Survey 2012 were used to compare the social exclusion magnitude of people with SMI with those suffering from severe physical illness, common mental illness and the general population.Results.With the exception of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, we found a gradient of social exclusion that showed people with SMI to be more excluded than the comparison groups. Loneliness and poverty were widespread among people with SMI. Logistic regression analyses on each individual exclusion indicator revealed that people with SMI and people with severe physical illness were similarly excluded on many indicators, whereas people with common mental illness and the general population were much more socially included.Conclusions.In contrast to political and health system goals, many people with SMI suffer from social exclusion. Social policy and clinical support should increase the efforts to counter exclusionary trends, especially in terms of loneliness and poverty.

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