scholarly journals Common Effluent Treatment Plants Monitoring and Process Augmentation Options to Conform Non-potable Reuse

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muntjeer Ali ◽  
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Almohana ◽  
Abdulrhman Fahmi Alali ◽  
Mohab Amin Kamal ◽  
Abbas Khursheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
North India ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Treated Effluent

The stringency in effluent discharge and reuse standards has made it extremely expensive to discharge the effluents safely or reuse them. Therefore, existing wastewater treatment plants should be evaluated and improved or augmented. With this aim, five existing common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) in North India were evaluated, including: the State infrastructure Development Corporation Uttrakhand Limited (SIDCUL) Haridwar, which processes 4.5 Million Liters per day (MLD); the Industrial Model Township (IMT) Manesar Gurgaon, 55 MLD (comprising two streams of 25 and 30 MLD each); the Lawrence Road Industrial Area (LRIA), Delhi, 12MLD (12MLD LRIA); Mayapuri Industrial Area (MIA), Delhi, 12MLD; and the Integrated Industrial Estate (IIE) SIDCUL Pantnagar, 4.0 MLD. These plants were designed to produce treated effluent for non-potable reuse. Results showed that the integrated efficiency (IEa) of all CETPs was 10–20% larger than standard integrated efficiency (IEs), indicating the suitability of the technology, except for 12MLD at MIA CETP where the IEa was 20% lower than IEs, due to the absence of any biological unit in the process. Combined post-treatment of secondary effluent by coagulation, Ultrafiltration (UF), followed by ozonation for CETP SIDCUL Haridwar, was also conducted for its non-potable water reuse. This process was able to reduce Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 77%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by 76%, turbidity by 96%, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) by 100%. All these parameters confirmed the effluent standards for non-potable reuse. The color was reduced to 4.0 from 42.0 Pt-Co units by the exposure ozone concentration of 8.3 mg/L for up to 4.0 min on the treated water from SIDCUL CETP, which reduced the color by 90% and complied with reuse standards. Hence Combined post treatment by coagulation, UF followed Ozonation of secondary treated effluent could be a better option for the potable reuse of treated water in various domestic and industrial applications.

scholarly journals Rubber Processing Effluent Treatment with Chitosan: A Natural Biopolymer in Comparison with a Synthetic Coagulant

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christie O. Ize-Iyamua ◽  
Hilary I. Ifijen ◽  
Osaro K. Ize-Iyamu ◽  
Justina E. Ukpebor ◽  
Emmanuel E. Ukpebor
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Physico Chemical

Chitosan, a naturally occurring biopolymer extracted from prawn heads was used in the treatment of crump rubber processing effluent for safe disposal into the environment. The triplicate analyses of the effluent samples obtained by composite sampling method indicated high levels of pollution which violated the permissible limits of environmental discharge standards; with a low DO of 0.63mg/L, BOD, 312.00±1.32mg/L and COD, 1069.58±2.42mg/L (mean±SD) respectively. Chitosan was analyzed according to standard procedures; it showed good coagulative potentials from the elemental analysis and a degree of deacetylation of 76.5%. The crump rubber processing effluent was treated with chitosan and Iron (III) Chloride respectively by coagulation and flocculation method and the results obtained via the physico-chemical characterization of the treated effluent showed that the use of chitosan as a coagulant compared favourably with Iron (III) Chloride after treatment. DO levels increased from 0.63mg/L to 3.90 mg/L. There were also remarkable reduction in the Turbidity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels of the treated samples by over 80% respectively and 70% reduction in the nutrient levels. The efficacy of chitosan in comparison with Iron (III) Chloride suggests that it can be used as a replacement for synthetic coagulants based on its availability and environmental friendliness.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SEWAGE RECLAMATION: A FOCUS ON THE DISINFECTION PROCESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-99
Author(s):  
Noorini Izzati Mohamad Mazuki ◽  
Yeit Haan Teow ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Multi Media ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Almost All

Selection of suitable disinfection technology is necessary with regards to wastewater reclamation goals. In this work, the performance of various disinfection technologies - single disinfection units and integrated disinfection systems - on local sewage was studied for non-potable reuse. Disinfection units used as stand-alone units include ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, chlorination, microfiltration (MF), and ultrafiltration (UF). The integrated disinfection system consists of UV or chlorination as the primary disinfection unit incorporated with either MF, UF, multi-media or granular activated carbon as pre-treatment. The performance of these disinfection units and integrated processes were evaluated based on the percentage of removal of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, Escherichia coli, and trihalomethane in bench-scale disinfection systems. The single unit of PES20kDa membrane and the integrated disinfection system of UF-Cl showed the most effective treatment among single disinfection units and integrated systems, respectively. The results showed that almost all disinfection units and integrated disinfection processes were useable for restricted and unrestricted area non-potable applications according to United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) water reuse guidelines and managed to fulfil Singapore grey water quality for recycling. ABSTRAK: Pemilihan teknologi penyahjangkitan kuman yang sesuai adalah perlu selaras dengan matlamat pemulihgunaan air buangan. Kajian ini adalah tentang prestasi pelbagai teknologi penyahjangkitan kuman - unit tunggal penyahjangkitan kuman dan sistem penyahjangkitan kuman bersepadu pada air sisa kumbahan tempatan dikaji bagi penggunaan semula air minuman. Unit  tunggal penyahjangkitan kuman yang digunakan mempunyai penyahjangkitan kuman ultraungu (UV), pengklorinan, mikro penurasan (MF), dan ultra penurasan (UF). Manakala, sistem penyahjangkitan kuman bersepadu terdiri daripada UV atau pengklorinan sebagai unit penyahjangkitan kuman utama yang digabungkan bersama samada dengan MF, UF, multi-media atau karbon teraktif berbutir sebagai proses pra-rawatan. Prestasi unit tunggal penyahjangkitan kuman dan proses-proses bersepadu dinilai berdasarkan pada peratus penyingkiran keperluan oksigen biokimia, permintaan oksigen kimia, jumlah pepejal terampai, nitrogen ammonia, nitrogen nitrat, fosforus, coli Escherichia, dan trihalometana dalam sistem penyahjangkitan kuman berskala-makmal. Unit tunggal penurasan ultra membran PES20kDa dan sistem penyahjangkitan kuman bersepadu UF-Cl menunjukkan masing-masing paling efektif dalam rawatan unit tunggal dan sistem penyahjangkitan kuman bersepadu. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa hampir semua unit tunggal penyahjangkitan kuman dan proses penyahjangkitan kuman bersepadu boleh diguna pakai bagi aplikasi terhad dan tidak terhad  mengikut garis panduan penggunaan semula air sisa rawatan yang ditetapkan oleh Agensi Pelindungan Alam Sekitar Amerika Syarikat (US EPA) dan kualiti kitar semula air sisa Singapura.

Integrated Dairy Plant Effluent Treatment and Production of Biomass and Lipids using Micro Algae - "Chlorella vulgaris"

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharathiraja Balasubramaniyan ◽  
Jayamuthunagai Jayaraman
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Pure Strain ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
High Lipid

Abstract Algal biomass is a potentially inexpensive source of energy which has high lipid content. As India is the Asia’s largest milk producing country (104.8 million tons in the year 2008), the milk production terminates with an effluent production of 5.24% of the total milk produced i.e., 20 million tons of dairy waste is produced. This effluent can be broken down in many ways, but a more economical way is broken down by the growth of the algal species Chlorella vulgaris which results in the tremendous reduction in various toxic salts concentration and other complex chemicals. As the dairy effluent is hostile to the natural environment, the algae is used not only to break down the toxic substances but also to produce Biomass, which is produced at a rate of 17g/l, which contains a lipid content of 30% ( from 1:1 ratio of effluent and water). Also the treated effluent has low chemical oxygen demand [COD], hence this can be used for irrigation of farms mainly those which are heavily fed with chemical fertilizers. The biosynthesis of organics salts, alkanoates [PHAs] and other phenolic compounds, involves algal species the process is secured by using i) large inoculums ii) tolerant strain (pure strain or GM, if available). This research work uses the pure strain of Chlorella vulgaris which involves the treatment of effluent with three different dilutions and analyzing them.

scholarly journals Efficiency analysis of effluents treatment plants of different industries at Kalurghat – Port City of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-337
Author(s):  
Sarkar Imran Wahid ◽  
Ohidul Alam ◽  
Mohammed Kamal Hossain ◽  
Milan Kumar Chakraborty ◽  
Mohammad Mohinuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Port City

The study was executed at Kalurghat industrial area to determine the efficiency of effluent treatment plants by testing different physicochemical parameters. Results revealed that only 3 out of 9 industries treated their effluents efficiently and discharged following the standards of Department of Environment. The remaining industries viz. Alfa Textile treated their effluent but the values of pH (10.2), dissolve oxygen (DO) (3.6 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (89 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (282 mg/L), total suspended solid (TSS) (221 mg/L), and electric conductivity (EC) (4,003 μS/cm) exceeded the standards, and released untreated effluents directly into the environment. Smart Jeans didn't maintain the standard of EC (1,927 μS/cm), DO (3.2 mg/L), BOD (96 mg/L) and COD (216 mg/L). Asian Apparels EC (1,973 μS/cm), DO (4 mg/L), BOD (79 mg/L), and COD (221 mg/L) weren't up to the standards. Similarly, Mans Fashion EC (1,243 μS/cm), DO (3.7 mg/L), TSS (180 mg/L), BOD (78 mg/L), and COD (255 mg/L) also exceeded the standards. In addition, Well Group TSS (160 mg/L), EC (3,201 μS/cm), DO (4.2 mg/L), and COD (235 mg/L) while Golden Height only EC (1,762 μS/cm) crossed the prescribed limits. Inversely, all the sampled industries volleyed effluents containing metals within the standards level except Alfa Textile (Cu, Zn, & Cr), Well Group (Cr) and Asian Apparels (Ni).

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF ETP FACILITIES AND THE INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN NOAKHALI INDUSTRIAL AREA, BANGLADESH

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Md. Shiblur Rahaman ◽  
Fozia Momotaz ◽  
Afrida Nurain ◽  
Protima Sarker ◽  
Sahoko Ichihara
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Under Construction

Untreated wastewater disposal from industries has been a crucial environmental issue for developing countries like Bangladesh. The current study aims to investigate the status of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) and the quality of effluents in the Noakhali industrial area, Bangladesh. Total 10 industries were surveyed and the ETP status showed that about 30% of industries do not have ETP facilities and only 30% of industries use their ETP for the treatment of the effluents where the rest of the industry’s ETPs were under construction or exit but not used. Effluent samples were collected from seven locations near the discharge points of various industries. All the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical procedures and analyzed the values comparing with the guideline standard by the Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh. The average values of electric conductivity (EC) have exceeded the tolerable limit in maximum effluent samples. On the contrary, the temperature, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) values were within the standard limit for all of the collected effluent samples. The chloride concentration of the three effluent samples surpassed the limit. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) limit were exceeded for the effluent sampling sites S-6 and S-7 collected near the food and beverage industry. Besides, the maximum dissolved oxygen (DO) values of the effluents were below the standard which indicates poor water quality. Environmental nuisance is producing in Noakhali industrial area as maximum industries have not enough wastewater treatment facilities. Present study demonstrated that it is obvious to operate the ETP regularly for improving the quality of effluents to save our native environment from the harmful effects of wastewater.

Use of talc for filamentous bulking control in effluent treatment plant

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-302
Author(s):  
Hygor Aristides Victor Rossoni ◽  
Cláudio Mudado Silva ◽  
Cláudio Arcanjo Sousa ◽  
Fabyano Fonseca e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Aeration Tank ◽  
Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Filamentous Bulking ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Suspended Solid Concentration

One of the main existing operational problems in activated sludge effluent treatment processes is the poor sedimentation of the biological sludge in the secondary clarifiers. This poor settleability of the sludge is, generally, associated with excessive growth of filamentous bacteria in the bioreactor causing sludge filamentous bulking. In Brazil, many pulp and paper mills have faced problems related to sludge filamentous bulking in their effluent treatment plants experiencing a significant reduction in COD and BOD removal efficiency and a loss of suspended solids in the treated effluent. The addition of talc to increase floc density for the control of filamentous bulking has been studied. The objective of this study was to test the use of talc for the control of filamentous bulking. The bio-sludge used was obtained from a recycling paper mill and had an abundance of filamentous bacteria Type 021N. The experiment consisted of five bioreactors operating batch wise with sludge age of ten days. Different talc applications were used: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in relation to the total suspended solids in the aeration tank. The following analyses were carried out to monitor the system: suspended solids, sludge volumetric index (SVI) and chemical oxygen demand. Successive additions of talc contributed for the reduction of IVL. Dosages of 75% and 100% showed to be most efficient to improve settleability of the sludge. The presence of talc did not interfere with biological activity of the sludge. However, it was observed an increase of the total suspended solid concentration in the aeration tank. The addition of talc had a temporary effect on sludge settleability, so it was necessary to add repeatedly talc in the reactor in order to maintain a low sludge volumetric index.

Evaluation of recirculating sand filter in a cold climate

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H. Christopherson ◽  
J.L. Anderson ◽  
D.M. Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Alternative Technologies

Approximately 30% of Minnesota's residents rely on onsite technologies for their wastewater treatment. There is a growing need for ‘alternative, technologies to aid in treatment for difficult sites and sensitive environmental areas. Recirculating sand filters (RSFs) have been used since the 1970s for small communities with flows >20,000 L per day, but use for small flow application (<5,000 L/d) has been growing due to its small land use requirement. A research site was developed in southern Minnesota in 1995 to test alternative technologies, including two RSFs. In addition, in 1998, two RSFs were added to existing residential soil treatment systems that were having problems because of inadequate separation and fill soil conditions. All RSFs in this study used 0.6 metres of coarse sand for treatment, were loaded at approximately 204 L per day per square metre (5 gallons per square foot per day) and a recirculation rate of 5:1. All RSFs have effectively reduced Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Fecal Coliform (FC) and Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These systems are able to achieve secondary effluent treatment levels for BOD5 and TSS. The median FC reduction was 90% with a value of 5.7 E4 cfu/100 mL, indicating additional treatment is necessary to protect health and the environment. The RSFs consistently removed 25% or more total phosphorus (TP) and 40% or more total nitrogen (TN). The RSFs did not show significantly decreased performance during the winter months. Two of the RSFs receiving rather high strength domestic waste were able to reduce a greater percentage of total nitrogen, indicated that the addition of carbon from the high strength waste is a benefit resulting in greater TN removal.

Anaerobic/aerobic treatment of greywater via UASB and MBR for unrestricted reuse

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy ◽  
Ahmed Makki Al-Sulaiman ◽  
Mona S. M. Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Water Head ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of integrated up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) as anaerobic system followed by membrane bioreactor (MBR) as aerobic system for the treatment of greywater for unrestricted reuse. Pilot-scale UASB and MBR units were installed and operated in the NRC, Egypt. Real raw greywater was subjected to UASB and the effluent was further treated with microfiltration MBR. The necessary trans-membrane pressure difference is applied by the water head above the membrane (gravity flow) without any energy input. The average characteristics of the raw greywater were 95, 392, 298, 10.45, 0.4, 118.5 and 28 mg/L for total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphates, nitrates, oil and grease, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), respectively. The pH was 6.71. The UASB treatment efficiency reached 19.3, 57.8, 67.5 and 83.7% for TSS, COD, BOD5 and oil and grease, respectively. When the UASB effluent was further treated with MBR, the overall removal rate achieved 97.7, 97.8, 97.4 and 95.8% for the same parameters successively. The characteristics of the final effluent reached 2.5, 8.5, 6.1, 0.95, 4.6 and 2.3 mg/L for TSS, COD, BOD, phosphates, oil and grease and TKN, respectively. This final treated effluent could cope with the unrestricted water reuse of local Egyptian guidelines.

Continuous and sequencing membrane bioreactors applied to food industry effluent treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lobos ◽  
C. Wisniewski ◽  
M. Heran ◽  
A. Grasmick
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Industry Effluent ◽  
Sludge Production

This work focuses on the performances of two immersed membrane bioreactors used for the treatment of easily biodegradable organic matter present in food industry effluents, for the purpose of water reuse. Two reactor functioning modes (continuous and sequencing) were compared in terms of organic carbon removal and of membrane permeability. For each working mode, pollutant removal was very high, treated water quality presented a low COD concentration (<125 mg.L−1), no solids in suspension and low turbidity (<0.5 NTU). The quality of the treated water (including germ removal) enabled its reuse on site. Moreover, by developing high biomass concentrations in the reactor, excess sludge production remained very low (<0.1 gVSS.gCOD−1). The performances appeared slightly better for the continuous system (lower COD concentration in the effluent, <50 mg.L−1, and lower sludge production). In terms of filtration, a distinct difference was observed between continuous and sequencing systems; transmembrane pressure showed a small and constant evolution rate in continuous membrane bioreactor (CMBR) although it appeared more difficult to control in sequencing membrane bioreactor (SMBR) probably due to punctually higher permeate flow rate and modified suspension properties. The rapid evolution of membrane permeability observed in SMBR was such that more frequent chemical cleaning of the membrane system was required.

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