scholarly journals Recent Insights Into the Prognostic and Therapeutic Applications of Lysozymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Jiang ◽  
Yunhe Li ◽  
Liye Wang ◽  
Jian Guo ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Standard Medical Treatment ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Biological Organisms

Lysozymes are naturally occurring enzymes present in a variety of biological organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and animal bodily secretions and tissues. It is also the main ingredient of many ethnomedicines. It is well known that lysozymes and lysozyme-like enzymes can be used as anti-bacterial agents by degrading bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan that leads to cell death, and can also inhibit fungi, yeasts, and viruses. In addition to its direct antimicrobial activity, lysozyme is also an important component of the innate immune system in most mammals. Increasing evidence has shown the immune-modulatory effects of lysozymes against infection and inflammation. More recently, studies have revealed the anti-cancer activities of lysozyme in multiple types of tumors, potentially through its immune-modulatory activities. In this review, we summarized the major functions and underlying mechanisms of lysozymes derived from animal and plant sources. We highlighted the therapeutic applications and recent advances of lysozymes in cancers, hypertension, and viral diseases, aiming toseeking alternative therapies for standard medical treatment bypassing side effects. We also evaluated the role of lysozyme as a promising cancer marker for prognosis to indicate the outcomes recurrence for patients.

scholarly journals From Capsids to Complexes: Expanding the Role of TRIM5α in the Restriction of Divergent RNA Viruses and Elements

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Rose ◽  
Stephanie J. Spada ◽  
Rebecca Broeckel ◽  
Kristin L. McNally ◽  
Vanessa M. Hirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Hiv 1

An evolutionary arms race has been ongoing between retroviruses and their primate hosts for millions of years. Within the last century, a zoonotic transmission introduced the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), a retrovirus, to the human population that has claimed the lives of millions of individuals and is still infecting over a million people every year. To counteract retroviruses such as this, primates including humans have evolved an innate immune sensor for the retroviral capsid lattice known as TRIM5α. Although the molecular basis for its ability to restrict retroviruses is debated, it is currently accepted that TRIM5α forms higher-order assemblies around the incoming retroviral capsid that are not only disruptive for the virus lifecycle, but also trigger the activation of an antiviral state. More recently, it was discovered that TRIM5α restriction is broader than previously thought because it restricts not only the human retroelement LINE-1, but also the tick-borne flaviviruses, an emergent group of RNA viruses that have vastly different strategies for replication compared to retroviruses. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of TRIM5α-mediated restriction of retroelements and flaviviruses and how they differ from the more widely known ability of TRIM5α to restrict retroviruses.

Anticancer potential of Naringenin, Biosynthesis, Molecular target, and structural perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om Prakash ◽  
Ruchi Singh ◽  
Namrata Singh ◽  
Shazia Usmani ◽  
Mohd Arif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Topoisomerase Ii ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Cathepsin K ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Flavanone Glycoside ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Comprehensive Study

: Numerous novel medicinal agents isolated from plant sources were used as indigenous remedies for the management and treatment of various types of cancer diseases. Naringenin is a naturally occurring flavanone glycoside and aglycone (genin) moiety of naringin, predominantly found in citrus and grapefruits, has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for the management of a variety of diseases. A huge number of scientific papers have been published on naringenin describing its detailed studies and its therapeutic application in different diseases. The current study highlights, a comprehensive study on naringenin concerning its biosynthesis, molecular targets/pathways involved in carcinogenesis, mechanism of actions (MOAs), and structure-activity relationships (SARs), and patents granted have been highlighted. Naringenin and its derivatives has remarkable anti-cancer activity due to their inhibitory potential against diverse targets namely ABCG2/P-gp/BCRP, 5a-reductase, 17-bhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, aromatase, proteasome, HDAC/Situin-1, VEGF, VEGFR-2 kinase, MMP-2/9, JAK/STAT signaling pathways, CDC25B, tubulin, topoisomerase-II, cathepsin-K, Wnt, NF-kB, B-Raf and mTOR, etc. With the huge knowledge of molecular targets, structural intuition, and SARs, the current study may be beneficial to design more potent, safe, effective, and economic anti-cancer naringenin. This is concluded that naringenin is a promising natural product for the management and therapy of cancer. Further evolution for pharmacological importance, clinical research, and trials are required to manifest its therapeutic action on metabolic syndrome in the human community.

scholarly journals An Inflammatory Pathway Mediating Rapid Hepcidin-Independent Hypoferremia

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 214-214
Author(s):  
Martina U. Muckenthaler ◽  
Claudia Guida ◽  
Sandro Altamura ◽  
Felix A. Klein ◽  
Bruno Galy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Iron ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Iron Release ◽  
Hepcidin Expression ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Hypoferremia represents an innate immune response to infection and inflammation sequestering iron from pathogens. The iron-hormone hepcidin is induced by such stimuli, causing degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin (Fpn) and reduced iron release from macrophages, suggesting that hepcidin is the crucial effector of inflammatory hypoferremia. Here we report the discovery of a fast, hepcidin-independent hypoferremia pathway. Stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR6 triggers profound decreases in Fpn mRNA and protein expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages, liver and spleen of mice without changing hepcidin expression. Furthermore, C326S Fpn knock-in mice with a disrupted hepcidin/Fpn regulatory circuitry respond to injection of the TLR2/6 ligand FSL1 by Fpn down regulation and a reduction of serum iron levels. Our findings challenge the prevailing role of hepcidin in hypoferremia, uncovering a rapid and potent inflammatory response pathway. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Influence of gut microbiome on multiple myeloma: friend or foe?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000576
Author(s):  
Nausheen Ahmed ◽  
Mahmoud Ghannoum ◽  
Molly Gallogly ◽  
Marcos de Lima ◽  
Ehsan Malek
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Monoclonal Gammopathy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Over Time

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells, which typically evolves over time from its precursor, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. While the underlying mechanisms of this evolution remain elusive, immunomodulatory factors affecting the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment are suspected to play a role. There is an increasing evidence that the gut microbiome exerts an influence on its host’s adaptive and innate immune systems, inflammatory pathways and the BM microenvironment. Dysbiosis, therefore, may impact tumorigenesis in MM. This article gives an overview of potential mechanisms by which the microbiome may influence the pathogenesis of MM, MM patients’ responses to treatment and toxicities experienced by MM patients undergoing autologous transplant. It also discusses the potential role of the mycobiome in MM, a less studied component of the microbiome.

scholarly journals Natural Killer Cells and Anti-Cancer Therapies: Reciprocal Effects on Immune Function and Therapeutic Response

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Elisa C. Toffoli ◽  
Abdolkarim Sheikhi ◽  
Yannick D. Höppner ◽  
Pita de Kok ◽  
Mahsa Yazdanpanah-Samani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells with the unique ability to recognize and kill virus-infected and cancer cells without prior immune sensitization. Due to their expression of the Fc receptor CD16, effector NK cells can kill tumor cells through antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, making them relevant players in antibody-based cancer therapies. The role of NK cells in other approved and experimental anti-cancer therapies is more elusive. Here, we review the possible role of NK cells in the efficacy of various anti-tumor therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, as well as the impact of these therapies on NK cell function.

scholarly journals Serum lactoferrin concentration of primiparous sow during gestation and lactation, and comparison between sow-fed and formula-fed piglets1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1410-1415
Author(s):  
Marefa Jahan ◽  
Nidhish Francis ◽  
Bing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Seminal Fluids ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Binding Glycoprotein

Abstract Lactoferrin (LF) is a sialylated iron-binding glycoprotein, occurring in several biological secretions like milk, saliva, and seminal fluids and is a major component of a mammalian innate immune system. It plays multiple protective roles against large group of microorganisms and performs anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. The concentration of serum LF in gilt (primiparous sow) and their piglets remains unknown. We determined serum LF concentration in gilts during gestation and lactation to that of 19-d-old piglets, including sow-fed and formula-fed piglets using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the concentration of serum LF in gilts varied during gestation (0.77 ± 0.10 µg/mL) and lactation (0.62 ± 0.11 µg/mL). The mean concentration of serum LF in gilts (0.72 ± 0.06 µg/mL) was significantly higher than that of piglets (0.42 ± 0.07 µg/mL, P = 0.004). Additionally, a marginal significant difference (P =0.06) was observed for serum LF concentration in sow-fed piglets (0.42 ± 0.03 µg/mL) at 19 d old compared to that of formula-fed piglets (0.33 ± 0.04 µg/mL) at 37 d old. This study provides noble information regarding the serum LF concentration in the healthy gilts and piglets and thereby the data can be used as a standard reference point for future studies on the role of LF in pig reproduction.

scholarly journals The Conceptual Framework for SARS-CoV-2 Related Lymphopenia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilnaz Rahimmanesh ◽  
Shirin Kouhpayeh ◽  
Hossein Khanahmad
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Nad Depletion

The emerging of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates globally. One of the most prominent characteristics of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is lymphopenia which is in contrast to other viral infections. This controversy might be explained by the evaluation of impaired innate and adaptive immune responses during the SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the innate immune response, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) hyperactivated due to virus entry and extensive DNA damage sequentially leading to NAD+ depletion, ATP depletion and finally cell death. In contrast to the immune response against viral infections, cytotoxic T lymphocytes decline sharply in SARS-CoV-2 infection which might be due to infiltration and trapping in the lower respiratory tract. In addition, there are more factors proposed to involve in lymphopenia in COVID-19 infection like the role of CD38 which functions as NADase and intensifies NAD depletion which in turn affects NAD+ dependent Sirtuin proteins, as the regulators of cell death and viability. Lung tissue sequestration following cytokine storm supposed to be another reason for lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients. Protein 7a as one of the virus-encoded proteins induces apoptosis in various organ-derived cell lines. These mechanisms proposed to induce lymphopenia, although there are still more studies needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms for lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients.

Fine structure and properties of defects in naturally occurring silicates and oxides

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
David R. Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extended Defects ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
Image Simulations ◽  
Similar Crystal Structure

Extended defects and interfaces control many processes in rock-forming minerals, from chemical reactions to rock deformation. In many cases, it is not the average structure of a defect or interface that is most important, but rather the structure of defect terminations or offsets in an interface. One of the major thrusts of high-resolution electron microscopy in the earth sciences has been to identify the role of defect fine structures in reactions and to determine the structures of such features. This paper will review studies using HREM and image simulations to determine the structures of defects in silicate and oxide minerals and present several examples of the role of defects in mineral chemical reactions. In some cases, the geological occurrence can be used to constrain the diffusional properties of defects.The simplest reactions in minerals involve exsolution (precipitation) of one mineral from another with a similar crystal structure, and pyroxenes (single-chain silicates) provide a good example. Although conventional TEM studies have led to a basic understanding of this sort of phase separation in pyroxenes via spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth, HREM has provided a much more detailed appreciation of the processes involved.

Response Interference as a Mechanism Underlying Implicit Measures

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Roland Deutsch ◽  
Etienne P. LeBel ◽  
Kurt R. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Response Interference ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Over the last decade, implicit measures of mental associations (e.g., Implicit Association Test, sequential priming) have become increasingly popular in many areas of psychological research. Even though successful applications provide preliminary support for the validity of these measures, their underlying mechanisms are still controversial. The present article addresses the role of a particular mechanism that is hypothesized to mediate the influence of activated associations on task performance in many implicit measures: response interference (RI). Based on a review of relevant evidence, we argue that RI effects in implicit measures depend on participants’ attention to association-relevant stimulus features, which in turn can influence the reliability and the construct validity of these measures. Drawing on a moderated-mediation model (MMM) of task performance in RI paradigms, we provide several suggestions on how to address these problems in research using implicit measures.

The More You Say, the Less They Hear

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsbeth D. Asbeek Brusse ◽  
Marieke L. Fransen ◽  
Edith G. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Protection ◽  
Entertainment Education ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract. This study examined the effects of disclosure messages in entertainment-education (E-E) on attitudes toward hearing protection and attitude toward the source. In addition, the (mediating) role of the underlying mechanisms (i.e., transportation, identification, and counterarguing) was studied. In an experiment (N = 336), three different disclosure messages were compared with a no-disclosure condition. The results show that more explicit disclosure messages negatively affect transportation and identification and stimulate the generation of counterarguments. In addition, the more explicit disclosure messages affect both attitude measures via two of these processes (i.e., transportation and counterarguing). Less explicit disclosure messages do not have this effect. Implications of the findings are discussed.

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