scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Superficial Layers of the Presubiculum During Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayan Liu ◽  
Tetsuhiko Kashima ◽  
Shota Morikawa ◽  
Asako Noguchi ◽  
Yuji Ikegaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Head Direction ◽  
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Anterograde Tracer

The presubiculum, a subarea of the parahippocampal region, plays a critical role in spatial navigation and spatial representation. An outstanding aspect of presubicular spatial codes is head-direction selectivity of the firing of excitatory neurons, called head-direction cells. Head-direction selectivity emerges before eye-opening in rodents and is maintained in adulthood through neurophysiological interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Although the presubiculum has been physiologically profiled in terms of spatial representation during development, the histological characteristics of the developing presubiculum are poorly understood. We found that the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2) could be used to delimit the superficial layers of the presubiculum, which was identified using an anterograde tracer injected into the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN). Thus, we immunostained slices from mice ranging in age from neonates to adults using an antibody against VGluT2 to evaluate the VGluT2-positive area, which was identified as the superficial layers of the presubiculum, during development. We also immunostained the slices using antibodies against parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) and found that in the presubicular superficial layers, PV-positive neurons progressively increased in number during development, whereas SOM-positive neurons exhibited no increasing trend. In addition, we observed repeating patch structures in presubicular layer III from postnatal days 12. The abundant expression of VGluT2 suggests that the presubicular superficial layers are regulated primarily by VGluT2-mediated excitatory neurotransmission. Moreover, developmental changes in the densities of PV- and SOM-positive interneurons and the emergence of the VGluT2-positive patch structures during adolescence may be associated with the functional development of spatial codes in the superficial layers of the presubiculum.

scholarly journals Deletion of Jdp2 enhances Slc7a11 expression in Atoh-1 positive cerebellum granule cell progenitors in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chen Ku ◽  
Kenly Wuputra ◽  
Kohsuke Kato ◽  
Jia-Bin Pan ◽  
Chia-Pei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cell ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Oxidative Stresses

Abstract Background The cerebellum is the sensitive region of the brain to developmental abnormalities related to the effects of oxidative stresses. Abnormal cerebellar lobe formation, found in Jun dimerization protein 2 (Jdp2)-knockout (KO) mice, is related to increased antioxidant formation and a reduction in apoptotic cell death in granule cell progenitors (GCPs). Here, we aim that Jdp2 plays a critical role of cerebellar development which is affected by the ROS regulation and redox control. Objective Jdp2-promoter-Cre transgenic mouse displayed a positive signal in the cerebellum, especially within granule cells. Jdp2-KO mice exhibited impaired development of the cerebellum compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The antioxidation controlled gene, such as cystine-glutamate transporter Slc7a11, might be critical to regulate the redox homeostasis and the development of the cerebellum. Methods We generated the Jdp2-promoter-Cre mice and Jdp2-KO mice to examine the levels of Slc7a11, ROS levels and the expressions of antioxidation related genes were examined in the mouse cerebellum using the immunohistochemistry. Results The cerebellum of Jdp2-KO mice displayed expression of the cystine-glutamate transporter Slc7a11, within the internal granule layer at postnatal day 6; in contrast, the WT cerebellum mainly displayed Sla7a11 expression in the external granule layer. Moreover, development of the cerebellar lobes in Jdp2-KO mice was altered compared with WT mice. Expression of Slc7a11, Nrf2, and p21Cip1 was higher in the cerebellum of Jdp2-KO mice than in WT mice. Conclusion Jdp2 is a critical regulator of Slc7a11 transporter during the antioxidation response, which might control the growth, apoptosis, and differentiation of GCPs in the cerebellar lobes. These observations are consistent with our previous study in vitro.

The Influence of Evolution upon the Functional Development of the Lateral Wall of the Nose

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Smersh
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Nasal Disease ◽  
Insight Into

The nose has played a surprisingly critical role repeatedly in adaptation and survival of the vertebrate family line, in olfaction to detect food and predators, in respiration in adaptation to terrestrial existence, and in preservation of homeostasis in severe climatic changes as in the great ice ages that destroyed the giant reptiles. Most importantly to us, the study of evolutionary development will provide insight into human anatomy and physiology and is an aid in the management of medical and surgical treatment of nasal disease.

scholarly journals Modeling Attractor Deformation in the Rodent Head-Direction System

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 3402-3410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy P. Goodridge ◽  
David S. Touretzky
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Head Direction ◽  
Anterior Thalamus ◽  
Attractor Dynamics ◽  
Cell Firing

We present a model of the head-direction circuit in the rat that improves on earlier models in several respects. First, it provides an account of some of the unique characteristics of head-direction (HD) cell firing in the lateral mammillary nucleus and the anterior thalamus. Second, the model functions without making physiologically unrealistic assumptions. In particular, it implements attractor dynamics in postsubiculum and lateral mammillary nucleus without directionally tuned inhibitory neurons, which have never been observed in vivo, and it integrates angular velocity without the use of multiplicative synapses. The model allows us to examine the relationships among three HD areas and various properties of their representations. A surprising result is that certain combinations of purported HD cell properties are mutually incompatible, suggesting that the lateral mammillary nucleus may not be the primary source of head direction input to anterior thalamic HD cells.

scholarly journals Excitatory/inhibitory neuronal metabolic balance in mouse hippocampus upon infusion of [U-13C6]glucose

2020 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2091053
Author(s):  
Antoine Cherix ◽  
Guillaume Donati ◽  
Blanca Lizarbe ◽  
Bernard Lanz ◽  
Carole Poitry-Yamate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectral Fitting ◽  
Mouse Hippocampus ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Gabaergic Activity

Hippocampus plays a critical role in linking brain energetics and behavior typically associated to stress exposure. In this study, we aimed to simultaneously assess excitatory and inhibitory neuronal metabolism in mouse hippocampus in vivo by applying 18FDG-PET and indirect 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-[13C]-MRS) at 14.1 T upon infusion of uniformly 13C-labeled glucose ([U-13C6]Glc). Improving the spectral fitting by taking into account variable decoupling efficiencies of [U-13C6]Glc and refining the compartmentalized model by including two γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pools permit us to evaluate the relative contributions of glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolism to total hippocampal neuroenergetics. We report that GABAergic activity accounts for ∼13% of total neurotransmission (VNT) and ∼27% of total neuronal TCA cycle (VTCA) in mouse hippocampus suggesting a higher VTCA/VNT ratio for inhibitory neurons compared to excitatory neurons. Finally, our results provide new strategies and tools for bringing forward the developments and applications of 13C-MRS in specific brain regions of small animals.

scholarly journals Restored glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 function as a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kou Takahashi ◽  
Qiongman Kong ◽  
Yuchen Lin ◽  
Nathan Stouffer ◽  
Delanie A. Schulte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Glial Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Disease Modifier ◽  
And Function

Glutamatergic systems play a critical role in cognitive functions and are known to be defective in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Previous literature has indicated that glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 plays an essential role in cognitive functions and that loss of EAAT2 protein is a common phenomenon observed in AD patients and animal models. In the current study, we investigated whether restored EAAT2 protein and function could benefit cognitive functions and pathology in APPSw,Ind mice, an animal model of AD. A transgenic mouse approach via crossing EAAT2 transgenic mice with APPSw,Ind. mice and a pharmacological approach using a novel EAAT2 translational activator, LDN/OSU-0212320, were conducted. Findings from both approaches demonstrated that restored EAAT2 protein function significantly improved cognitive functions, restored synaptic integrity, and reduced amyloid plaques. Importantly, the observed benefits were sustained one month after compound treatment cessation, suggesting that EAAT2 is a potential disease modifier with therapeutic potential for AD.

Effects of Small-World Rewiring Probability and Noisy Synaptic Conductivity on Slow Waves: Cortical Network

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-715
Author(s):  
Ramazan Tekin ◽  
Mehmet Emin Tagluk
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Small World ◽  
Cortical Network ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Waves

Physiological rhythms play a critical role in the functional development of living beings. Many biological functions are executed with an interaction of rhythms produced by internal characteristics of scores of cells. While synchronized oscillations may be associated with normal brain functions, anomalies in these oscillations may cause or relate the emergence of some neurological or neuropsychological pathologies. This study was designed to investigate the effects of topological structure and synaptic conductivity noise on the spatial synchronization and temporal rhythmicity of the waves generated by cells in the network. Because of holding the ability of clustering and randomizing with change of parameters, small-world (SW) network topology was chosen. The oscillatory activity of network was tried out by manipulating an insulated SW, cortical network model whose morphology is very close to real world. According to the obtained results, it was observed that at the optimal probabilistic rates of conductivity noise and rewiring of SW, powerful synchronized oscillatory small waves are generated in relation to the internal dynamics of cells, which are in line with the network’s input. These two parameters were observed to be quite effective on the excitation-inhibition balance of the network. Accordingly, it may be suggested that the topological dynamics of SW and noisy synaptic conductivity may be associated with the normal and abnormal development of neurobiological structure.

scholarly journals A critical role of glutamate transporter type 3 in the learning and memory of mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Wang ◽  
Sang-Hon Park ◽  
Huijuan Zhao ◽  
Shuling Peng ◽  
Zhiyi Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Type 3

scholarly journals Uniquely excitable neurons enable precise and persistent information transmission through the retrosplenial cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen K.W. Brennan ◽  
Shyam Kumar Sudhakar ◽  
Izabela Jedrasiak-Cape ◽  
Omar J. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Input Resistance ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Head Direction ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
High Input ◽  
Biophysical Models ◽  
High Input Resistance ◽  
Fast Spiking

ABSTRACTThe retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is essential for both memory and navigation, but the neural codes underlying these functions remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the most prominent cell type in layers 2/3 (L2/3) of the granular RSC is a uniquely excitable, small pyramidal cell. These cells have a low rheobase (LR), high input resistance, lack of spike-frequency adaptation, and spike widths intermediate to those of neighboring fast-spiking (FS) inhibitory neurons and regular-spiking (RS) excitatory neurons. LR cells are excitatory but rarely synapse onto neighboring neurons. Instead, L2/3 of RSC is an inhibition-dominated network with dense connectivity between FS cells and from FS to LR neurons. Biophysical models of LR but not RS cells precisely and continuously encode sustained input from afferent postsubicular head-direction cells. Thus, the unique intrinsic properties of LR neurons can support both the precision and persistence necessary to encode information over multiple timescales in the RSC.

scholarly journals GABAergic neuron-specific whole-brain transduction by AAV-PHP.B incorporated with a new GAD65 promoter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Hoshino ◽  
Ayumu Konno ◽  
Nobutake Hosoi ◽  
Ryosuke Kaneko ◽  
Ryo Mukai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Inhibitory Neuron ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Chandelier Cells

Abstract GABAergic interneurons play a critical role in tuning neural networks in the central nervous system, and their defects are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, the mDlx enhancer is solely used for adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated transgene delivery into cortical interneurons. Here, we developed a new inhibitory neuron-specific promoter (designated as the mGAD65 promoter), with a length of 2.5 kb, from a mouse genome upstream of exon 1 of the Gad2 gene encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. Intravenous infusion of blood-brain barrier-penetrating AAV-PHP.B expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the mGAD65 promoter transduced the whole brain in an inhibitory neuron-specific manner. The specificity and efficiency of the mGAD65 promoter for GABAergic interneurons, which was assessed at the motor cortex, were almost identical to or slightly higher than those of the mDlx enhancer. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the mGAD65 promoter preferentially transduced parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons. Notably, the mGAD65 promoter transduced chandelier cells more efficiently than the mDlx enhancer and robustly labeled their synaptic boutons, called the cartridge, targeting the axon initial segments of excitatory pyramidal neurons. To test the ability of the mGAD65 promoter to express a functional molecule, we virally expressed G-CaMP, a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, in the motor cortex, and this enabled us to monitor spontaneous and drug-induced Ca2+ activity in GABAergic inhibitory neurons. These results suggest that the mGAD65 promoter is useful for AAV-mediated targeting and manipulation of GABAergic neurons with the dominance of cortical PV-expressing neurons, including chandelier cells.

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