scholarly journals Matrix Stiffness Induces Pericyte-Fibroblast Transition Through YAP Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Feng ◽  
Xueyan Feng ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Qilong Li ◽  
Li Yao
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Matrix Stiffness ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Resident Cell ◽  
Mediate Cell ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior

Vascular pericytes, important mural cells that retain progenitor cell properties and protect vascular integrity in healthy tissues, are often associated with tumor development, but their functions in cancer invasion remain elusive. One prominent outcome of tumor occurrence is that the microenvironment of the lesion often stiffens, which could change resident cell behavior. Here, we found pericytes are matrix stiffness-responsive and mechanical stimuli induce pericyte-fibroblast transition (PFT). Soft PA gels that mimic the stiffness of healthy tissues retain the identity and behavior of pericytes, whereas stiff PA gels that reflect the stiffness of tumorous tissues promote PFT and the mobility and invasiveness of the cells. Matrix stiffness-induced PFT depends on the activation of YAP (Yes-associated protein), a transcription factor, which, upon receiving mechanical signals, transfers from cytoplasm to nucleus to mediate cell transcriptional activities. Our result reveals a mechanism through which vascular pericytes convert to fibroblasts and migrate away from vasculatures to help tumor development, and thus targeting matrix stiffness-induced PFT may offer a new perspective to the treatment of cancer metastasis.

The role of cancer stem cells in cancer metastasis: New perspective and progress

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Yuzhen Zhu ◽  
Yushui Ma ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
New Perspective

2008 Sol Sherry Distinguished Lecture in Thrombosis—Platelet Adhesion in Acute Arterial Thrombosis

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaverio M. Ruggeri
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Vascular Integrity

Platelet adhesion is an essential function in response to vascular injury, through which single platelets bind to specific membrane receptors onto cellular and extracellular matrix constituents of the vessel wall and tissues initiating thrombus formation that arrests hemorrhage and permits wound healing. Pathological conditions that cause vascular alterations and blood flow disturbances may turn this defense process into a disease mechanism resulting in arterial occlusion, mostly in atherosclerotic vessels of the heart and brain. Besides their relevant role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelet adhesive properties are central to a variety of pathophysiological processes that extend from inflammation to immune-mediated host defense and pathogenic mechanisms as well as cancer metastasis. All these activities depend on the ability of platelets to circulate in blood as sentinels of vascular integrity, adhere where alterations are detected, and signal the abnormality to other platelets and blood cells. In this respect, therefore, platelet adhesion to vascular wall structures, to one another (aggregation), or to other blood cells represents different aspects of the same fundamental biological process. Novel concepts and tools are being developed to advance our knowledge of the mechanisms through which platelets respond to vascular injury. Of particular interest are specific microparticles endowed with selective targeting properties conferred by recombinant adhesive domains that may be used for targeting areas of the vasculature with thrombogenic potential and for diagnostic purposes. Particles with such specific adhesive properties may also be used for the local delivery of anti-thrombotic drugs.

John Locke on Custom's Power and Reason's Authority

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth W. Grant
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Intellectual Independence

AbstractLocke stresses the power of custom in shaping opinion and behavior, though this aspect of his thought has been underappreciated. Recognizing its importance raises critical issues, particularly the relation between custom and reason and the role of authoritative custom in supporting political and social power. Locke explains in detail the various psychological and sociological mechanisms by which the power of custom is manifested; but he nonetheless consistently and emphatically rejects its authority. Instead, Locke is a champion of the authority of reason. Because custom is powerful, but reason is authoritative, Locke attempts to enlist the power of custom in the service of reason and of reasonable politics, and because custom is powerful and its impact unavoidable, individual intellectual independence cannot mean being without cultural prejudices. At best, it means the ability to gain some critical distance from them. These observations place Locke's relation to the Enlightenment in a new perspective.

Helping That Hurts Intended Beneficiaries: A New Perspective on the Dark Side of Helping Organizational Citizenship Behavior

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lennard ◽  
Linn Van Dyne
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is essential for organizations to gain and maintain competitive advantage in environments with constantly evolving demands. Although most of the literature implicitly assumes that OCB predicts positive work attitudes, affective states, cognitions, and behavior for employees and organizations, some work raises the question of when OCB fails to produce positive consequences, and scholars have called for a more balanced perspective that acknowledges possible negative consequences of OCB. In this chapter, we focus on the unintended negative outcomes of helping OCB to recipients. More specifically, we consider factors that paradoxically cause positively intended helping to backfire and have negative effects on recipients. To date, most research on outcomes of OCB has focused on performance outcomes. In contrast, we focus on nonperformance outcomes for recipients of helping because nonperformance outcomes are more proximal and can shed light on processes that influence more distal outcomes, such as performance.

scholarly journals Language Personality in the Conditions of Cross-Cultural Communication: Case-Study Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nitza Davidovitch ◽  
Kateryna Khyzhniak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Study Experience ◽  
New Type ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Value Measurement

The article is devoted to the problem of identification of a language personality’s traits under conditions of cross-cultural communication. It is shown that effective cross-cultural communication is revised under globalization and increasingly intensive social interactions. The results of the authors’ research prove that it is possible to develop a new perspective on the heuristic possibilities of the concept of language personality to ensure the effectiveness of cross-cultural communications.This applies above all to the understanding of culture, cultural codes, verbal, non-verbal communication and preverbal, development of value measurement and understanding, and behavior adoption patterns. We propose to identify a language personality as a nationally specific communicant type that has a culturally caused worldview and value system and is capable of cross-cultural transformation. We identified transitions from a “mono” language personality to a “multi” language personality. We offer communicative training as a way of resolving cultural gaps in communication.We insist that only a new type of a language personality can effectively integrate and communicate while taking into account cultural peculiarities. Language personality currently acquires multicultural traits resulting from two main types of mobility: virtual and physical. Empirical research shows that two types of mobility are widespread, with typical high demands for the study of an international communication language (English) and local culture (Hebrew).

A Theory of the Cultural Evolution of the Firm: The Intra-Organizational Ecology of Memes

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Weeks ◽  
Charles Galunic
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Symbolic Communication ◽  
Know How ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
Over Time

In this article, we propose a theory of the cultural evolution of the firm. We apply cultural and evolutionary thinking to the questions posed by theories of the firm: What are firms and why do they exist? We argue that firms are best thought of as cultures, as social distributions of modes of thought and forms of externalization. Using the term ‘meme’ to refer collectively to cultural modes of thought (ideas, beliefs, assumptions, values, interpretative schema, and know-how), we describe culture as a social phenomenon, patterns of symbolic communication and behavior that are produced as members of the group enact the memes they have acquired as part of the culture. Memes spread from mind to mind as they are enacted and the resulting cultural patterns are observed and interpreted by others. The uncertainties of interpretation and the possibilities of reinterpretation and recontextualization create variation in the memes as they spread. Over time, firms evolve as a process of the selection, variation, and retention of memes. Our claim is that understanding firms in this way provides a new perspective (what we call the ‘meme’s-eye view’) on the question of why we have the firms we have and, by allowing us to shed the functionalist assumptions shared by both economics and knowledge-based theories of the firm, makes possible a genuinely descriptive, as opposed to normative, theory of why we have the firms that we have.

scholarly journals Integrating Protein-Protein Interaction Networks with Gene- Gene Co-Expression Networks improves Gene Signatures for Classifying Breast Cancer Metastasis

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik van den Akker ◽  
Bas Verbruggen ◽  
Bas Heijmans ◽  
Marian Beekman ◽  
Joost Kok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Gene Selection ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Breast Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Proteinprotein Interaction

Summary Multiple studies have illustrated that gene expression profiling of primary breast cancers throughout the final stages of tumor development can provide valuable markers for risk prediction of metastasis and disease sub typing. However, the identification of a biologically interpretable and universally shared set of markers proved to be difficult. Here, we propose a method for de novo grouping of genes by dissecting the proteinprotein interaction network into disjoint sub networks using pair wise gene expression correlation measures. We show that the obtained sub networks are functionally coherent and are consistently identified when applied on a compendium composed of six different breast cancer studies. Application of the proposed method using different integration approaches underlines the robustness of the identified sub network related to cell cycle and identifies putative new sub network markers for metastasis related to cell-cell adhesion, the proteasome complex and JUN-FOS signalling. Although gene selection with the proposed method does not directly improve upon previously reported cross study classification performances, it shows great promises for applications in data integration and result interpretation.

scholarly journals Influence of Ambiguity on Success of Public Infrastructural Megaprojects in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Baraza Omonyo ◽  
Prof. Roselyn Gakure ◽  
Prof. Romanus Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Order And Disorder ◽  
Multiple Method ◽  
The Face ◽  
Schedule Risk ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of ambiguity on success of public infrastructural megaprojects in Kenya. The need for this study arose from the thesis that ambiguity is a key cause of complexity that results in infrastructural megaprojects being delivered over budget, behind schedule, with benefit shortfalls, over and over again. The study was designed as multiple-method research based on virtual constructionist ontology recognizing that complexity is the mid-point between order and disorder. A cross-sectional census survey of completed public infrastructural megaprojects was conducted using two interlinked questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using expert judgment, scenario mapping and retrospective sense-making. The projects surveyed majorly utilized fixed price contracts with the outcome of increased delivery within budget than within schedule. The results showed that ambiguity had significant negative influence on process and overall success of public infrastructural megaprojects but had no significant relationship with product and organizational success. Projects in which the client assumed responsibility for cost and schedule risk had higher chances of meeting both cost and schedule objectives. In order to manage the negative effects of ambiguity, we recommend a new perspective to contract design of public infrastructural megaprojects based on complexity science, blending both outcome and behavior-based contracts. Such contracts should ensure that, in the face of ambiguity, the contractors are able to act in the best interest of their clients and that the clients have access to quality Project Management Information Systems.

scholarly journals Tussen de regels: een rechtssociologische studie naar handhaving in de sociale zekerheid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Paulien de winter
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Closed World ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Sociale Zekerheid ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Employment Legislation ◽  
And Behavior

‘Fraud should never pay off’ is a commonly heard statement in the Netherlands. The Dutch political and public debate is currently dominated by the notion that fraud in social security must be severely punished. The Tightening of Enforcement and Sanctions Policy Social Affairs and Employment legislation came into effect on January 1st, 2013. This law introduced a stricter system for the legal sanctions of Social Assistance Agencies (municipalities) and the Employee Insurance Agency (UWV) with the intention of deterring stubborn fraudsters. The law is therefore often referred to as the ‘Fraud Act’. With the introduction of the act, the Dutch legislator has expressed its wish that social security agencies should enforce the law more strictly. The question is how this is done in practice. This dissertation focuses on the role of front-line officials who are involved in the enforcement of social security legislation. For this purpose, I have observed various employees in the course of their daily work. I have analysed the implementation practice of social security legislation by using two perspectives. The first perspective is the enforcement styles of front-line officials and the second perspective is the possible alignment of the enforcement choice with the attitude and behavior of the beneficiary (responsive regulation). The bottom-up approach of this research provides a new perspective on the - often closed - world of enforcement.

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