scholarly journals The Other Side of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Neurological Sequelae in Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel M. Alonso-Bellido ◽  
Sara Bachiller ◽  
Guillermo Vázquez ◽  
Luis Cruz-Hernández ◽  
Emilio Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Taste And Smell

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread around the globe causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Because it affects the respiratory system, common symptoms are cough and breathing difficulties with fever and fatigue. Also, some cases progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The acute phase of COVID-19 has been also related to nervous system symptoms, including loss of taste and smell as well as encephalitis and cerebrovascular disorders. However, it remains unclear if neurological complications are due to the direct viral infection of the nervous system, or they appear as a consequence of the immune reaction against the virus in patients who presented pre-existing deficits or had a certain detrimental immune response. Importantly, the medium and long-term consequences of the infection by SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system remain at present unknown. This review article aims to give an overview of the current neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, as well as attempting to provide an insight beyond the acute affectation.

scholarly journals The neurological sequelae of pandemics and epidemics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Valerio ◽  
Daniel P. Whitehouse ◽  
David K. Menon ◽  
Virginia F. J. Newcombe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Human History ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Secondary Complications ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Abstract Neurological manifestations in pandemics frequently cause short and long-term consequences which are frequently overlooked. Despite advances in the treatment of infectious diseases, nervous system involvement remains a challenge, with limited treatments often available. The under-recognition of neurological manifestations may lead to an increase in the burden of acute disease as well as secondary complications with long-term consequences. Nervous system infection or dysfunction during pandemics is common and its enduring consequences, especially among vulnerable populations, are frequently forgotten. An improved understanding the possible mechanisms of neurological damage during epidemics, and increased recognition of the possible manifestations is fundamental to bring insights when dealing with future outbreaks. To reverse this gap in knowledge, we reviewed all the pandemics, large and important epidemics of human history in which neurological manifestations are evident, and described the possible physiological processes that leads to the adverse sequelae caused or triggered by those pathogens.

scholarly journals Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4081
Author(s):  
Ghaydaa A. Shehata ◽  
Kevin C. Lord ◽  
Michaela C. Grudzinski ◽  
Mohamed Elsayed ◽  
Ramy Abdelnaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
Taste And Smell

COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the newly identified human coronavirus (HCoV) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was discovered in December 2019, and in March 2020, the disease was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to a high number of cases. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system, several studies have reported neurological complications in COVID-19 patients. Headache, dizziness, loss of taste and smell, encephalitis, encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common neurological complications that are associated with COVID-19. In addition, seizures, neuromuscular junctions’ disorders, and Guillain–Barré syndrome were reported as complications of COVID-19, as well as neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. However, the management of these conditions remains a challenge. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of these neurological sequelae that are secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim to update neurologists and healthcare workers on the possible neurological complications associated with COVID-19 and the management of these disease conditions.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron E. Miller ◽  
Teresa M. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurologic Complications ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Disease

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that is characterized principally by a polyarthritis, but can result in several neurologic complications involving both the central and peripheral nervous system. In addition, several immunotherapies used to treat RA have been associated with neurological complications. In this chapter, we review the characteristic neurological sequelae of RA as well as the possible neurological consequences of its therapeutic regimens.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in the Central Nervous System

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro R. Winkelmann ◽  
Huanle Luo ◽  
Tian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
The Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic single-stranded flavivirus has been the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide.  Up to 50% of WNV convalescent patients in the United States were reported to have long-term neurological sequelae.  Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for humans.  Animal models have been used to investigate WNV pathogenesis and host immune response in humans.  In this review, we will discuss recent findings from studies in animal models of WNV infection, and provide new insights on WNV pathogenesis and WNV-induced host immunity in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Pulmonary Fibrosis as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aitbaev ◽  
I. Murkamilov ◽  
V. Fomin ◽  
I. Kudaibergenova ◽  
Zh. Murkamilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
The Past ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Deadly Disease ◽  
Laboratory Biomarkers

The past crisis year 2020 brought a huge number of human casualties from the COVID-19 pandemic, which has claimed more than 2 million lives to date. The high mortality rate in COVID-19 is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which leads to hospitalization of patients in intensive care units. In the fight against this deadly disease, in parallel with efforts to control and treat infected patients and study the pathophysiology of this new coronavirus infection, research and clinical follow-up is needed to assess the long-term consequences of ARDS COVID-19. Research should also be undertaken to find reliable clinical and laboratory biomarkers to predict the subset of patients who may develop or progress to pulmonary fibrosis.

scholarly journals Right Hemispheric Leukoencephalopathy as an Incidental Finding Following a Lightning Strike

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jera Kruja ◽  
Altin Kuqo ◽  
Serla Grabova ◽  
Arben Rroji ◽  
Gentian Vyshka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Diffuse White Matter

BACKGROUND: Lightning injuries may produce a variety of medical conditions, and specific neurological complications have been identified, with the character of immediate aftershock effects or even long-term consequences.AIM: The authors describe the incidental finding following a routine unenhanced brain MRI performed to a young female patient, suffering from a headache.CASE REPORT: Diffuse white matter changes with the character of a leukoencephalopathy were seen, which strictly interested only the right cerebral hemisphere. The parents referred that she suffered from an indoor lightning strike at age of seven months, although she survived with almost no external burns or signs, and recovered uneventfully at that time. A discussion over the effects of electrocution and lightning strike on the human body in general, and over the nervous system, is made. Particular attention must be shown when making the differential diagnosis of leukoencephalopathies with a strictly one-hemisphere extension since several other conditions might resemble each other under the radiological aspect, here including brain viral infections, genetic disorders, and so on.CONCLUSION: The particularity of the long-term aftershock effects of the lightning strike on the central nervous system raise again the necessity of collecting data and duly reporting every electrical accident, lightning events included.

scholarly journals Infection Mechanism of SARS-COV-2 and Its Implication on the Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Estefan Reza-Zaldívar ◽  
Mercedes Azucena Hernández-Sapiéns ◽  
Benito Minjarez ◽  
Ulises Gómez-Pinedo ◽  
Ana Laura Márquez-Aguirre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In late December 2019, multiple atypical pneumonia cases resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a pathogen identified as a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The most common coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms are pneumonia, fever, dry cough, and fatigue. However, some neurological complications following SARS-CoV-2 infection include confusion, cerebrovascular diseases, ataxia, hypogeusia, hyposmia, neuralgia, and seizures. Indeed, a growing literature demonstrates that neurotropism is a common feature of coronaviruses; therefore, the infection mechanisms already described in other coronaviruses may also be applicable for SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in the nervous system infection and the neurological involvement is essential to assess possible long-term neurological alteration of COVID-19. Here, we provide an overview of associated literature regarding possible routes of COVID-19 neuroinvasion, such as the trans-synapse-connected route in the olfactory pathway and peripheral nerve terminals and its neurological implications in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Double deficiency of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 alters long-term neurological sequelae in mice cured of pneumococcal meningitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lay Khoon Too ◽  
Belinda Yau ◽  
Alan G. Baxter ◽  
Iain S. McGregor ◽  
Nicholas H. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Host Inflammatory Response ◽  
Deficient Mice

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 signalling pathways are central to the body’s defence against invading pathogens during pneumococcal meningitis. Whereas several studies support their importance in innate immunity, thereby preventing host mortality, any role in protecting neurological function during meningeal infection is ill-understood. Here we investigated both the acute immunological reaction and the long-term neurobehavioural consequences of experimental pneumococcal meningitis in mice lacking both TLR2 and TLR4. The absence of these TLRs significantly impaired survival in mice inoculated intracerebroventricularly with Streptococcus pneumoniae. During the acute phase of infection, TLR2/4-deficient mice had lower cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of interleukin-1β, and higher interferon-γ, than their wild-type counterparts. After antibiotic cure, TLR2/4 double deficiency was associated with aggravation of behavioural impairment in mice, as shown by diurnal hypolocomotion throughout the adaptation phases in the Intellicage of TLR-deficient mice compared to their wild-type counterparts. While TLR2/4 double deficiency did not affect the cognitive ability of mice in a patrolling task, it aggravated the impairment of cognitive flexibility. We conclude that TLR2 and TLR4 are central to regulating the host inflammatory response in pneumococcal meningitis, which may mediate diverse compensatory mechanisms that protect the host not only against mortality but also long-term neurological complications.

scholarly journals Organophosphate intermediate syndrome with neurological complications of extrapyramidal symptoms in clinical practice

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 298-301
Author(s):  
Mark B. Detweiler
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Agricultural Areas

ABSTRACTOrganophosphates (OPs) are ubiquitous in the world as domestic and industrial agricultural insecticides. Intentional poisoning as suicides attempts are clinical phenomena seen in emergency departments and clinics in agricultural areas. Intermediate syndrome with the neurological complication of extra pyramidal symptoms following acute OP ingestion may occur in pediatric and adult cases. While death is the most serious consequence of toxic OP doses, low levels of exposure and nonfatal doses may disrupt the neurobehavioral development of fetuses and children in addition to bring linked to testicular cancer and male and female infertility. These are disturbing. Chronic and acute toxicity from OPs are barriers to the health of our present and future generations. Symptoms and treatment of acute and chronic OP exposure are briefly referenced with inclusion of the intermediate syndrome. Suggestions for local and systemic reduction of the acute and long term consequences of OP ingestion are opined.

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