scholarly journals Advances in Carbon-Based Microfiber Electrodes for Neural Interfacing

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Hejazi ◽  
Wei Tong ◽  
Michael R. Ibbotson ◽  
Steven Prawer ◽  
David J. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Microelectrode Arrays ◽  
Neural Stimulation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Enhanced Resolution ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Carbon Based ◽  
Neural Interfacing

Neural interfacing devices using penetrating microelectrode arrays have emerged as an important tool in both neuroscience research and medical applications. These implantable microelectrode arrays enable communication between man-made devices and the nervous system by detecting and/or evoking neuronal activities. Recent years have seen rapid development of electrodes fabricated using flexible, ultrathin carbon-based microfibers. Compared to electrodes fabricated using rigid materials and larger cross-sections, these microfiber electrodes have been shown to reduce foreign body responses after implantation, with improved signal-to-noise ratio for neural recording and enhanced resolution for neural stimulation. Here, we review recent progress of carbon-based microfiber electrodes in terms of material composition and fabrication technology. The remaining challenges and future directions for development of these arrays will also be discussed. Overall, these microfiber electrodes are expected to improve the longevity and reliability of neural interfacing devices.

Evaluvation of Multiresolution Watermarking Algorithm

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
S. Thabasu Kannan ◽  
S. Azhagu Senthil
Keyword(s):  
Digital Watermarking ◽  
Wavelet Transformation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Digital Production ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
Sampling Operation ◽  
Watermarking Scheme

Now-a-days watermarking plays a pivotal role in most of the industries for providing security to their own as well as hired or leased data. This paper its main aim is to study the multiresolution watermarking algorithms and also choosing the effective and efficient one for improving the resistance in data compression. Computational savings from such a multiresolution watermarking framework is obvious. The multiresolutional property makes our watermarking scheme robust to image/video down sampling operation by a power of two in either space or time. There is no common framework for multiresolutional digital watermarking of both images and video. A multiresolution watermarking based on the wavelet transformation is selected in each frequency band of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) domain and therefore it can resist the destruction of image processing.   The rapid development of Internet introduces a new set of challenging problems regarding security. One of the most significant problems is to prevent unauthorized copying of digital production from distribution. Digital watermarking has provided a powerful way to claim intellectual protection. We proposed an idea for enhancing the robustness of extracted watermarks. Watermark can be treated as a transmitted signal, while the destruction from attackers is regarded as a noisy distortion in channel.  For the implementation, we have used minimum nine coordinate positions. The watermarking algorithms to be taken for this study are Corvi algorithm and Wang algorithm. In all graph, we have plotted X axis as peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and y axis as Correlation with original watermark. The threshold value ά is set to 5. The result is smaller than the threshold value then it is feasible, otherwise it is not.

Making social neuroscience less WEIRD: Using fNIRS to measure neural signatures of persuasive influence in a Middle East participant sample

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Burns ◽  
Lianne N. Barnes ◽  
Ian A. McCulloh ◽  
Munqith M. Dagher ◽  
Emily B. Falk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Neuropsychological Functions ◽  
Arabic Speaking

The large majority of social neuroscience research uses WEIRD populations – participants from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic locations. This makes it difficult to claim whether neuropsychological functions are universal or culture specific. In this study, we demonstrate one approach to addressing the imbalance by using portable neuroscience equipment in a study of persuasion conducted in Jordan with an Arabic-speaking sample. Participants were shown persuasive videos on various health and safety topics while their brain activity was measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Self-reported persuasiveness ratings for each video were then recorded. Consistent with previous research conducted with American subjects, this work found that activity in the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex predicted how persuasive participants found the videos and how much they intended to engage in the messages’ endorsed behaviors. Further, activity in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was associated with persuasiveness ratings, but only in participants for whom the message was personally relevant. Implications for these results on the understanding of the brain basis of persuasion and on future directions for neuroimaging in diverse populations are discussed.

scholarly journals Toughening of nanocomposite hard coatings

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 553-585
Author(s):  
Suman Kumari Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Nanocomposite Coatings ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Contact Loads ◽  
Component Phase ◽  
Carbon Based

AbstractFor engineering applications, hardness must be complimented with high toughness for applications where high contact loads are there. A good combination of hardness, toughness and low coefficient of friction can be achieved, by suitable tailoring of microstructures of coating in hard nanocomposite coatings. Tribologocal applications require hard coatings with tailored functionalities for different applications; hard nanocomposite coatings are potential materials for such applications. Ti and amorphous carbon based systems have shown more promising material. The present review discusses the nanocomposite hard coatings, mechanism of enhancement of toughness, multilayer hard nanocomposite coatings. Here, mainly Ti and Si based nanocomposite has been discussed as carbon based reviews are available in plenty in literature and well documented. Ti-B-N, Ti-Si-B-C, Ti-Si-B-C-N, Si-C-N, Ti-Al-N, Ti-Al-Si-N, Al-Si-N, Ti-Cr-Al-N, Zr-Si-N and some other similar system nanocomposite hard coatings are important where the gradual and intelligent additions of different elements in hard single component phase provides the combination of hardness, toughness and low coefficient of friction. Some of these systems are discussed. In the end, the future directions of research, Technology„ which are required to achieve tough nanocomposite hard coatings for actual applications are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Hybrid Chemomechanical Promotion of PEDOT Adhesion onto Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic Neural Stimulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Mazaheri Kouhani ◽  
Alexander Istomin ◽  
Proyag Datta ◽  
Neil H. Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Covalent Binding ◽  
Microelectrode Arrays ◽  
Electrochemical Treatment ◽  
Neural Stimulation ◽  
Adhesion Promoter ◽  
Neural Prosthetic ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Mechanical Adhesion

Advances in neural prosthetic technologies demand ever increasing novelty in material composition to enhance the mechanical and electrochemical properties of existing microelectrode arrays. Conductive polymers present advantages such as mechanical flexibility, outstanding biocompatibility, remarkable electrical properties and, most of all, cellular agreement. However, for long-term chronic applications, they fall short in their electrochemical endurance and mechanical adhesion to their substrate materials. Multiple electrochemical approaches have been investigated to improve the adherence of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to underlying metallic thin films. In this work, an electrochemical treatment of diazonium salt on platinum microelectrodes is incorporated as an electrochemical adhesion promoter for PEDOT and it is further combined with using the highly microporous geometry of Platinum Grey (Pt-Grey); a technology developed by Second Sight Medical Products Inc (SSMP). The intertwined mechanical integration of Pt-Grey and PEDOT molecules together with the covalent binding agency of diazonium salt demostrate a composite coating technology with long-term stability of more than 452 days while providing >70× enhancement to the interfacial capacitive impedance.

scholarly journals PET Neuroimaging of Neurologic Disease: Methods, Clinical and Research Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keenan Walker ◽  
Murat Bilgel
Keyword(s):  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Neurologic Disease ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that can be used to visualize physiological activity or molecular processes in the whole body or specific organs. For several decades, PET imaging has been used to expand our understanding of neurobiology and neurologic disease. In addition to playing an increasing role in neuroscience research, PET imaging has become ubiquitous in the clinical setting. For example, PET neuroimaging is currently used to aid in differential diagnosis, monitor treatment effectiveness, and assist with surgical planning. While perhaps most well-known for its role in neurodegenerative disease, PET neuroimaging has also been used to care for and study patients with epilepsy, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and other neuropsychiatric conditions. PET neuroimaging is currently undergoing a period of rapid development, particularly as it pertains to the visualization and quantification of neurodegenerative processes and neurotransmitter systems. Given that neuropsychologists are positioned to integrate neuroimaging findings with information derived from a clinical interview and cognitive testing, a fundamental understanding of PET neuroimaging applications and methods will likely prove useful.

Dirac nodal surface semimetallic carbon based structure as a universal anode material for metal-ion batteries with high performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouren Zhang ◽  
Huili Liu ◽  
Yadan Zhang ◽  
Shuaiwei Wang ◽  
Baocheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Anode Material ◽  
High Power ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Storage Battery ◽  
Nodal Surface ◽  
Power Storage ◽  
Carbon Based

The rapid development of electronic devices require the high power storage battery. However, the reported 3D carbon based materials are semiconductor or metal and used for Li- or Na-ion battery...

A Carbon-Based DNA Framework Nano–Bio Interface for Biosensing with High Sensitivity and a High Signal-to-Noise Ratio

ACS Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3979-3987
Author(s):  
Jing Su ◽  
Wenhan Liu ◽  
Shixing Chen ◽  
Wangping Deng ◽  
Yanzhi Dou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Carbon Based

scholarly journals The challenge of the EMC effect: Existing data and future directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (08) ◽  
pp. 1430013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Malace ◽  
David Gaskell ◽  
Douglas W. Higinbotham ◽  
Ian C. Cloët
Keyword(s):  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Deep Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Charged Lepton ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Precise Data ◽  
Emc Effect ◽  
Existing Data

Since the discovery that the ratio of inclusive charged lepton (per-nucleon) cross-sections from a nucleus A to the deuteron is not unity — even in deep inelastic scattering kinematics — a great deal of experimental and theoretical effort has gone into understanding the phenomenon. The EMC effect, as it is now known, shows that even in the most extreme kinematic conditions the effects of the nucleon being bound in a nucleus cannot be ignored. In this paper, we collect the most precise data available for various nuclear to deuteron ratios, as well as provide a commentary on the current status of the theoretical understanding of this thirty year old effect.

Silicon Carbide Radiation Detectors: Progress, Limitations and Future Directions

2013 ◽  
Vol 1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank H. Ruddy
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Neutron Detectors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Further Development

ABSTRACTSilicon carbide has long been a promising material for semiconductor applications in high-temperature environments. Although silicon carbide radiation detectors were demonstrated more than a half century ago, the unavailability of high-quality materials and device manufacturing techniques hindered further development until about twenty years ago. In the late twentieth century, the development of advanced SiC crystal growth and epitaxial chemical vapor deposition methods spurred rapid development of silicon carbide charged particle, X-ray and neutron detectors. The history and status of silicon carbide radiation detectors as well as the influence of materials and device packaging limitations on future detector development will be discussed. Specific silicon carbide materials development needs will be identified.

scholarly journals Transmitter and receiver technologies for optical wireless

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2169) ◽  
pp. 20190182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic O'Brien ◽  
Sujan Rajbhandari ◽  
Hyunchae Chun
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Optical Wireless ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Light Emitting

Providing a reliable link, with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bandwidth to deliver high-capacity communications is a critical challenge for optical wireless (OW) communications and understanding and jointly optimizing the performance of the transmitter and receiver subsystems is a key part of this. At the transmitter a source of light, either a laser or a light-emitting diode, must be modulated with the communications signal. The resulting emission must be directed, using optics or steering systems, as required for the particular application, and must be within any safety levels set by relevant standards. The receiver is the most critical part of any optical link, as its design is a dominant factor in determining the received SNR, which determines the capacity and ultimately the utility of the link. A receiver must collect, filter and concentrate signal radiation, then detect and amplify the resulting electrical signal. This review surveys the state-of–the-art transmitter and receiver technologies. Details of design constraints are discussed, and potential future directions discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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