Body composition inPan paniscuscompared withHomo sapienshas implications for changes during human evolution

The human body has been shaped by natural selection during the past 4–5 million years. Fossils preserve bones and teeth but lack muscle, skin, fat, and organs. To understand the evolution of the human form, information about both soft and hard tissues of our ancestors is needed. Our closest living relatives of the genusPanprovide the best comparative model to those ancestors. Here, we present data on the body composition of 13 bonobos (Pan paniscus) measured during anatomical dissections and compare the data withHomo sapiens. These comparative data suggest that both females and males (i) increased body fat, (ii) decreased relative muscle mass, (iii) redistributed muscle mass to lower limbs, and (iv) decreased relative mass of skin during human evolution. Comparison of soft tissues betweenPanandHomoprovides new insights into the function and evolution of body composition.

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Men and women do not have the same relation between body composition and postural sway

Journal of Morphological Sciences ◽

10.4322/jms.092715 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (02) ◽

pp. 093-097 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Alonso ◽

L. Mochizuki ◽

N. Luna ◽

A. Canonica ◽

R. Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽

The Body ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Quiet Standing ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Men And Women

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of body composition on the postural sway during quiet standing. Our hypothesis is that men and women do not have the same relation between body composition and postural sway during quiet standing. Materials and Methods: Participated in the study 50 men and 50 women; age range: 20-40 years old. The main outcome measures were: Body composition (bone densitometry), percentage of fat (% fat) tissue (g), fat (g), lean mass (g), bone mineral content (g) and bone mineral density (g/cm2); Anthropometry: body mass (kg), height (cm), length of the trunk-head (cm), length of lower limbs (cm). The following indices were calculated: body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and Postural balance test - center ofpressure displacement. Results: The correlation analysis showed low correlations between postural sway and anthropometric variables. The multiple linear regression model showed that the body composition and the anthropometry were able to explain only men's postural sway. Conclusion: The postural sway is sex type dependent. Men and women have different relations between body composition and postural sway. Only male's body composition affected the body sway.

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Relationship between Leg Strength and Balance and Lean Body Mass. Benefits for Active Aging

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12062380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 2380 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez ◽

Wanesa Onetti-Onetti ◽

Rui Sousa Mendes ◽

José Luis Chinchilla-Minguet

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Social Issues ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

The Elderly ◽

The Body ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Strength Capacity

Physical activity (PA) can bring incalculable benefits to people throughout the aging process. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between the leg and arm strength, body composition and balance of elderly people. Twenty-one people (9 men and 12 women) over 60 years of age voluntarily participated in this study. Bioimpedance tests were carried out to obtain body mass data, manual dynamometer tests and the lower limbs test were conducted to obtain strength values, and the stork balance stand test was conducted to assess static balance. As a result, medium-high correlation coefficients were obtained between the aforementioned dependent variables. The highest value corresponded to the relationship between the results of the dominant hand strength test (right hand in all participants) and the lean body mass (LBM) of the participant (R2 = 75%, p < 0.001). The results indicated that strength capacity, recorded by dynamometry, and balance ability have a direct relationship with the body composition of the subject, especially with their lean body mass. These data suggest that a greater lean body mass can provide greater strength and balance in the elderly, so it would improve or have greater duration the functionality and independence of the person, thereby justifying direct benefits in people and indirect benefits in public administrations that finance these social issues.

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Nutrition and body composition of elite rhythmic gymnasts from Bulgaria

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954119892803 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 108-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Silvia Miteva ◽

Iliya Yanev ◽

Stefan Kolimechkov ◽

Lubomir Petrov ◽

Lubomir Mladenov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

The Body ◽

Ideal Weight ◽

National Team ◽

Health Related ◽

Female Gymnasts ◽

Rhythmic Gymnasts

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which special consideration is given to diet and body appearance. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient intake and body composition of elite rhythmic gymnasts in comparison with guidelines for female gymnasts. Twenty-one elite rhythmic gymnasts from Bulgaria were divided into three groups: First National Team, mean age 24.2; Second National Team, mean age 17.8; and Junior National Team, mean age 12.6. Body fat and muscle mass were estimated by skinfold methods, and a food frequency questionnaire was applied to assess the nutrient intake. The gymnasts showed low per cent of body fat (13.9% for the First National Team, 17.0% for the Second National Team, and 15.6% for the Junior National Team) and high per cent muscle mass (44.0, 40.5, and 37.6%, respectively). They kept their weight close to the ideal one, as recommended by the coaches, and the following equation best corresponded to the recommended ideal weight: height (cm) − 118. The energy intake was lower than the calculated energy requirements, in addition to low intake of fat and carbohydrates. The relative protein intake was 1.7 g/kg for the First National Team, 1.7 g/kg for the Second National Team, and 1.9 g/kg for Junior National Team, and the energy contribution of proteins was higher than the recommended 15%. Rhythmic gymnasts should be encouraged to maintain their ideal weight without great variance from the health-related guidelines, and coaches should consider not only the body image, but also the norms relating to body composition in women when determining ideal weight.

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Human Evolution

Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology ◽

10.1017/s0271164800000968 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 182-198

Author(s):

Catherine Badgley

Keyword(s):

Human Evolution ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Pan Paniscus ◽

Homo Sapiens ◽

Great Apes ◽

Sister Group ◽

The Family ◽

History Of ◽

Living Species ◽

Single Living

The evolutionary history of humans is well understood in outline, compared to that of many other groups of mammals. But human evolution remains enigmatic in its details, and these are compelling both scientifically and personally because they relate to the biological uniqueness of humans. Humans are placed in the primate family Hominidae, which, in traditional classifications, contains a single living species, Homo sapiens. The closest living relatives of humans are great apes: the chimpanzees Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, the gorilla Gorilla gorilla, and the orangutan Pongo pygmaeus. These apes have traditionally been placed in the family Pongidae as the sister group of Hominidae. Living Hominidae and Pongidae, together with Hylobatidae (gibbons) comprise the modern representatives of the primate suborder Hominoidea.

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Effects of a 2-Year Supervised Exercise Program Upon the Body Composition and Muscular Performance of HIV-Infected Patients

The Open AIDS Journal ◽

10.2174/1874613601509010080 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 80-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Lorena da Silva Paes ◽

Juliana Pereira Borges ◽

Fernanda Monteiro dos Santos ◽

Taciana Pinto de Oliveira ◽

Jaciara Gomes Dupin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Exercise Program ◽

The Body ◽

Supervised Exercise ◽

Supervised Exercise Program ◽

Total Muscle

Background :There is a lack of research investigating long-term effects of exercise training upon the body composition and muscle function in HIV-infected patients (PHIV). The study investigated the influence of a 2-year supervised exercise program on body composition and strength of PHIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Methods :A training program including aerobic, strength and flexibility exercises was performed by 27 PHIV (17 men/ 10 women; age: 48.7±7.0 years; HAART: 150.7±65.3 months) during 1 year and 18 PHIV (10 men/ 8 women; age: 50.6±5.2 years; HAART: 176.6±53.1 months) during 2 years. Body composition and knee isokinetic strength were assessed at baseline and at the end of each year of intervention.Results :Body composition remained stable along the whole experimentvsbaseline (1-year- total muscle mass: Δ men=1.1%,P=0.21; Δ women=1.4%,P=0.06; trunk fat: Δ men=-0.1%,P=0.65; Δ women=-1.5%,P=0.45;2 years- total muscle mass: Δ men=2.7%,P=0.54; Δ women=-1.9%,P=0.71; trunk fat: Δ men=4.4%,P=0.96; Δ women=10.0%,P=0.30). After 1-year, peak torque increased in men (Δ extension=4.2%,P=0.01; Δ flexion=12.2%,P=0.04) and total work reduced in women (Δ extension=-15.4%,P=0.01, Δ flexion=-17.5%,P=0.05). All strength markers remained stablevsbaseline after 2 years of intervention (P>0.05). Only men showed significant reduction in the risk of disability due to sarcopenia (P=0.05) after 1 year of intervention, which remained stable after 2 years.Conclusion :Long-term exercise training preserved strength and muscle mass in PHIV under HAART. Exercise programs should be part of HIV therapy to prevent sarcopenia of this population along the years.Trial Registration :ACTRN12610000683033; UTN U1111-1116-4416.

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Differences in body composition between young soccer players (U19) members of the best soccer clubs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia

Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports ◽

10.15561/26649837.2020.0404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 175-180

Author(s):

Jovan Gardasevic ◽

Dusko Bjelica ◽

Ivan Vasiljevic ◽

Bojan Masanovic

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽

Balkan Peninsula ◽

The Body ◽

Southern Region ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Anthropometric Characteristics ◽

Post Hoc

Background and Study Aim: The aim of this research was to determine the differences between the young soccer players (U19) in terms of anthropometric characteristics and body composition. We considered players of three the most successful clubs in three countries of the southern region of the Balkan Peninsula. Material and Methods: The first sub-sample of the subjects was consisted of 19 players of FC Radnicki from Serbia of the average age 17.84±.37. The second sub-sample was consisted of 19 players of FC Sarajevo from Bosnia and Herzegovina of the average age of 17.53±.51. The last sub-sample of the examinees was consisted of 13 players of FC Shkupi from North Macedonia of the average age 18.00±.00. Anthropometric characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables. The significance of the differences between the young soccer players in the anthropometric characteristics and variables for assessing body composition were determined by ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc test. Results: The young soccer players of the three mentioned clubs have statistically significant differences by the two variables that estimate fat percentage and muscle mass. The young soccer players of FC Radnicki are significantly better in variable fat percentage than other players. The young soccer players of FC Skhupi have significantly less muscle mass than other players. Conclusions: The results can be useful for coaches of other clubs for making a comparison of their soccer players with the young soccer players in this research.

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Body composition of women with and without dynapenia defined by different cut-off points

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1678-9865202134e200084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

Author(s):

Lucas dos SANTOS ◽

Camille Giehl Martins MIRANDA ◽

Tasso Carvalho Barberino de SOUZA ◽

Thais Alves BRITO ◽

Marcos Henrique FERNANDES ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

The Body ◽

Electrical Bioimpedance ◽

Central Fat ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT Objective To compare body composition of postmenopausal women with and without dynapenia, defined by different cut-off points. Methods Body composition was assessed by electrical bioimpedance and the nutritional status by the body mass index. Dynapenia was diagnosed according to handgrip strength, using the following cut-off points: handgrip strength <16kgf and <20 kgf. Results A total of 171 women (50 to 92 years of age) participated in the investigation. The mean age of non-dynapenic and dynapenic women (handgrip strength <20kgf) was 69.4±8.2 and 74.5±8.2 years, respectively. The mean age of women with dynapenia (handgrip strength <16kgf) was 75.0±10.1 years and non-dynapenic women, 71.1±8.2 years. It was found that dynapenic women, with handgrip strength <20 and <16kgf, had an average of 2.38 and 2.47kg less muscle mass respectively, when compared to non-dynapenic women (p<0.05). However, there was no difference in muscle mass between the different dynapenic groups. Non-dynapenic women (handgrip strength ≥20kgf) had more total (3.55kg) and central fat (1.47kg) (p<0.05). Conclusion Dynapenic women, diagnosed considering both cutoff points, had less total and segmental muscle mass compared to non-dynapenic women. In addition, dynapenic women with handgrip strength <20kgf had lower total and trunk adiposity.

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Impacts of body composition parameters and liver cirrhosis on the severity of alcoholic acute pancreatitis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0260309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. e0260309

Author(s):

Dong Kee Jang ◽

Dong-Won Ahn ◽

Kook Lae Lee ◽

Byeong Gwan Kim ◽

Ji Won Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Body Composition ◽

Liver Cirrhosis ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Abdominal Muscle ◽

The Body ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

The Impact

Aim Liver cirrhosis and features of muscle or adipose tissues may affect the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). We aimed to evaluate the impact of body composition parameters and liver cirrhosis on the severity of AP in patients with alcohol-induced AP (AAP). Methods Patients with presumed AAP who underwent CT within one week after admission were retrospectively enrolled. L3 sectional areas of abdominal fat and muscle, and mean muscle attenuations (MMAs) were quantified. The presence of liver cirrhosis was determined using clinical and CT findings. Factors potentially associated with moderately severe or severe AP were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 242 patients (47.0 ± 12.6 years, 215 males) with presumed AAP were included. The mild and moderately severe/severe (MSS) groups included 137 (56.6%) and 105 patients (43.4%), respectively. Patients in the MSS group had higher rates of liver cirrhosis, organ failure, and local complications. Among body composition parameters, mean MMA (33.4 vs 36.8 HU, P<0.0001) and abdominal muscle mass (126.5 vs 135.1 cm2, P = 0.029) were significantly lower in the MSS group. The presence of liver cirrhosis (OR, 4.192; 95% CI, 1.620–10.848) was found to be a significant risk factor for moderately severe or severe AP by multivariable analysis. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that liver cirrhosis has a significant impact on the severity of AAP. Of the body composition parameters examined, MMA and abdominal muscle mass showed potential as promising predictors.

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Perceived stress and its relationship with the body composition of undergraduate students of a medical college in Nigeria.

Nigerian Journal of Medical Rehabilitation ◽

10.34058/njmr.v18i2.131 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Ayoola Ibifubara Aiyegbusi ◽

Sunday Rufus Akinbo ◽

Oluwadamilola Bolarinwa Adebisi

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Stress Level ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Relationships

Background: Stress among medical undergraduates has been reported to be on the increase with subsequent tendency towards obesity. However, the association between perceived stress and body composition has yet to be determined.Objective: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the relationship between perceived stress and body composition among undergraduates of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria.Methods: Three hundred and twenty-nine apparently healthy undergraduates (165 males and 164 females) with ages between 17 to 35 years participated in the study. Physical characteristics such as weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and body composition indices were measured using standard procedures. Questionnaires were administered to assess the levels of perceived stress of the participants. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient analysis.Results: The mean stress level was low (27.33 ± 10.60). There were significant relationships between the body composition indices and perceived stress with visceral fat having the strongest relationship (p = 0.004) while BMI had the least correlation (p = 0.037). There were also significant relationships between age, gender and body composition indices. The percentage muscle mass, visceral fat, and body fat had significant relationships with the gender of the participants.Conclusion: Visceral fat, BMI, and percentage muscle mass increased with an increase in perceived stress level, and females had a lower level of perceived stress than males.

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Subjective Well-being in Non-obese Individuals Depends Strongly on Body Composition

10.21203/rs.3.rs-618350/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Małgorzata Chlabicz ◽

Marlena Paniczko ◽

Jacek Jamiołkowski ◽

Paweł Sowa ◽

Magda Łapińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

General Population ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Well Being ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽

The Mean ◽

Eq Vas

Abstract While obesity has been correlated with welfare in the general population, there is not much data on the influence of body composition on welfare among the non-obese adult individuals. A total of 726 non-obese individuals from general population were analyzed. The mean age was 46.8±15.4 years and 42.1% of participants were male. The mean value for Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was 23.09±5.43, for Euro Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) was 78.0±14.5, and for Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was 6.7±6.6. On SWLS the waist-hip ratio had a negative impact even after adjustment for age, gender and concomitant diseases. EQ-VAS was inversely associated with android fat distribution and directly associated with muscle mass. BDI value was inversely associated with lower muscle mass, especially of the lower limbs. The well-being of women was mainly associated with the distribution of adipose tissue and less with the distribution of muscle tissue - abdominal fat distribution has a particularly negative impact on well-being among women. In contrast, men's well-being depends more on muscle mass and to a lesser extent on the distribution of fat tissue - a positive significant effect has lean mass and a circumference of thigh below gluteal fold.

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