Effects of Vaccination Against Coccidiosis on Gut Microbiota and Immunity in Broiler Fed Bacitracin and Berry Pomace

Feeding practices have been found to influence gut microbiota which play a major role in immunity of poultry. In the present study, changes in cecal microbiota and humoral responses resulting in the 55 ppm bacitracin (BACI), 1% each of cranberry (CP1) and wild blueberry (BP1) pomace alone or in combination (CP+BP) feeding in broiler Cobb 500 vaccinated or not against coccidiosis were investigated. In the non-vaccinated group, no significant treatment effects were observed on performance parameters. Vaccination significantly affected bird’s performance parameters particularly during the growing phase from 10 to 20 days of age. In general, the prevalence of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) was reduced by vaccination (P < 0.05). BACI-treated birds showed low intestinal lesion scores, and both CP1 and BP1 feed supplementations reduced Eimeria acervulina and Clostridium perfringens incidences similar to BACI. Vaccination induced change in serum enzymes, minerals, and lipid levels in 21-day old birds while, levels of triglyceride (TRIG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were higher (P < 0.05) in CP1 treated non–vaccinated group than in the control. The levels of NEFA were lower in BACI- and CP1-fed birds than in the control in non-vaccinated day 28 old birds. The highest levels of all estimated three immunoglobulins (IgY, IgM, and IgA) were found in the vaccinated birds. Metagenomics analysis of the cecal bacterial community in 21-day old birds showed the presence of Firmicutes (90%), Proteobacteria (5%), Actinobacteria (2%), and Bacteroidetes (2%). In the vaccinated group, an effect of BACI was noted on Proteobacteria (P = 0.03). Vaccination and/or dietary treatments influenced the population of Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Streptococcaceae which were among the most abundant families. Overall, this study revealed that besides their beneficial effects on performance, alike bacitracin, berry pomaces in poultry feed have profound impacts on the chicken cecal microbiota and blood metabolites that could be influenced by vaccination against coccidiosis.

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Analysis of contributory gut microbiota and lauric acid against necrotic enteritis in Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria side-by-side challenge model

10.1101/434449 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Wen-Yuan Yang ◽

Yuejia Lee ◽

Hsinyi Lu ◽

Chung-Hsi Chou ◽

Chinling Wang

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Clostridium Perfringens ◽

Lauric Acid ◽

Community Change ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Cecal Microbiota ◽

Significant Increment

AbstractGut microbiota has been demonstrated to be involved in intestinal nutrition, defense, and immunity, as well as participating in disease progression. This study was to investigate gut microbiota changes in chickens challenged with netB-positive Clostridium perfringens strain 1 (CP1) and/or the predisposing Eimeria species (Eimeria). In addition, the effects of lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), on NE reduction and modulation of microbiota were evaluated. The results demonstrated that microbial communities in the jejunum were distinct from those in the cecum, and the microbial community change was more significant in jejunum. Challenge of CP1 in conjunction with Eimeria significantly reduced species diversity in jejunal microbiota, but cecal microbiota remained stable. In the jejunum, CP1 challenge increased the abundance of the genera of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia Shigella, and Weissella, but significantly decreased the population of Lactobacillus. Eimeria infection on its own was unable to promote NE, demonstrating decrements of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Lactobacillus. Co-infection with CP1 and Eimeria reproduced the majority of NE lesions with significant increment of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and reduction in Lactobacillus. The changes of these two taxa increased the severity of NE lesions. Further analyses of metagenomeSeq, STAMP, and LEfSe showed significant overgrowth of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was associated with NE and Eimeria infection than C. perfringens challenge alone. The supplementation of lauric acid did not reduce NE incidence and severity but decreased the relative abundance of Escherichia Shigella. In conclusion, significant overgrowth of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 in the jejunm is the major microbiota contributory to NE. Controlling proliferation of this taxon in the jejunum should be the niche for developing effective strategies against NE.

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Gut Microbiota and Mucin Composition in Female Broiler Chickens Fed Diets including Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, L.)

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9050213 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 213 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ilaria Biasato ◽

Ilario Ferrocino ◽

Elena Grego ◽

Sihem Dabbou ◽

Francesco Gai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Tenebrio Molitor ◽

Staining Intensity ◽

Intestinal Villi ◽

False Discovery ◽

Intestinal Mucin ◽

Cecal Microbiota ◽

Dietary Treatments

A total of 160 female broiler chickens were divided into four dietary treatments (control feed [C] and 5, 10 and 15% TM meal inclusion, respectively, with five replicate pens/treatment and eight birds/pen) to investigate the effects of Tenebrio molitor (TM) meal utilization on poultry gut microbiota and mucin composition. The cecal microbiota assessment displayed a shift in the beta diversity in chickens fed TM-based diets. The TM10 and TM15 birds showed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum and lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios (False Discovery Rate [FDR] < 0.05), respectively, than the TM5 group. The relative abundance of Clostridium, Alistipes and Sutterella genera significantly increased in TM chickens (FDR < 0.05), while birds fed TM-based diets displayed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Ruminococcus genus in comparison with the C group (FDR < 0.05). Gut mucin composition evaluation revealed higher mucin staining intensity in the intestinal villi of TM5 birds than the other TM groups, as well as mucin reduction in the intestinal villi of TM10 birds when compared to the C group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary TM meal utilization (especially the 10–15% inclusion levels) may negatively influence either the cecal microbiota or the intestinal mucin dynamics of broiler chickens.

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The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666170428103848 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (19) ◽

pp. 3567-3583 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Maria De Angelis ◽

Gabriella Garruti ◽

Fabio Minervini ◽

Leonilde Bonfrate ◽

Piero Portincasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Human Health ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Human Organism ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Dietary Components ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The Relationship

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

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Supplementing Garlic Nanohydrogel Optimized Growth, Gastrointestinal Integrity and Economics and Ameliorated Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens Using a Clostridium perfringens Challenge Model

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11072027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2027

Author(s):

Doaa Ibrahim ◽

Tamer Ahmed Ismail ◽

Eman Khalifa ◽

Shaimaa A. Abd El-Kader ◽

Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Clostridium Perfringens ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Production Costs ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Intestinal Lesion

Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) results in impaired bird growth performance and increased production costs. Nanotechnology application in the poultry industry to control NE outbreaks is still not completely clarified. Therefore, the efficacy of dietary garlic nano-hydrogel (G-NHG) on broilers growth performance, intestinal integrity, economic returns and its potency to alleviate C. perfringens levels using NE challenge model were addressed. A total of 1200 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned into six groups; four supplemented with 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg of G-NHG/kg diet and co-challenged with C. perfringens at 21, 22 and 23 d of age and two control groups fed basal diet with or without C. perfringens challenge. Over the total growing period, the 400 mg/kg G-NHG group had the most improved body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency regardless of challenge. Parallel with these results, the mRNA expression of genes encoding digestive enzymes (alpha 2A amylase (AMY2A), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK)) and intestinal barriers (junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2), occludin and mucin-2 (Muc-2)) were increased in groups fed G-NHG at higher levels to be nearly similar to those in the unchallenged group. At 14 d post challenge, real-time PCR results revealed that inclusion of G-NHG led to a dose-dependently decrease in the C. perfringens population, thereby decreasing the birds’ intestinal lesion score and mortality rates. Using 400 mg/kg of G-NHG remarkably ameliorated the adverse effects of NE caused by C. perfringens challenge, which contributed to better growth performance of challenged birds with rational economic benefits.

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Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Dry Hydrastis canadensis on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemical Parameters and Cecal Microbiota in Laying Hens

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11051381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1381

Author(s):

Tzuen-Rong J Tzeng ◽

Tzu-Yu Liu ◽

Chiao-Wei Lin ◽

Pei-En Chang ◽

Pei-Xin Liao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Egg Production ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Hydrastis Canadensis ◽

Laying Performance ◽

Cecal Microbiota ◽

Dietary Treatments

Alternative growth promoters are able to not only effectively replace the traditional use of antibiotics but also provide additional health benefits for livestock and reduce food safety concerns. This study investigated the effects of dry Hydrastis canadensis on the laying performance and fecal microbial community of laying hens. Twenty-four Lohmann (LSL, white layer strain) hens were reared from 40 to 48 weeks of age and randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (six birds/treatment). The dietary treatments comprised a basal diet with no treatment as control, a basal diet plus 0.6% powder of dry Hydrastis canadensis roots (R) or leaves (L), and a basal diet plus 0.6% powder of a mixture of dry Hydrastis canadensis roots and leaves (1:1, LR). No mortality was observed in the whole experimental period. The results indicated that albumen height in the LR group was significantly greater than that in the control group. The diet supplemented with Hydrastis canadensis had no significant effects on egg production rate, egg weight, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, or yolk height during the whole experimental phase. However, principal coordinate analysis, comparative heat map analysis, and cluster dendrogram analysis of cecal microbiota showed distinct clusters among the groups treated with Hydrastis canadensis and the control group. Regarding blood biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in all Hydrastis canadensis-treated groups compared with those in the control group. Moreover, serum low-density lipoprotein levels were lower in hens supplemented with the leaf of Hydrastis canadensis. The abundances of the phyla Fusobacteria and Kiritimatiellaeota were increased (p < 0.05) in laying hens fed with 0.6% Hydrastis canadensis leaves, whereas the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes in cecum digesta decreased in response to treatment with Hydrastis canadensis roots and leaves. The relative abundance of the Fusobacterium genus was higher in the LR group compared with that in the control. On the contrary, we found a different trend in the Synergistes genus. The potential influences of these microbiota on the performance of laying hens were discussed. The results demonstrate that Hydrastis canadensis can improve the egg albumen height and modulate the cecum digesta microbiota composition of laying hens.

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Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis of Microbiota Promotes Chicken Lipogenesis by Altering Metabolomics in the Cecum

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11080487 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 487

Author(s):

Tao Zhang ◽

Hao Ding ◽

Lan Chen ◽

Yueyue Lin ◽

Yongshuang Gong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

High Performance ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

16S Rrna Sequencing ◽

Oral Antibiotics ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Rrna Sequencing ◽

Cecal Microbiota ◽

Metabolite Network

Elucidation of the mechanism of lipogenesis and fat deposition is essential for controlling excessive fat deposition in chicken. Studies have shown that gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating host lipogenesis and lipid metabolism. However, the function of gut microbiota in the lipogenesis of chicken and their relevant mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, the gut microbiota of chicken was depleted by oral antibiotics. Changes in cecal microbiota and metabolomics were detected by 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with MS/MS (UHPLC–MS/MS) analysis. The correlation between antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolites and lipogenesis were analysed. We found that oral antibiotics significantly promoted the lipogenesis of chicken. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that oral antibiotics significantly reduced the diversity and richness and caused dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Specifically, the abundance of Proteobacteria was increased considerably while the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were significantly decreased. At the genus level, the abundances of genera Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella were significantly increased while the abundances of 12 genera were significantly decreased, including Bacteroides. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota significantly altered cecal metabolomics and caused declines in abundance of 799 metabolites and increases in abundance of 945 metabolites. Microbiota-metabolite network revealed significant correlations between 4 differential phyla and 244 differential metabolites as well as 15 differential genera and 304 differential metabolites. Three metabolites of l-glutamic acid, pantothenate acid and N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid were identified as potential metabolites that link gut microbiota and lipogenesis in chicken. In conclusion, our results showed that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota promotes lipogenesis of chicken by altering relevant metabolomics. The efforts in this study laid a basis for further study of the mechanisms that gut microbiota regulates lipogenesis and fat deposition of chicken.

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Effect of Herbanoplex CP® on broiler chicken’s performance following a non-defined challenge or intestinal lesion score using a necrotic enteritis challenge model

The Journal of Applied Poultry Research ◽

10.1016/j.japr.2021.100161 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100161

Author(s):

Bruno Vecchi ◽

Emanuel Gumina ◽

Fabrizio Matte ◽

Arpad Bata ◽

Sofia Bata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Lesion Score ◽

Intestinal Lesion

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Study on supplementary food with beneficial effects on the gut microbiota of infants

Food Bioscience ◽

10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101291 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101291

Author(s):

Shengnan Liang ◽

Qinggang Xie ◽

Smith Etareri Evivie ◽

Lina Zhao ◽

Qingxue Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Supplementary Food ◽

Beneficial Effects

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Effects of Substitution of Corn with Ground Brown Rice on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Gut Microbiota of Growing-Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 375

Author(s):

Sheena Kim ◽

Jin Ho Cho ◽

Younghoon Kim ◽

Hyeun Bum Kim ◽

Minho Song

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Dietary Treatments

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with brown rice on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbiota of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 100 growing pigs (23.80 ± 2.96 kg BW; 10 weeks of age) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW) as follows: corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and replacing corn with 50% (GBR50), 75% (GBR75), and 100% (GBR100) of ground brown rice. Each trial phase was for 6 weeks. During the growing period, there were no differences on growth performance and nutrient digestibility among dietary treatments. Similarly, no differences were found on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of pigs during the finishing period among dietary treatments. As a result of the beta diversity analysis, microbial populations were not clustered between CON and GBR100 during the growing phase, but clustered into two distinct groups of CON and GBR100 during the finishing phase. In conclusion, brown rice can be added to the diets of growing-finishing pigs by replacing corn up to 100% without negatively affecting growth performance of the pigs; additionally, this may have an effect on changes in pig intestinal microbiota if continued for a long time.

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