scholarly journals Butylated Hydroxytoluene Induced Resistance Against Botryosphaeria dothidea in Apple Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Huang ◽  
Cuicui Sun ◽  
Xiangnan Guan ◽  
Sen Lian ◽  
Baohua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Alternative Strategy ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Ring Rot ◽  
Apple Fruits

Apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is an important disease in China, which leads to serious economic losses during storage. Plant activators are compounds that induce resistance against pathogen infection and are considered as a promising alternative strategy to traditional chemical treatment. In the present study, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a potential plant activator, was evaluated for its induced resistance against B. dothidea in postharvest apple fruits. The physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in induced resistance were also explored. The results showed that BHT treatment could trigger strong resistance in apple fruits against B. dothidea, and the optimum concentration was 200 μmol L–1 by immersion of fruits. BHT treatment significantly increased the activities of four defensive enzymes and alleviated lipid peroxidation by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) content was enhanced by BHT treatment as well as the expression of three SA biosynthesis-related genes (MdSID2, MdPAD4, and MdEDS1) and two defense genes (MdPR1 and MdPR5). Our results suggest that BHT-conferred resistance against B. dothidea might be mainly through increasing the activities of defense-related enzymes and activating SA signaling pathway, which may provide an alternative strategy to control apple ring rot in postharvest fruits.

scholarly journals BTB-BACK Domain E3 Ligase MdPOB1 Suppresses Plant Pathogen Defense against Botryosphaeria dothidea by Ubiquitinating and Degrading MdPUB29 Protein in Apple

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2129-2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Liang Han ◽  
Chu-Kun Wang ◽  
Xiao-Juan Liu ◽  
Yuan-Hua Dong ◽  
Han Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
E3 Ligase ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Pathogen Defense ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Ring Rot ◽  
Apple Fruits

Abstract Apple ring rot is a severe disease that affects the yield and quality of apple fruits worldwide. However, the underlying molecular mechanism that involved in this process still remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that apple POZ/BTB CONTAINING-PROTEIN 1 (MdPOB1), a BTB-BACK domain E3 ligase protein, functions to suppress apple pathogen defense against Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea). Both in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that MdPOB1 interacted directly with and degraded apple U-box E3 ligase MdPUB29, a well-established positive regulator of plant innate immunity, through the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. A series of transgenic analyses in apple fruits demonstrated that MdPOB1 affected apple pathogen defense against B. dothidea at least partially, if not completely, via regulating MdPUB29. Additionally, it was found that the apple pathogen defense against B. dothidea was correlated with the H2O2 contents and the relative expression of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis- and SA signaling-related genes, which might be regulated via degradation of MdPUB29 by MdPOB1. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of the MdPOB1 modulation of apple ring rot resistance, which occur by directly regulating potential downstream target protein MdPUB29 for proteasomal degradation in apple.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Plant–Pathogen Interactions in Resistant and Susceptible Poplar Ecotypes Infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2009-2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxia Li ◽  
Yuqian Feng ◽  
Quan Lü ◽  
Donghui Yan ◽  
Zhenyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Populus Tomentosa Carr ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Poplar are important forestry species in China, but the Botryosphaeria dothidea pathogen causes serious economic losses worldwide. To identify candidate B. dothidea resistance proteins and explore the molecular mechanisms involved in poplar–pathogen interactions, proteomic responses of stem samples from resistant and susceptible poplar ecotypes to B. dothidea were investigated using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with label-free quantitative analysis. We identified 588 proteins, divided into 21 biological process categories including 48 oxidoreductases, 72 hydrolytic enzymes, 80 metabolic enzymes, and 29 proteins of unknown function. Differential proteome analysis revealed large differences between resistant Populus tomentosa Carr and susceptible Populus beijingensis Hsu ecotypes before and after inoculation. Among 102 identified proteins, 22 were highly upregulated in the resistant genotype but downregulated in the susceptible genotype. Proteins induced in P. tomentosa Carr in response to B. dothidea are associated with plant defenses including oxidoreductase activity (catalase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism (alcohol dehydrogenase), photosynthesis (ATP synthase subunit alpha, ATP synthase gamma chain, photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2, photosystem II CP47 chlorophyll apoprotein), carbon fixation (pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, malic enzyme, phosphoglycerate kinase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain), and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis identified 168 proteins related to metabolic pathways, 41 proteins related to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, and 36 proteins related to the biosynthesis of plant hormones, the biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid, and photosynthesis in response to B. dothidea. Our findings provide insight into plant–pathogen interactions in resistant and susceptible poplar ecotypes infected with B. dothidea and could assist the development of novel strategies for fighting poplar canker disease.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Involved in Penicillium Chrysogenum Induced Resistance to Root-knot Nematode in Tomato 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyue Zhang ◽  
Aatika Sikandar ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhu ◽  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Xiaoyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Tomato root-knot nematode is a soil-borne disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita. Enhancement of natural plant-defense mechanisms to provide resistance against pathogens may be a promising alternative environmentally friendly nematode management approach. Recently, the biocontrol effect against different pathogens in the presence of Penicillium chrysogenum has been reported in a wide range of plants and pathogens. For understanding the molecular mechanisms of the resistance induced by P. chrysogenum Snef1216 to RKN, transcriptomes of inducer control ‘IRCK’ (induced by Snef1216 only) and pathogen + inducer ‘IRN’ were compared to those of control groups, namely negative control ‘CKCK’ (no inoculum), pathogen control ‘CKN’ (inoculum of RKN only).Results: Numerous high-quality reads were generated by Novogene, means of the RNA-seq method. After being aligned to the reference genome, four comparative transcriptomic profile maps between any pairwise comparisons were obtained to find significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and three databases of induced resistance (IR)-related, nematode pathogenesis (NP)-related and basal resistance (BR)-related genes were gotten. By hierarchal clustering, the phylogenetic relationship between highly and fewer DGEs were obtained and classified the resistance and susceptible responses into two clusters after inoculation with RKN. Finally, the results were verified by RT-qPCR and analysis of important plant defense enzymes.Conclusions: Within an integrated and more sustainable management approach, the use of biocontrol organisms, like P. chrysogenum, seems to be a promising alternative.

scholarly journals R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor MdMYB73 Confers Increased Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen Botryosphaeria Dothidea via the Salicylic acid Pathway in Apple

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Di Gu ◽  
Quan-Yan Zhang ◽  
Jian-Qiang Yu ◽  
Jia-Hui Wang ◽  
Fu-Jun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Positive Regulator ◽  
Ring Rot ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
R2r3 Myb ◽  
Apple Fruits

Abstract Background: The MYB transcription factor (TF) family is involved in many biological processes. However, the molecular mechanism of the MYB family in the resistance to apple ring rot remains poorly understood. Results: Here, the R2R3-MYB subfamily member MdMYB73 was cloned from “Royal Gala,” and its function was characterized by a positive regulator in controlling defense against Botryosphaeria dothidea. qRT-PCR and GUS staining analysis demonstrated that the expression of MdMYB73 was notably induced in apple fruits and transgenic calli after inoculation with B. dothidea. Overexpression of MdMYB73 enhanced resistance, while suppressing MdMYB73 expression weakened resistance to B. dothidea in apple calli and fruits. The increased resistance to B. dothidea was also observed in MdMYB73-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana. Interestingly, we found that MdMYB73 improved resistance against B. dothidea, possibly by the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, since SA content and expression of SA synthesis- and signaling-associated genes were higher in MdMYB73 overexpression plant materials compared with wild-type controls after inoculation. In addition, we discovered that MdMYB73 interacts with the B. dothidea positive regulator MdWRKY31 and together enhance the resistance to B. dothidea in apple. Conclusions: Overall, these findings shed light on the mechanism by which MdMYB73 enhances the resistance to B. dothidea, possibly by regulating the SA pathway.

scholarly journals The Effect of Gut Bacteria on the Physiology of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and Their Potential for the Control of This Pest

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Qian-Xia Liu ◽  
Zhi-Ping Su ◽  
Hui-Hui Liu ◽  
Sheng-Ping Lu ◽  
Bing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Red Palm Weevil ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Palm Weevil

Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a notorious pest, which infests palm trees and has caused great economic losses worldwide. At present, insecticide applications are still the main way to control this pest. However, pesticide resistance has been detected in the field populations of RPW. Thus, future management strategies based on the novel association biological control need be developed. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal tract of RPW is often colonized by multiple microbial species as mammals and model insects, and gut bacteria have been found to promote the growth, development and immune activity of RPW larvae by modulating nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), PGRP-LB and PGRP-S1, can act as the negative regulators to modulate the intestinal immunity to maintain the homeostasis of gut bacteria in RPW larvae. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the gut bacterial composition of RPW and their impact on the physiological traits of RPW larvae. In contrast with metazoans, it is much easier to make genetic engineered microbes to produce some active molecules against pests. From this perspective, because of the profound effects of gut bacteria on host phenotypes, it is promising to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind their effect on host physiology and facilitate the development of microbial resource-based management methods for pest control.

scholarly journals RNAseq Reveals Differential Gene Expression Contributing to Phytophthora nicotianae Adaptation to Partial Resistance in Tobacco

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Ramsey Steven Lewis ◽  
Howard David Shew
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Go Terms

Phytophthora nicotianae is a devastating oomycete plant pathogen with a wide host range. On tobacco, it causes black shank, a disease that can result in severe economic losses. Deployment of host resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling tobacco black shank, but adaptation to complete and partial resistance by P. nicotianae can limit the long-term effectiveness of the resistance. The molecular basis of adaptation to partial resistance is largely unknown. RNAseq was performed on two isolates of P. nicotianae (adapted to either the susceptible tobacco genotype Hicks or the partially resistant genotype K 326 Wz/Wz) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during their pathogenic interactions with K 326 Wz/Wz and Hicks. Approximately 69% of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate when sampled following infection of its adapted host K 326 Wz/Wz. Thirty-one percent of the up-regulated DEGs were associated with pathogenicity in the Hicks-adapted isolate on K 326 Wz/Wz. A broad spectrum of over-represented gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to down-regulated genes in the Hicks-adapted isolate. In the host, a series of GO terms involved in nuclear biosynthesis processes were assigned to the down-regulated genes in K 326 Wz/Wz inoculated with K 326 Wz/Wz-adapted isolate. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. nicotianae adaptation to partial resistance in tobacco by elucidating how the pathogen recruits pathogenicity-associated genes that impact host biological activities.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Role of Bradysiaimpatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) as a Vector Transmitting Peanut Stunt Virus on the Model Plant Nicotiana benthamiana

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1546
Author(s):  
Marta Budziszewska ◽  
Patryk Frąckowiak ◽  
Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Droplet Pcr ◽  
Viral Coat ◽  
Peanut Stunt Virus

Bradysia species, commonly known as fungus gnats, are ubiquitous in greenhouses, nurseries of horticultural plants, and commercial mushroom houses, causing significant economic losses. Moreover, the insects from the Bradysia genus have a well-documented role in plant pathogenic fungi transmission. Here, a study on the potential of Bradysia impatiens to acquire and transmit the peanut stunt virus (PSV) from plant to plant was undertaken. Four-day-old larvae of B. impatiens were exposed to PSV-P strain by feeding on virus-infected leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and then transferred to healthy plants in laboratory conditions. Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and digital droplet PCR (RT-ddPCR), the PSV RNAs in the larva, pupa, and imago of B. impatiens were detected and quantified. The presence of PSV genomic RNA strands as well as viral coat protein in N. benthamiana, on which the viruliferous larvae were feeding, was also confirmed at the molecular level, even though the characteristic symptoms of PSV infection were not observed. The results have shown that larvae of B. impatiens could acquire the virus and transmit it to healthy plants. Moreover, it has been proven that PSV might persist in the insect body transstadially. Although the molecular mechanisms of virion acquisition and retention during insect development need further studies, this is the first report on B. impatiens playing a potential role in plant virus transmission.

scholarly journals dl-β-Aminobutyric Acid–Induced Resistance of Potato Against Phytophthora infestans Requires Salicylic Acid but Not Oxylipins

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Eschen-Lippold ◽  
Simone Altmann ◽  
Sabine Rosahl
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Late Blight Pathogen

Inducing systemic resistance responses in crop plants is a promising alternative way of disease management. To understand the underlying signaling events leading to induced resistance, functional analyses of plants defective in defined signaling pathway steps are required. We used potato, one of the economically most-important crop plants worldwide, to examine systemic resistance against the devastating late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, induced by treatment with dl-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). Transgenic plants impaired in either the 9-lipoxygenase pathway, which produces defense-related compounds, or the 13-lipoxygenase pathway, which generates jasmonic acid–derived signals, expressed wild-type levels of BABA-induced resistance. Plants incapable of accumulating salicylic acid (SA), on the other hand, failed to mount this type of induced resistance. Consistently, treatment of these plants with the SA analog 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid restored BABA-induced resistance. Together, these results demonstrate the indispensability of a functional SA pathway for systemic resistance in potato induced by BABA.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) to Characterize Wing Formation across All Developmental Stages

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Siying Fu ◽  
Yujie Duan ◽  
Siqi Wang ◽  
Yipeng Ren ◽  
Wenjun Bu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Wing Formation ◽  
Riptortus Pedestris

Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a major agricultural pest in East Asia that causes considerable economic losses to the soybean crop each year. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the growth and development of R. pedestris have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the Illumina HiSeq6000 platform was employed to perform de novo transcriptome assembly and determine the gene expression profiles of this species across all developmental stages, including eggs, first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults. In this study, a total of 60,058 unigenes were assembled from numerous raw reads, exhibiting an N50 length of 2126 bp and an average length of 1199 bp, and the unigenes were annotated and classified with various databases, such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). Furthermore, various numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated through pairwise comparisons of all life stages, and some of these DEGs were associated with immunity, metabolism, and development by GO and KEGG enrichment. In addition, 35,158 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 715,604 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the seven transcriptome libraries of R. pedestris. Finally, we identified and summarized ten wing formation-related signaling pathways, and the molecular properties and expression levels of five wing development-related genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR for all developmental stages of R. pedestris. Taken together, the results of this study may establish a foundation for future research investigating developmental processes and wing formation in hemimetabolous insects and may provide valuable data for pest control efforts attempting to reduce the economic damage caused by this pest.

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