The Evolution of Appendicular Muscles During the Fin-to-Limb Transition: Possible Insights Through Studies of Soft Tissues, a Perspective

The evolution of the appendages during the fin-to-limb transition has been extensively studied, yet the majority of studies focused on the skeleton and the fossil record. Whereas the evolution of the anatomy of the appendicular musculature has been studied, the changes in the muscular architecture during the fin-to-limb transition remain largely unstudied, yet may provide important new insights. The fin-to-limb transition is associated with the appearance of a new mode of locomotion and the associated shift from pectoral to pelvic dominance. Here, we propose ways to investigate this question and review data on muscle mass and muscle architecture of the pectoral and pelvic muscles in extant vertebrates. We explore whether changes in appendage type are associated with changes in the muscular architecture and the relative investment in different muscle groups. These preliminary data show a general increase in the muscle mass of the appendages relative to the body mass during the fin-to-limb transition. The locomotor shift suggested to occur during the fin-to-limb transition appears supported by our preliminary data since in “fish” the pectoral fins are heavier than the pelvic fins, whereas in tetrapods, the forelimb muscles are less developed than the hind limb muscles. Finally, a shift in the investment in different muscle groups with an increase of the contribution of the superficial groups in tetrapods compared to “fish” appears to take place. Our study highlights the potential of investigating quantitative features of the locomotor muscles, yet also demonstrates the lack of quantitative data allowing to test these ideas.

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Body composition inPan paniscuscompared withHomo sapienshas implications for changes during human evolution

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1505071112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (24) ◽

pp. 7466-7471 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Adrienne L. Zihlman ◽

Debra R. Bolter

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Human Evolution ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Pan Paniscus ◽

Homo Sapiens ◽

The Body ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Relative Mass ◽

Human Form

The human body has been shaped by natural selection during the past 4–5 million years. Fossils preserve bones and teeth but lack muscle, skin, fat, and organs. To understand the evolution of the human form, information about both soft and hard tissues of our ancestors is needed. Our closest living relatives of the genusPanprovide the best comparative model to those ancestors. Here, we present data on the body composition of 13 bonobos (Pan paniscus) measured during anatomical dissections and compare the data withHomo sapiens. These comparative data suggest that both females and males (i) increased body fat, (ii) decreased relative muscle mass, (iii) redistributed muscle mass to lower limbs, and (iv) decreased relative mass of skin during human evolution. Comparison of soft tissues betweenPanandHomoprovides new insights into the function and evolution of body composition.

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Basic morphometric parameters of the biostatic donkey body model

Veterinarska stanica ◽

10.46419/vs.53.5.7 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Milivoje Urošević ◽

Darko Drobnjak ◽

Radomir Mandić ◽

Ružica Trailović ◽

Goran Stanišić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Response ◽

Domestic Animal ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Kinematic Effect ◽

Body Regions ◽

Equus Asinus ◽

Body Construction ◽

Pelvic Muscles ◽

Muscle Groups

The domestic donkey (Equus asinus) has a very specific body construction. It is built in such a way that the mutual relationship of individual body regions enables great work endurance. The fact that this breed of domestic animal originates from wild ancestors, originated and developed in Africa, clearly shows that the breed developed in harsh climatic and ecological conditions that conditioned the appropriate biological response. The biostatic model causes the biodynamic effect, i.e., the production of biokinetic energy. Movement forwards occurs as a consequence of the creation of biokinetic energy and its transfer from the back part of the body, where it originates, to the front part of the body. The most efficient transfer of biokinetic energy is enabled by the existence of an appropriate biostatic model, i.e., body structure, and this leads to a biodynamic effect that is defined as a movement. For the process of movement, the muscles must be well developed. Two muscle groups are distinguished; a) pelvic muscles, b) external hip and croup joint muscles. The basic lever for the transfer of biokinetic energy is the femur. The generated energy is transferred from the hip joint to the thigh muscles, which shortening leads to the movement of the hind leg forward, its leaning against the ground and pushing the whole body forward. The generated biokinetic energy cause the bio kinematic effect, which is characterized as a movement.

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Myoglobin Concentration and Oxygen Stores in Different Functional Muscle Groups from Three Small Cetacean Species

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020451 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 451

Author(s):

Marina Arregui ◽

Emily M. Singleton ◽

Pedro Saavedra ◽

D. Ann Pabst ◽

Michael J. Moore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Mass ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Cetacean Species ◽

Stenella Frontalis ◽

Muscle Sample ◽

Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Locomotor Muscles ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Total Muscle

Compared with terrestrial mammals, marine mammals possess increased muscle myoglobin concentrations (Mb concentration, g Mb · 100g−1 muscle), enhancing their onboard oxygen (O2) stores and their aerobic dive limit. Although myoglobin is not homogeneously distributed, cetacean muscle O2 stores have been often determined by measuring Mb concentration from a single muscle sample (longissimus dorsi) and multiplying that value by the animal’s locomotor muscle or total muscle mass. This study serves to determine the accuracy of previous cetacean muscle O2 stores calculations. For that, body muscles from three delphinid species: Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, and Stenella frontalis, were dissected and weighed. Mb concentration was calculated from six muscles/muscle groups (epaxial, hypaxial and rectus abdominis; mastohumeralis; sternohyoideus; and dorsal scalenus), each representative of different functional groups (locomotion powering swimming, pectoral fin movement, feeding and respiration, respectively). Results demonstrated that the Mb concentration was heterogeneously distributed, being significantly higher in locomotor muscles. Locomotor muscles were the major contributors to total muscle O2 stores (mean 92.8%) due to their high Mb concentration and large muscle masses. Compared to this method, previous studies assuming homogenous Mb concentration distribution likely underestimated total muscle O2 stores by 10% when only considering locomotor muscles and overestimated them by 13% when total muscle mass was considered.

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The musculature and nervous system of the plerocercoid larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.)

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000024586 ◽

1941 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 373-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gwendolen Rees

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Nerve Cells ◽

The Body ◽

Lateral Nerve ◽

Posterior Median ◽

The Brain ◽

Ventral Muscle ◽

Nerve Cords ◽

Extrinsic Muscles

1. The structure of the proboscides of the larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.) is described. Each proboscis is provided with four sets of extrinsic muscles, and there is an anterior dorso-ventral muscle mass connected to all four proboscides.2. The musculature of the body and scolex is described.3. The nervous system consists of a brain, two lateral nerve cords, two outer and inner anterior nerves on each side, twenty-five pairs of bothridial nerves to each bothridium, four longitudinal bothridial nerves connecting these latter before their entry into the bothridia, four proboscis nerves arising from the brain, and a series of lateral nerves supplying the lateral regions of the body.4. The so-called ganglia contain no nerve cells, these are present only in the posterior median commissure which is therefore the nerve centre.

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Common Denominator Linking Skeletal Muscle Wasting Due to Disease, Aging, and Prolonged Inactivity

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10040588 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 588

Author(s):

Hayden W. Hyatt ◽

Scott K. Powers

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Cancer Chemotherapy ◽

Muscle Wasting ◽

The Body ◽

Common Denominator ◽

Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽

Vital Functions

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body and is required for numerous vital functions, including breathing and locomotion. Notably, deterioration of skeletal muscle mass is also highly correlated to mortality in patients suffering from chronic diseases (e.g., cancer). Numerous conditions can promote skeletal muscle wasting, including several chronic diseases, cancer chemotherapy, aging, and prolonged inactivity. Although the mechanisms responsible for this loss of muscle mass is multifactorial, mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted to be a major contributor to muscle wasting in various conditions. This systematic review will highlight the biochemical pathways that have been shown to link mitochondrial dysfunction to skeletal muscle wasting. Importantly, we will discuss the experimental evidence that connects mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle wasting in specific diseases (i.e., cancer and sepsis), aging, cancer chemotherapy, and prolonged muscle inactivity (e.g., limb immobilization). Finally, in hopes of stimulating future research, we conclude with a discussion of important future directions for research in the field of muscle wasting.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Disruption of the Posterior Tibial Tendon

Foot & Ankle ◽

10.1177/107110078700800307 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 144-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ian J. Alexander ◽

Kenneth A. Johnson ◽

Thomas H. Berquist

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Diagnostic Technique ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

The Body ◽

Posterior Tibial Tendon ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Posterior Tibial ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a useful technique of studying soft tissues of the body, can be very effective in assessing the integrity of tendons. Usually a patient with a complete tear of the posterior tibial tendon has characteristic physical findings. In the patient presented, MRI demonstrated a complete disruption of the posterior tibial tendon, despite the absence of the commonly associated clinical findings. In view of the difficulties encountered with attempted tenography of the completely torn posterior tibial tendon, MRI provides a sensitive alternative diagnostic technique.

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The Activity Profile of Young Tennis Athletes Playing on Clay and Hard Courts: Preliminary Data

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0158 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 211-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Lucas Adriano Pereira ◽

Victor Freitas ◽

Felipe Arruda Moura ◽

Marcelo Saldanha Aoki ◽

Irineu Loturco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

High Intensity ◽

The Body ◽

Activity Profile ◽

Red Clay ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Body Load ◽

H 30 ◽

Paired T Test

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic characteristics of tennis matches between red clay and hard courts in young tennis players. Eight young tennis players performed two tennis matches on different court surfaces. The match activities were monitored using GPS units. The distance covered in different velocity ranges and the number of accelerations were analyzed. The paired t test and inference based on magnitudes were used to compare the match physical performance between groups. The total distance (24% of difference), high-intensity running distance (15 - 18 km/h) (30% of difference), the number of high-intensity activities (44% of difference), the body load (1% of difference), and accelerations >1.5 g (1.5-2 g and >2 g 7.8 and 8.1 % of difference, respectively) were significantly greater in clay court than hard court matches (p < 0.05). Matches played on the red clay court required players to cover more total and high-intensity running distances and engage in more high-intensity activities than the matches played on the hard court. Finally, on the clay court the body load and the number of accelerations performed (>1.5 g) were possibly higher than on the hard court.

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Computerized Tomography: A Perspective in the Pediatric Patient

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.59.2.305 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 305-308

Author(s):

Derek Harwood-Nash ◽

Herman Grossman ◽

Alvin Felman ◽

John Kirkpatrick ◽

Leonard Swischuk

Keyword(s):

Computerized Tomography ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Conventional Radiography ◽

The United States ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Central Research ◽

X Ray ◽

Whole Body Ct

Computerized tomography (CT), a technique conceptualized by Oldendorf in 19611 and developed by Hounsfield2 of EMI-Tronics Inc. (EMI) Central Research Laboratories, has proven to be a successful innovation in neuroradiology. Reviews by Ambrose3 in England and by Baker et al.4 and by New et al.5 in the United States have clearly demonstrated the value of this new modality in neuroradiological diagnosis. In 1975 Houser et al.6 and Harwood-Nash et al.7 provided the initial clinical and radiological data about CT in infants and children. More recently this technique has been extended to the study of tissues and organs in the body other than those in the head. This has been accomplished by modification of the original machine into a whole-body CT system. Early reviews by Ledley et al.8 and by Alfidi et al.9 suggest a significant potential for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen, pelvis, and thorax. The advantages of CT are that it is less invasive than standard special diagnostic radiological procedures and that for the first time it provides in vivo information regarding the content and the characteristics of tissue composing organs and masses. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT In conventional radiography an image is made on radiographic film by an attenuated X-ray beam. In passing through a core of tissue, each ray of the beam is attenuated as it is absorbed and scattered by the tissue in its path. The intensity of the transmitted ray depends on the sum total of X-ray attenuation by all the different soft tissues in its path.

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Change in skeletal muscle index and its prognostic significance in conversion therapy for initially unresectable colorectal cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.56 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 56-56

Author(s):

Hiroaki Nozawa ◽

Shigenobu Emoto ◽

Koji Murono ◽

Yasutaka Shuno ◽

Soichiro Ishihara

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Systemic Chemotherapy ◽

Stage Iv ◽

The Body ◽

Pharmacological Intervention ◽

Conversion Therapy ◽

Skeletal Muscle Index

56 Background: Systemic chemotherapy can cause loss of skeletal muscle mass in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in the neoadjuvant and palliative settings. However, it is largely unknown how the body composition is changed by chemotherapy rendering unresectable CRC to resectable disease or how it affects the prognosis. This study aimed at elucidating the effects of systemic chemotherapy on skeletal muscles and survival in stage IV CRC patients who underwent conversion therapy. Methods: We reviewed 98 stage IV CRC patients who received systemic chemotherapy in our hospital. According to the treatment setting, patients were divided into the ‘Conversion’, ‘Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)’, and ‘Palliation’ groups. The cross-sectional area of skeletal muscles at the third lumbar level and changes in the skeletal muscle index (SMI), defined as the area divided by height squared, during chemotherapy were compared among patient groups. The effects of these parameters on prognosis were analyzed in the Conversion group. Results: The mean SMI increased by 8.0% during chemotherapy in the Conversion group (n = 38), whereas it decreased by 6.2% in the NAC group (n = 18) and 3.7% in the Palliation group (n = 42, p < 0.0001). Moreover, patients with increased SMI during chemotherapy had a better overall survival (OS) than those whose SMI decreased in the Conversion group (p = 0.021). The increase in SMI was an independent predictor of favorable OS on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 0.26). Conclusions: Stage IV CRC patients who underwent conversion to resection often had an increased SMI. As such an increase in SMI further conveys a survival benefit in conversion therapy, it may be important to make efforts to preserve muscle mass by meticulous approaches, such as nutritional support, muscle exercise programs, and pharmacological intervention even during chemotherapy in patients with metastatic CRC.

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The reaction of the soft tissues of the anterior abdominal wall to various suture material

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj62327 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 72-74

Author(s):

V. P. Nefedov ◽

R. M. Ramazanov

Keyword(s):

Foreign Body ◽

Abdominal Wall ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Suture Material ◽

Anterior Abdominal Wall ◽

The Body ◽

Reactive Changes ◽

Healing Processes

The healing processes of sutured wounds of soft tissues in most cases depend on the type and quality of the suture material. Any kind of suture material in the tissues of the body is a foreign body that causes various reactive changes from the tissues. The nature of these changes, all other things being equal, is mainly determined by the type of suture material, its thickness and the method of sterilization of the tissues on which the sutures are applied, the trauma of surgery, the infection of the wound and the irritating effect of the threads on the tissues.

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