scholarly journals Can the FUT2 Non-secretor Phenotype Associated With Gut Microbiota Increase the Children Susceptibility for Type 1 Diabetes? A Mini Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottavia Giampaoli ◽  
Giorgia Conta ◽  
Riccardo Calvani ◽  
Alfredo Miccheli
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The global toll of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has steadily increased over the last decades. It is now widely acknowledged that T1D pathophysiology is more complex than expected. Indeed, a multifaceted interplay between genetic, metabolic, inflammatory and environmental factors exists that leads to heterogeneous clinical manifestations across individuals. Children with non-secretor phenotype and those affected by T1D share low abundance of bifidobacteria, low content of short-chain fatty acids, intestinal phosphatase alkaline and a high incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases. In this context, host-gut microbiota dyad may represent a relevant contributor to T1D development and progression due to its crucial role in shaping host immunity and susceptibility to autoimmune conditions. The FUT2 gene is responsible for the composition and functional properties of glycans in mucosal tissues and bodily secretions, including human milk. FUT2 polymorphisms may profoundly influence gut microbiota composition and host susceptibility to viral infections and chronic inflammatory disease. In this minireview, the possible interplay between mothers' phenotype, host FUT2 genetic background and gut microbiota composition will be discussed in perspective of the T1D onset. The study of FUT2-gut microbiota interaction may add a new piece on the puzzling T1D etiology and unveil novel targets of intervention to contrast T1D development and progression. Dietary interventions, including the intake of α-(1, 2)-fucosyl oligosaccharides in formula milk and the use of specific prebiotics and probiotics, could be hypothesized.

Gut microbiota composition change in type 1 diabetes brazilian patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. S657
Author(s):  
D.C. Fonseca ◽  
I.M.G. da Rocha ◽  
L. Callado ◽  
D.P.D.S. Pinelli ◽  
B.D. Balmant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Composition Change ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

scholarly journals Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children

Diabetologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1569-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus C. de Goffau ◽  
Susana Fuentes ◽  
Bartholomeus van den Bogert ◽  
Hanna Honkanen ◽  
Willem M. de Vos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

scholarly journals Effects of Rich in Β-Glucans Edible Mushrooms on Aging Gut Microbiota Characteristics: An In Vitro Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia K. Mitsou ◽  
Georgia Saxami ◽  
Emmanuela Stamoulou ◽  
Evangelia Kerezoudi ◽  
Eirini Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Alterations of gut microbiota are evident during the aging process. Prebiotics may restore the gut microbial balance, with β-glucans emerging as prebiotic candidates. This study aimed to investigate the impact of edible mushrooms rich in β-glucans on the gut microbiota composition and metabolites by using in vitro static batch culture fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors (n = 8). Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms derived from various substrates were examined. Gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas chromatography (GC)) were determined during the 24-h fermentation. P. eryngii induced a strong lactogenic effect, while P. ostreatus and C. cylindracea induced a significant bifidogenic effect (p for all <0.05). Furthermore, P. eryngii produced on wheat straw and the prebiotic inulin had comparable Prebiotic Indexes, while P. eryngii produced on wheat straw/grape marc significantly increased the levels of tested butyrate producers. P. ostreatus, P. eryngii and C. cylindracea had similar trends in SCFA profile; H. erinaceus mushrooms were more diverse, especially in the production of propionate, butyrate and branched SCFAs. In conclusion, mushrooms rich in β-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects in gut microbiota and/or SCFAs production in elderly subjects.

scholarly journals Microbiome transfer between IL-1RI-/- and wild-type mice during high or low-fat feeding alters metabolic tissue functionality but not glucose homeostasis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Ralston ◽  
Kathleen A.J. Mitchelson ◽  
Gina M. Lynch ◽  
Tam T.T. Tran ◽  
Conall R. Strain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractReduced inflammatory signaling (IL-1RI-/-) alters metabolic responses to dietary challenges (1). Inflammasome deficiency (e.g. IL-18-/-, Asc-/-) can modify gut microbiota concomitant with hepatosteatosis; an effect that was transferable to wild-type (WT) mice by co-housing (2). Taken together, this evidence suggests that links between diet, microbiota and IL-1RI-signaling can influence metabolic health. Our aim was to determine whether IL-1RI-mediated signaling interacted with the gut microbiome to impact metabolic tissue functionality in a diet-specific fashion. Male WT (C57BL/J6) and IL-1RI-/- mice were fed either high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal) or low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal) for 24 weeks and were housed i) separately by genotype or ii) with genotypes co-housed together (i.e. isolated vs shared microbial environment; n = 8–10 mice per group). Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion response (1.5 g/kg i.p.), gut microbiota composition and caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were assessed. Liver and adipose tissue were harvested and examined for triacylglycerol (TAG) formation, cholesterol and metabolic markers (Fasn, Cpt1α, Pparg, Scd1, Dgat1/2), using histology, gas-chromatography and RT-PCR, respectively. Statistical analysis included 1-way or 2-way ANOVA, where appropriate, with Bonferroni post-hoc correction. Co-housing significantly affected gut microbiota composition, illustrated by clustering in PCoA (unweighted UniFrac distance) of co-housed mice but not their single-housed counterparts, on both HFD and LFD. The taxa driving these differences were primarily from Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Single-housed WT had lower hepatic weight, TAG, cholesterol levels and Fasn despite HFD, an effect lost in their co-housed counterparts, who aligned more to IL-1RI-/- hepatic lipid status. Hepatic Cpt1α was lowest in co-housed WT. Adipose from IL-1RI-/- groups on HFD displayed increased adipocyte size and reduced adipocyte number compared to WT groups, but greater lipogenic potential (Pparg, Scd1, Dgat2) alongside a blunted IL-6 response to pro-inflammatory stimuli (~32%, P = 0.025). Whilst caecal SCFA concentrations were not different between groups, single-housed IL-1RI-/- adipocytes showed greatest sensitivity to SCFA-induced lipogenesis. Interestingly, differences in tissue functionality and gut microbiome occurred despite unaltered glucose tolerance; although there was a trend for phenotypic transfer of body weight via co-housing. For all endpoints examined, similar genotype/co-housing effects were observed for both HFD and LFD with the greatest impacts seen in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, while the gut microbiome may be an important consideration in dietary interventions, these results question the magnitude of its impact in relation to the IL-1RI-dependent immunometabolism-glucose homeostasis axis.

scholarly journals The Effects of Non-Nutritive Artificial Sweeteners, Aspartame and Sucralose, on the Gut Microbiome in Healthy Adults: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Double-Blinded Crossover Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408
Author(s):  
Samar Y. Ahmad ◽  
James Friel ◽  
Dylan Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (NNSs) may have the ability to change the gut microbiota, which could potentially alter glucose metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effect of sucralose and aspartame consumption on gut microbiota composition using realistic doses of NNSs. Seventeen healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 45 years who had a body mass index (BMI) of 20–25 were selected. They undertook two 14-day treatment periods separated by a four-week washout period. The sweeteners consumed by each participant consisted of a standardized dose of 14% (0.425 g) of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for aspartame and 20% (0.136 g) of the ADI for sucralose. Faecal samples collected before and after treatments were analysed for microbiome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). There were no differences in the median relative proportions of the most abundant bacterial taxa (family and genus) before and after treatments with both NNSs. The microbiota community structure also did not show any obvious differences. There were no differences in faecal SCFAs following the consumption of the NNSs. These findings suggest that daily repeated consumption of pure aspartame or sucralose in doses reflective of typical high consumption have minimal effect on gut microbiota composition or SCFA production.

scholarly journals Soy Protein Alleviates Malnutrition in Weaning Rats by Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition and Serum Metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuchen Wei ◽  
Nong Zhou ◽  
Liang Zou ◽  
Zhenxing Shi ◽  
Baoqing Dun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Dietary intervention with plant protein is one of the main methods that is used to lessen the symptoms of malnutrition. Supplementary soy protein to undernourished weaning rats for 6 weeks significantly increased their body weight gain. After the intervention, the level of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was restored to 1,512.7 μg/g, while the level was only 637.1 μg/g in the 7% protein group. The amino acids (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) increased in the colon, and vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly influenced in undernourished rats. The tryptophan and glycine-serine-threonine pathways were elevated, leading to an increase in the level of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the serum. In addition, the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus increased, while Enterococcus and Streptococcus decreased compared to undernourished rats. Overall, soy protein improved the growth of rats with malnutrition in early life by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites in the colon and serum.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Composition and Metabolites as the new Determinants of Cardiovascular Pathology Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Drapkina ◽  
A. N. Kaburova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Chronic noncommunicable diseases represent one of the key medical problems of the XXI century. In this group cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are known to be the leading cause of death which pathogenesis still has the potential to be more profoundly revealed in order to discover its yet unknown but essential factors. The last decades are marked by the active investigation into the gut bacterial role in the initiation and progression of CVD. The result of this investigation has been the appreciation of microbiome as the potentially new cardiovascular risk factor. The development of sequencing techniques, together with bioinformatics analysis allowed the scientists to intensively broaden the understanding of the gut microbiota composition and functions of its metabolites in maintaining the health and the development of atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension and heart failure. The interaction between macro- and microorganisms is mediated through the variety of pathways, among which the key players are thought to be trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and secondary bile acids. TMAO is known due to its role in atherosclerosis development and the increase in major cardiovascular events. In the majority of research SCFA and secondary bile acids have demonstrated protective role in CVD. The great attention is being paid to the role of lipopolysaccharide of gram negative bacteria in the development of systemic low-grade inflammation due to the metabolic endotoxemia which contributes to the progression of CVD. The described interactions draw attention to the opportunity to influence on the certain mechanisms of CVD pathogenesis through the modulation of microbiota composition and function. The review is aimed at highlighting the current data about the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and its metabolites may increase cardiovascular risk and events rate as well as discussing the existing results and future perspective of bacterial systemic effects modulation.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut Microbiota Profile and Short-Chain Fatty Acids of Rats Fed with Taro Flour or Taro Starch

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ingrid S. Surono ◽  
Koen Venema
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Taro Flour ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Normal Chow ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

To investigate the effect of flour and starch of the Indonesian native tuber “taro” on the composition and activity of the gut microbiota in diabetic rats, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were fed normal chow (AIN), or AIN in which corn starch was replaced by either taro flour or purified taro starch for 4 weeks. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and after 4 weeks, and the composition of microbial communities was measured using 16S rRNA sequencing, while SCFAs were measured using ion chromatography. Bodyweight declined upon DM induction with STZ. Feeding taro starch led to a lower reduction in bodyweight than feeding taro starch, but this was only significant for taro starch in weeks 2, 3, and 4 (p=0.02, p=0.01, and p<0.01, respectively). Both taro starch and taro flour induced changes in the gut microbiota composition compared to AIN, which were different for taro flour and taro starch. Bifidobacterium, Sutterella, and Prevotella were markers for taro flour feeding, while Anaerostipes was a marker for taro starch feeding. Induction of diabetes also led to changes in the microbiota composition. Random Forest correctly predicted for 16 of 18 samples whether rats were diabetic or not and correctly predicted 6 of 12 microbiota samples belonging to either taro flour- or taro starch-fed groups, indicating also some significant overlap in the substrate, as expected. Taro starch and taro flour both led to a significant increase in the fecal concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate.

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