The Human Dive Reflex During Consecutive Apnoeas in Dry and Immersive Environments: Magnitude and Synchronicity

Introduction: The human dive reflex (HDR), an O2 conserving reflex, is characterised by an interplay of central parasympathetic and peripheral sympathetic reactions, which are presumed to operate independently of each other. The HDR is fully activated during apnoea with facial immersion in water and complete immersion in water is thought to increase the magnitude of HDR during consecutive apnoeas. A comparison of HDR activity between consecutive apnoeas in full-body immersion with consecutive apnoeas in dry conditions has not been fully explored. Also, the interplay between parasympathetic and sympathetic reactions involved in the HDR has not been thoroughly analysed.Methods: 11 human volunteers performed 3 consecutive 60 s apnoeas with facial immersion in dry conditions (FIDC) and 3 consecutive apnoeas with facial immersion in full immersion (FIFI). Heart rate (HR), R-R interval (RRI), finger pulse amplitude (FPA), splenic width (SW) and SpO2 were all measured before, during and after apnoeas. A one-way ANOVA using Dunn’s post hoc test was performed to assess HDR activity, and a Pearson’s correlation test was performed to assess HDR synchronisation between physiological parameters during both conditions.Results: Although HDR activity was not significantly different between both conditions, HR and RRI showed progressively greater changes during FIFI compared with FIDC, while SW and FPA changes were relatively equivalent. During FIDC, significant correlations were found between SW & SpO2 and FPA & SpO2. During FIFI, significant correlations were found between RRI & FPA, SW & FPA, HR & SpO2 and FPA & SpO2.Discussion: While there was no significant difference found between HDR activity during FIDC and FIFI, consecutive apnoeas during FIFI triggered a greater magnitude of cardiac activity. Furthermore, significant correlations between RRI and SW with FPA indicate a crosstalk between parasympathetic tone with splenic contraction and increased peripheral sympathetic outflow during FIFI compared to FIDC. In conclusion, HDR activity during consecutive apnoeas does not differ between FIDC and FIFI. There appears to be however a greater level of synchronicity during apnoeas in FIFI compared to FIDC and that this is most likely due to the physiological effects of immersion, which could induce neural recruitment and increased cross talk of HDR pathways.

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Stomach Volume Evaluation on Fetal MRI and its use in Prenatal Identification of Esophageal Atresia

Proceedings of IMPRS ◽

10.18060/25802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aditya Phadnis ◽

Monica Forbes-Amrhein

Keyword(s):

Esophageal Atresia ◽

Fetal Mri ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Stomach Volume ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

Swallowing of amniotic fluid alters the volume of the fetal stomach; therefore an abnormal fetal stomach size can be indicative of pathology. Previous studies have used linear measurements on ultrasound to approximate stomach sizes. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for volumetric measurement of the stomach. The objective of this study was to develop a library of normal fetal stomach volumes on MRI at each gestational age. We also sought to measure stomach volumes of fetuses with esophageal atresia and compare to normal volumes at similar gestation ages (GA). A retrospective review of fetal MRIs from patients 20-38 weeks GA was conducted. Exclusion criteria for the controls included any impairment that would impede swallowing or alter stomach sizes. Patients with esophageal atresia were identified and postnatal records were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. The stomach volume was measured on T2-weighted imaging using Phillips Intellispace software. The stomach volumes of the controls at each GA were compared using one-way ANOVA with Games-Howell Post-Hoc (p<0.05). The stomach volume in esophageal atresia was compared to controls using a T-test (p<0.001). 185 control studies, 10 at each week of gestation, and 8 patients with esophageal atresia were included. For normal fetuses, there was a trend of increased stomach size and broadened standard deviation with increasing GA. No significant difference was found between any two sequential weeks, however the difference in second and third trimester volumes was significant (p<0.001). The patients with esophageal atresia had significantly smaller stomach volumes compared to control patients of the same GA range (p<0.001). This pilot study established reference values for fetal stomach volume, which was found to increase with GA. The stomach volume is significantly smaller in patients with esophageal atresia. Thus, esophageal atresia can be identified prenatally, allowing for delivery at an appropriate acuity NICU and early intervention.

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Potensi Genistein Terhadap Histopatologi Tubulus Seminiferus Testis Mencit (Mus musculus)

Journal of Biota ◽

10.24002/biota.v17i2.130 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Cicilia Novi Primiani ◽

Umie Lestari

Keyword(s):

Mus Musculus ◽

Steroid Estrogen ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

Pemanfaatan sarana kontrasepsi pria dengan memanfaatkan bahan alami berasal dari tanaman sudah banyak dilakukan. Tetapi pemanfaatan biji kedelai sebagai salah satu tanaman suku Leguminoceae belum pernah dilakukan. Biji kedelai mengandung senyawa genistein, sebagai salah satu senyawa derivat isoflavon mempuyai struktur kimia mirip dengan 17Î²-estradiol bersifat seperti hormon steroid estrogen, mampu menyebabkan kerusakan pada sistem reproduksi jantan. Penelitian bertujuan menguji pengaruh genistein terhadap histopatologi tubulus seminiferus testis mencit jantan (Mus musculus). Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan eksperimental, yang rancangannya mengikuti rancangan acak lengkap. Variabel bebas adalah dosis genistein 0 mg/g, 0,0035 mg/g, 0,0042 mg/g, dan 0,0049 mg/g. Variabel terikat adalah sel-sel germinal tubulus seminiferus testis. Data rerata jumlah sel-sel germinal dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varians Satu Arah (One Way ANOVA) dengan tingkat signifikansi 95% (Î± 5%) dilakukan uji Post Hoc dengan Least Significant Difference (LSD) Î± 5%. Perubahan pada jaringan testis dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pemberian genistein terhadap rerata jumlah sel-sel germinal dan menyebabkan penghambatan proliferasi sel-sel germinal dalam tubulus seminiferus testis.

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ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVITY OF KASTURI LEAF EXTRACT (Mangifera casturi) AGAINST THE GROWTH OF Streptococcus sanguinis BACTERIA

Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi ◽

10.20527/dentino.v5i1.8118 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Dita Puspita Sari ◽

Didit Aspriyanto ◽

Irham Taufiqurrahman

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Control Group ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

Background: Caries is a disease that occurs because of the fermentation carbohydrates process by microorganisms in the oral cavity. One of the bacteria that causes caries is Streptococcus sanguinis. These bacteria will colonize on the tooth surface, then form dental plaques and contribute to the causes of caries and other periodontal diseases. Kasturi leaf extract (Mangifera casturi) has various compounds such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids that have antimicrobial substances. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine antibacterial effectivity of kasturi leaf extract (Mangifera casturi) against the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria. Method: This research was an experimental method laboratory (true experimental), with a randomized pre test and post test with control group design using 5 treatments: kasturi leaf extract (concentration: 20 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, and 30 mg/ml); and two groups of control: positive control and negative control. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. Antibacterial activity testing used a liquid dilution method. Measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) used a Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer and measurement of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) used a colony counter. The MIC data were analyzed using One Way Anova and continued with the Dunnet Post Hoc test. MBC data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and continued with the Mann-Whitney Post Hoc test. Result: One-Way Anova test showed that MIC had a significant difference, and the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that MBC also had significant differences. MIC was obtained at the concentration of 20 mg/ml and MBC was obtained at the concentration of 30 mg / ml. Conclusion: There is antibacterial effectiveness in kasturi leaf extract (Mangifera casturi) against the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis.

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TRANSPLANTATION OF ALLOGENIC ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELL IMPROVE URETHRAL MUSCLE-COLLAGEN RATIO AFTER VAGINAL DISTENSION

Indonesian Journal of Urology ◽

10.32421/juri.v21i2.30 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

Author(s):

I Wayan Yudiana ◽

Sunaryo Hardjowijoto ◽

Sabilal Alif ◽

Purwati Purwati ◽

Willy Sandhika ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Striated Muscle ◽

Study Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Female Wistar Rats ◽

Behavior Frequency ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cell ◽

Vaginal Distension ◽

One Way Anova

Objective:To investigate the effects of allogenic adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation on urethral tissue regeneration after vaginal distension in a rat model.Material & Method:32 female wistar rats underwent vaginal distension (VD) for 4 h. Subsequently, PKH-labeled ADSCs (2 x 105 in 200 µl PBS, ADSC group, n = 18) or PBS (200 µl, placebo group, n = 18) were injected into periurethral tissue. Two and four weeks following transplantation (ADSC or PBS), voiding behavior (frequency) and muscle-collagen ratio of urethral tissue were measured to evaluate urethral sphincter regeneration. Data were analysed by paired-t test, one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD.Results:Mean voiding frequency was significantly different in the ADSC group at two weeks (p<0.0001), but not significantly different at four weeks (p=0.448) when compared with the placebo group.Masson’s trichrome staining revealed that the muscle-collagen ratio of urethral tissue was not significantly different between study groups at two or four weeks (p=0.053 or p=0.166 respectively). Muscle-urethral ratio was more specific showing a significant difference at two weeks (p=0.043). There were significant differences about muscle-collagen or muscle-urethral ratio between control and placebo groups (p<0.05), whereas between control and ADSC groups no significant difference was observed (p>0.05).Conclusion:ADSC transplantation promotes urethral muscle-collagen ratio with development of striated muscle after vaginal distension, so that can improve voiding behavior in a rat model.Keywords:Adipose-derived stem cell, vaginal distension, rat-SUI model, muscle-collagen ratio, voiding stain on paper.

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Comparison of Orthodontic Bracket Debonding Force and Bracket Failure Pattern on Different Teeth In Vivo by a Prototype Debonding Device

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6663683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Tamzid Ahmed ◽

Norma Ab Rahman ◽

Mohammad Khursheed Alam

Keyword(s):

Failure Pattern ◽

Point Scale ◽

Orthodontic Bracket ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Different Types ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Bracket Failure ◽

One Way Anova

Objective. To compare the orthodontic bracket debonding force and assess the bracket failure pattern clinically between different teeth by a validated prototype debonding device. Materials and Method. Thirteen (13) patients at the end of comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment, awaiting for bracket removal, were selected from the list. A total of 260 brackets from the central incisor to the second premolar in both jaws were debonded by a single clinician using a validated prototype debonding device equipped with a force sensitive resistor (FSR). Mean bracket debonding forces were specified to ten (10) groups of teeth. Following debonding, Intraoral microphotographs of the teeth were taken by the same clinician to assess the bracket failure pattern using a 4-point scale of adhesive remnant index (ARI). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD and independent sample t -test to compare in vivo bracket debonding force, Cohen’s kappa ( κ ), and a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for the reliability and the assessment of ARI scoring. Results. A significant difference ( p < 0.001 ) of mean debonding force was found between different types of teeth in vivo. Clinically, ARI scores were not significantly different ( p = 0.921 ) between different groups, but overall higher scores were predominant. Conclusion. Bracket debonding force should be measured on the same tooth from the same arch as the significant difference of mean debonding force exists between similar teeth of the upper and lower arches. The insignificant bracket failure pattern with higher ARI scores confirms less enamel damage irrespective of tooth types.

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The effect of Zirconium Dioxide nanoparticles concentrations as filler on heat cured acrylic resin denture base toward viability of fibroblast cells (in vitro study)

Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia ◽

10.22146/majkedgiind.44345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Rudy S ◽

Titik Ismiyati ◽

Endang Wahyuningtyas

Keyword(s):

Cell Viability ◽

Zirconium Dioxide ◽

Acrylic Resin ◽

Zro2 Nanoparticles ◽

Fibroblast Cells ◽

Denture Base ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

Heat cured acrylic resin is the most commonly used denture base materials. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles can be applied as additional filler to increase mechanical strength and to reduce the amount of residual monomer. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of ZrO2 nanoparticles concentrations as filler on heat cured acrylic resin denture base toward viability of fibroblast cells. Twenty four disc-shaped heat cured acrylic resin plate (diameter 5 mm; width 2 mm), were divided into 4 groups (n=6), they were consisted of group I control (acrylic resin), group II acrylic resin with 2.5% ZrO2, group III acrylic resin with 5% ZrO2, and group IV acrylic resin with 7.5% ZrO2. Cell viability was obtained using MTT assay and ELISA plate reader. The result is examined with one way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc assessment. The result showed highest cell viability percentage on experimental group of 2.5% ZrO2 with value as high as 97.49%. One way ANOVA test and LSD post hoc test showed a significant difference between groups (p<0.05). The conclusion of this research is ZrO2 nanoparticles concentration utilized as filler on heat cured acrylic resin denture base is effect to viability of fibroblast cells, and ZrO2 nanoparticles 2.5% shows the highest viability of fibroblast cell compared to 5% and 7.5% ZrO2 nanoparticles concentrations

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THE RELATIONSHIPS OF STUDENTS ADMISSION PROCESS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia The Indonesian Journal of Medical Education ◽

10.22146/jpki.33403 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Asty Amalia Nurhadi ◽

Shelly Salmah ◽

Muhammad Nasrum Massi ◽

Firdaus Kasim

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

International Students ◽

Selection Process ◽

Medical Schools ◽

Selection Method ◽

Admission Process ◽

Selection Processes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

Background: The selection process in medical schools should be able to identify individuals that mostprobably will successfully complete their education. In Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University (FMHU)the selection processes are Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri), SBMPTN (Seleksi BersamaMasuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri), JNS (Jalur Non Subsidi) and International students. Looking at the variousselection methods in FMHU, this study aimed to see how each selection method related with students’academic achievement.Methods: This study compared academic achievement in two semesters at three academic admission students(2014, 2015 and 2016), for four admission processes. The data consist of 308 students from batch of 2014, 308students from batch of 2015, and 320 students from batch of 2016. The analysis was conducted in descriptiveanalysis, One Way ANOVA, and followed by Post-hoc Bonferroni Test.Results: There was significant difference of students GPA for each type of admission. The highest academicachievement was obtained by students from International and SNMPTN admission while the lowest academicachievement was obtained by students from SBMPTN and JNS.Conclusion: Students from International and SNMPTN admission had the highest academic achievementcompared to SBMPTN and JNS. This study showed that there should be an evaluation of the assessment usedin SBMPTN and to continue the use of SNMPTN as one of the main admission route at FMHU.

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Development and evaluation of black rice fryums

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2020.57.2.10 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 162-167

Author(s):

Vaijayanthi Kanabur ◽

Akshata A Kamath

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Black Rice ◽

White Rice ◽

Cooking Properties ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Hedonic Scale ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

Fryums, a popular Indian snack item prepared using white rice (Oryza sativa) as a main ingredient, was used as a base for developing black rice fryums. In this study, the white rice was replaced by Burma black rice (Oryza sativa) to the extent of 50 per cent (variation one), 75 per cent (variation two) and 100 per cent (variation three). Sensory evaluation of the three variations was done using 9 point hedonic scale and food action rating scale (FACT). One way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test were used to analyse the results. Variation one and two which used a combination of white rice and black rice received low sensory scores compared to variation three. The difference in amylose and amylopectin ratio of white rice and black rice which directly influences the cooking properties of rice may be responsible for this. Variation three was found to be closest to the basic recipe in terms of sensory properties. The sun dried hundred per cent Black rice fryums provide 290.5 kcals of energy, 72.25 g of carbohydrates and 8.71 g of protein per 100 g. The evaluation by Food Action Rating Scale, revealed that it was overall acceptable. There are hardly any studies on black rice fryums. This study is an attempt to extend the benefits of the black rice, which is known to have many functional properties, to the non consumers of black rice and to add variety to the diets of black rice consumers.

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Effect of Liquid Polishing System on Color Stability of Bleached Enamel

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.141 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 804 ◽

pp. 141-145

Author(s):

Xiu Lan Chen ◽

Huang Qin Chen

Keyword(s):

Red Wine ◽

Color Change ◽

Color Stability ◽

Control Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Total Color Change ◽

Post Hoc ◽

And Control ◽

One Way Anova

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liquid polishing system (BisCover) on color stability of the bleached enamel upon exposure to a staining agent-red wine. Forty specimens were prepared. They were divided into 2 groups and different procedures, including only bleaching with Opalescence PF (PF) or Opalescence regular (R) gels, and application of BisCover after blaeching (PF-B, R-B) were used. Unbleached specimens were served as control groups (control-1 and control-2). The specimens were stored for 48 h in red wine. The color of all specimens was measured before and after exposure with a spectrophotometer, and total color change (ΔE*) were calculated. The data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukeys post hoc analysis (α=0.05). PF-B and R-B groups demonstrated significantly less color change than PF and R groups. the control-1 and control-2 groups had the least color change. No significant difference were observed between PF and R group. BisCover improved the color stability of bleached enamel in red wine.

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Efek suplementasi β-carotene terhadap kolesterol total, trigliserida dan malondialdehid pada tikus sprague dawley yang diabet

JURNAL GIZI INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/jgi.2.2.47-52 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 47-52

Author(s):

Devi Ermawati ◽

Banundari Rachmawati ◽

Nyoman Suci Widyastiti

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Hypothesis Test ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Control Objective ◽

Lipid Control ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Β Carotene

Background : diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased total cholesterol and triglyceride, also well characterized by increased malondialdehyde production. β-carotene has antioxidant activity, glycemic and lipid control. Objective : to analyze the effect of β-carotene on total cholesterol, triglyceride and MDA on diabetic Rattus norvegicus sprague dawley. Methods : thirty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups : 1 (STZ), 2 (STZ+β-carotene 1 mg/kg BW), 3 (STZ+β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW), 4 (STZ+β-carotene 20 mg/kg BW), 5 (normal). Streptozotocin induced intraperitoneal 40 mg/kg BW. β-carotene was given by nasogastric tube on alternate days within thirty days. Blood glucose level was measured by GOD-PAP, total cholesterol by CHOD-PAP, triglyceride by GPO and MDA by ELISA with TBARS methods. Hypothesis test used one way anova then followed by post hoc bonferroni to analyze the efficient dose effect. Results : there was a significant difference of total cholesterol (p=0.002) after β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW supplementation on alternate days within 30 days orally. β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW was the most efficient dose to lowering total cholesterol. There were significant differences of triglyceride (p=0.0001) and MDA (p=0.0001) after β-carotene 1, mg/kg BW, 10 mg/kg BW and 20 mg/kg BW supplementation on alternate days within 30 days orally. β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW was the most efficient dose to lowering triglyceride, while 20 mg/kg BW to lowering MDA. Conclusion : β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW is the most efficient dose to lowering total cholesterol and triglyceride. β-carotene 20 mg/kg BW is the most efficient dose to lowering MDA.

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