scholarly journals Intensive Commercialization of Endangered Sharks and Rays (Elasmobranchii) Along the Coastal Amazon as Revealed by DNA Barcode

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Martins ◽  
Paula Santana ◽  
Ítalo Lutz ◽  
Raimundo da Silva ◽  
Aurycéia Guimarães-Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Rhinoptera Bonasus ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Species Authentication

Elasmobranchs represent a well-defined group, composed of about 1,150 species inhabiting diverse aquatic environments. Currently, several of these species have been classified as threaten due to overexploitation. Therefore, we used DNA barcode to identify traded species of sharks and stingrays in the municipality of Bragança (Amazon coastal region), a major fishery landing site in northern Brazil. We collected a total of 127 samples labeled into 24 commercial nomenclatures over 1-year period. Twenty species were discriminated and 13 of them are recognized under some threatening status. In relation to sharks, Carcharhinidae showed the highest number of species, half of them classified as endangered, followed by hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae), with four species also regarded as threatened with extinction. The Rhinopteridae and Dasyatidae rays were the most abundant groups, with trade records of the following threatened species: Rhinoptera brasiliensis, Rhinoptera bonasus, Hypanus berthalutzae, and Fontitrygon geijskesi. It is noteworthy that threatened species of elasmobranchs have been frequently and regularly exploited because of inefficient fishery management policies. Therefore, effective inspection practices need to be incorporated in fisheries, including the use of DNA barcode to enable a reliable method of species authentication and to assure the proper commercialization.

scholarly journals Essential habitat for sardine juveniles in Iberian waters

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia Rodríguez-Climent ◽  
Maria Manuel Angélico ◽  
Vítor Marques ◽  
Paulo Oliveira ◽  
Laura Wise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Juvenile Abundance ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Core Areas

In a period when the Iberian sardine stock abundance is at its historical minimum, knowledge of the sardine juvenile’s distribution is crucial for the development of fishery management strategies. Generalized additive models were used to relate juvenile sardine presence with geographical variables and spawning grounds (egg abundance) and to model juvenile abundance with the concurrent environmental conditions. Three core areas of juvenile distribution were identified: the Northern Portuguese shelf (centred off Aveiro), the coastal region in the vicinity of the Tagus estuary, and the eastern Gulf of Cadiz. Spatial differences in the relationship between juvenile presence and egg abundances suggest that essential juvenile habitat might partially differ from the prevailing spawning grounds. Models also depicted significant relationships between juvenile abundance, temperature and geographical variables in combination with salinity in the west and with zooplankton in the south. Results indicate that the sardine juvenile distribution along the Iberian Peninsula waters are an outcome of a combination of dynamic processes occurring early in life, such as egg and larva retention, reduced mortality and favourable feeding grounds for both larvae and juveniles.

scholarly journals Supply and demand drive a critical transition to dysfunctional fisheries

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (46) ◽  
pp. 12333-12337 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Fryxell ◽  
Ray Hilborn ◽  
Carling Bieg ◽  
Katrine Turgeon ◽  
Amanda Caskenette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Real Income ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Price ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Critical Transition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Critical Transitions ◽  
Management Policies

There is growing awareness of the need for fishery management policies that are robust to changing environmental, social, and economic pressures. Here we use conventional bioeconomic theory to demonstrate that inherent biological constraints combined with nonlinear supply−demand relationships can generate threshold effects due to harvesting. As a result, increases in overall demand due to human population growth or improvement in real income would be expected to induce critical transitions from high-yield/low-price fisheries to low-yield/high-price fisheries, generating severe strains on social and economic systems as well as compromising resource conservation goals. As a proof of concept, we show that key predictions of the critical transition hypothesis are borne out in oceanic fisheries (cod and pollock) that have experienced substantial increase in fishing pressure over the past 60 y. A hump-shaped relationship between price and historical harvest returns, well demonstrated in these empirical examples, is particularly diagnostic of fishery degradation. Fortunately, the same heuristic can also be used to identify reliable targets for fishery restoration yielding optimal bioeconomic returns while safely conserving resource abundance.

scholarly journals A Mini-Review of Strategies for Quantifying Anthropogenic Activities in Microplastic Studies in Aquatic Environments

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Chun-Ting Lin ◽  
Ming-Chih Chiu ◽  
Mei-Hwa Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Scale Measure ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Gis Software

Microplastic pollution is no longer neglected worldwide, as recent studies have unveiled its potential harm to ecosystems and, even worse, to human health. Numerous studies have documented the ubiquity of microplastics, reflecting the necessity of formulating corresponding policies to mitigate the accumulation of microplastics in natural environments. Although anthropogenic activities are generally acknowledged as the primary source of microplastics, a robust approach to identify sources of microplastics is needed to provide scientific suggestions for practical policymaking. This review elucidates recent microplastic studies on various approaches for quantifying or reflecting the degree to which anthropogenic activities contribute to microplastic pollution. Population density (i.e., often used to quantify anthropogenic activities) was not always significantly correlated with microplastic abundance. Furthermore, this review argues that considering potential sources near sample sites as characteristics that may serve to predict the spatial distribution of microplastics in aquatic environments is equivocal. In this vein, a watershed-scale measure that uses land-cover datasets to calculate different percentages of land use in the watershed margins delineated by using Geographic Information System (GIS) software is discussed and suggested. Progress in strategies for quantifying anthropogenic activities is important for guiding future microplastic research and developing effective management policies to prevent microplastic contamination in aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals KAPASITAS PERIKANAN PELAGIS KECIL DI WILAYAH PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN-714 LAUT BANDA MALUKU

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Johanis Hiariey ◽  
Mulyono Sumitro Baskoro
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Excess Capacity ◽  
Fishing Capacity ◽  
Management Area ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Pelagic Fishery

Kapasitas penangkapan berlebih merupakan suatu masalah kritis padaperikanan tangkap. Berkaitan dengan isu kapasitas tersebut, kajian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan kapasitas penangkapan ikan pelagis kecil di wilayah pengelolaan perikanan-714 Laut Banda, dengan menggunakan data runtun waktu periode tahun 1985-2006 yang dianalisis dengan teknik data envelopment analysis. Terdapat indikasi excess capacity pada perikanan pelagis kecil, dan pada periode tahun 1989-1998 kondisi perikanan menunjukan over capacity. Dengan demikian, dibutuhkan alternatif kebijakan pengelolaan perikanan untuk mengurangi input penangkapan pada perikanan di wilayah pengelolaan perikanan-714 Laut Banda.Excessive fishing capacity is a critical problem in marine capture fisheries. In line with the capacity issue, this study was conducted to determine fishing capacity of the small pelagic fishery at fishery management area-714 Banda Sea using time series data of 1985-2006 analyzed using technique of data envelopment analysis. There was indication of excess capacity on the small pelagic fishery, and the fishery in the period of 1989-1998 was found to be over capacity. Therefore, alternative fishery management policies were needed to reduce fishing inputs from the fishery of the fishery management area-714 Banda Sea.

Microplastics pollution studies in India: a recent review of sources, abundances and research perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Perumal ◽  
Subagunasekar Muthuramalingam
Keyword(s):  
River Sediments ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Persistent Pollutants ◽  
Management Policies

Abstract Purpose: Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous, persistent pollutants that are reported in abundance in all environments and biota. This review highlights the identification, distribution and concentration of microplastics in all aquatic environments and biota in the India region which is one of the least studied with only forty-four papers published on microplastics during 2013-2020 in the web of science. Results: The present review focuses on the concentration of microplastics in different aquatic environments such as 3096 items/kg in marine sediments, 106 items/kg in biota, 59 items/L in seawater, 175 items/kg in sea salt, 33.9 items/L in lake water, 336 items/kg in lake sediments, 288 pieces/m3 in river water, and 328 items/kg in river sediments. Conclusion: Consequently, we studied the distribution and occurrence of pollution from MPs in coastal and freshwater environments such as rivers, lakes and biota. Therefore, we propose extending studies in all the above areas of microplastics knowing that there are many unique aquatic habitats and species that are yet unexplored. For future research, we suggest new methods for sampling MPs in all marine ecosystems and biota. Assessing research in each of these ways will allow suggesting a microplastic threshold level and devising control initiatives to minimize plastic consumption and its eventual hazard to the aquatic ecosystem. Moreover enforcing strict laws, enhancing legal initiatives, well-planned comprehensive waste management policies and spontaneous public engagement are essential to create awareness of marine plastic pollution and reduce the adverse effects of land-based plastics.

scholarly journals Discard ban and balanced harvest: a contradiction?

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1632-1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Borges ◽  
Luis Cocas ◽  
Kåre Nolde Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Harvest Strategy ◽  
And Control

AbstractDiscard bans have been proposed as part of management policies aimed at balanced harvest (BH). Nationwide discard bans exist in several countries, including Chile, the European Union, Norway, and New Zealand. We analysed experiences from these countries to determine whether or not discard bans are in contradiction with BH, based on six aspects: policy objectives, species/sizes applicability, accompanying technical measures, at-sea monitoring and control, and possible impacts. When discard bans are fully implemented, fishing operations change to more selective fishing, typically targeting bigger individuals of main commercial species. This is consistent with the primary objective of many discard policies, i.e. to reduce unwanted catch. In contrast, proponents of BH argue that broader catch diversity, a product of a widespread harvest strategy, should be sought to avoid major impacts on the ecosystem. Our analysis demonstrates that the scope of discard bans is often limited to main commercial species, although usually they can be extended to include more ecosystem components. Some of the policies examined also prohibit the use of unwanted catches for human consumption, thus limiting their effective use. However, the implementation of discard bans requires high levels of at-sea monitoring and effective control, and/or strong incentives to fish more selectively, neither of which applied in most cases examined. We conclude that if discard bans were set differently, they could contribute to fishery management policies aiming at BH. Their goals should be in line with BH, i.e. to reach a wider global harvest pattern, or at least be established within management regimes that promote high compliance. Finally, the extent to which a discard ban contributes to achieve BH depends also on the relative importance of the ecosystem benthic and megafauna components.

scholarly journals The ITS region provides a reliable DNA barcode for identifying reishi/lingzhi (Ganoderma) from herbal supplements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess Gunnels ◽  
Matthew Creswell ◽  
Janis McFerrin ◽  
Justen B. Whittall
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Herbal Supplement ◽  
Herbal Supplements ◽  
Expected Size Range ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Species Authentication

AbstractThe dietary supplement industry is a growing enterprise, valued at over $100 billion by 2025 yet, a recent study revealed that up to 60% of herbal supplements may have substituted ingredients not listed on their labels, some with harmful contaminants. Substituted ingredients make rigorous quality control testing a necessary aspect in the production of supplements. Traditionally, species have been verified morphologically or biochemically, but this is not possible for all species if the identifying characteristics are lost in the processing of the material. One approach to validating plant and fungal ingredients in herbal supplements is through DNA barcoding complemented with a molecular phylogenetic analysis. This method provides an efficient, objective, rigorous and repeatable method for species identification. We employed a molecular phylogenetic analysis for species authentication of the commonly used fungal supplement, reishi (Ganoderma lingzhi), by amplifying and sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) with genus-specific primers. PCR of six powdered samples and one dried sample sold as G. lucidum representing independent suppliers produced single, strong amplification products in the expected size-range for Ganoderma. Both best-hit BLAST and molecular phylogenetic analyses using a reference panel assembled from Genbank clearly identified the predominant fungal DNA was G. lingzhi in all seven herbal supplements. We detected variation in ITS among our samples, but all samples still fall within a large clade of G. lingzhi. ITS is a successful and cost-effective method for DNA-based species authentication that could be used in the herbal supplement industry for this and other fungal and plant species that are otherwise difficult to identify.

Description of early larval stages of Upogebia vasquezi (Gebiidea: Upogebiidae) reared in laboratory

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielly Brito de Oliveira ◽  
Jussara Moretto Martinelli ◽  
Fernando Araújo Abrunhosa
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Central America ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Southern Florida

Upogebia vasquezi inhabits the western Atlantic in the regions of southern Florida, the Bahamas, Central America and Brazil (from the States of Maranhão to São Paulo). Its occurrence has been extended to the coastal region of the State of Pará (northern Brazil). There are few descriptions of the larval development of the 116 known species of Upogebia. The present study offers the first description and illustrations of the first two larval stages (zoeas I and II) of U. vasquezi reared in laboratory. The larval features of U. vasquezi were compared with those of two other species of Upogebia, revealing very similar morphological characteristics among species in zoea I. The main variation in this larval stage was in the segmentation of the maxillulary endopod. In zoea II, the number of setae on the scaphognathite was different among some species of Upogebia. The present study contributes to the available literature on the identification of thalassinidean larvae.

Seasonality in the deep sea and tropics revisited: what can otoliths tell us?

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Morales-Nin ◽  
Jacques Panfili
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Otolith Growth ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Almost All

The accepted idea that fish otoliths from supposedly aseasonal environments, such as the deep sea and tropics, do not present seasonal growth increments is questioned and re-evaluated. The main seasonal fluctuation in deep seas is a result of the transfer of organic material from the productive upper layers to the abyssal depths. There is some evidence for seasonal patterns of otolith growth, although the validation of seasonal structures is limited owing to the difficulties inherent in deep-water studies. Tropical regions have an extremely high diversity of aquatic environments but in fact very few are aseasonal, and almost all areas have strong hydrological seasons, mainly annual, interacting with temperature variations. These climatic fluctuations have undoubtedly an effect on otolith growth, therefore leading to a succession of different incremental zones. The lack of previous knowledge on this impact of seasonality is probably a result of the previous low level of exploitation or economic interest of target species, and consequently the absence of age-based assessments. This trend has now changed possibly as a result of the increased exploitation of the resources, and to the greater involvement of international and national fishery management bodies. The number of studies showing apparent or validated seasonal marks has recently increased for these environments.

Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in coastal temporary environments in southern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4701 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-480
Author(s):  
KAROLINE PEREIRA MARTINS ◽  
MAIBY GLORIZE DA SILVA BANDEIRA ◽  
CLEBER PALMA-SILVA ◽  
EDÉLTI FARIA ALBERTONI
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Species Accumulation Curve ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Accumulation Curve ◽  
Species Accumulation ◽  
Number Of Species

The coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, presents as characteristic large expanses of wetlands. Some of these environments are of a temporary nature, and thus have a community adapted to periods with water and periods of drought. Among these communities we can highlight the Cladocera, which have the capacity to form structures of dormancy, and due to this adaptation are effective at colonizing these environments. This study aims to identify the Cladocera species present in the temporary aquatic environments of the southern coastal region of Brazil. Samples were collected in 14 temporary aquatic environments using a classical filtering methodology. As results we obtained 64 Cladocera taxa, representing 54% of the total number of species described in Brazil. The number of taxa was high, the species accumulation curve showed a tendency to stabilization, demonstrating that this region possesses a greater richness.

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