scholarly journals Soybean Root Growth in Response to Chemical, Physical, and Biological Soil Variations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariele Müller ◽  
Julia Renata Schneider ◽  
Vilson Antônio Klein ◽  
Eliardo da Silva ◽  
José Pereira da Silva Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
High Concentrations

Environmental conditions affect crop yield, and water deficit has been highlighted by the negative impact on soybean grain production. Radicial growth in greater volume and depth can be an alternative to minimize losses caused by a lack of water. Therefore, knowledge of how soybean roots behave before the chemical, physical, and biological attributes of the soil can help establish managements that benefit in-depth root growth. The objective was to evaluate the growth of soybean roots in response to chemical, physical, and biological variations in the soil, in different soil locations and depths. Six experiments were conducted in different locations. Soil samples were collected every 5 cm of soil up to 60 cm of soil depth for chemical, physical, and biological analysis. The roots were collected every 5 cm deep up to 45 cm deep from the ground. The six sites presented unsatisfactory values of pH and organic matter, and presented phosphorus, potassium, and calcium at high concentrations in the first centimeters of soil depth. The total porosity of the soil was above 0.50 m3 m−3, but the proportion of the volume of macropores, micropores, and cryptopores resulted in soils with resistance to penetration to the roots. Microbial biomass was higher on the soil surface when compared to deeper soil layers, however, the metabolic quotient was higher in soil depth, showing that microorganisms in depth have low ability to incorporate carbon into microbial biomass. Root growth occurred in a greater proportion in the first centimeters of soil-depth, possibly because the soil attributes that favor the root growth is concentrated on the soil surface.

scholarly journals Leaching of microplastics by preferential flow in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) burrows

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Yu ◽  
Martine van der Ploeg ◽  
Esperanza Huerta Lwanga ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
Shaoliang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Groundwater Systems ◽  
Set Up

Environmental contextMicroplastics found in soil pose several potential environmental risks. This study shows that microplastics on the soil surface can be ingested by earthworms and transported to the lower soil layers. In this way, microplastics may enter the food chain and find their way into groundwater systems, especially in cases where the water table is shallow. AbstractIn the current study, we examine how the activities of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) affect microplastic (MP) distribution and concentration in soil, with a focus on low density polyethylene (LDPE). We also want to determine if MPs can be flushed out with water. We used a laboratory sandy soil column (polyvinyl chloride tube) experimental set-up and tested five different treatments: (1) treatment with just soil (control) to check if the saturated conductivity (Ksat) could be impacted by MP, (2) treatment with MP, (3) treatment with MP and litter, (4) treatment with earthworms and litter as a second control for treatment 5 and (5) treatment with MPs, earthworms and litter. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates. For the treatments with MP, the concentration of MP added at the start of the experiment was 7% by weight (3.97g, polyethylene, 50% 1mm–250µm, 30% 250µm–150µm and 20% <150µm) based on 52.78g of dry litter from Populus nigra. In the treatments using earthworms, two adult earthworms, with an initial average weight of (7.14±0.26) g, were placed in each column. Results showed that LDPE particles could be introduced into the soil by the earthworms. MP particles were detected in each soil sample and within different soil layers for the earthworm treatments. Earthworms showed a tendency to transport the smaller MP particles and that the amount of MPs in size class <250μm increased in soil samples with increasing soil depth in comparison to the other size classes. After leaching, MPs were only detected in the leachate from the treatments with the earthworms, and the MP had similar size distributions as the soil samples in the 40–50cm layer of the treatment with MP, earthworms and litter. The results of this study clearly show that biogenic activities can mobilise MP transport from the surface into the soil and even be leached into drainage. It is highly likely that biogenic activities constitute a potential pathway for MPs to be transported into soil and groundwater.

Melocanna baccifera Bamboo Forests and Impact on Hill Ecosystem of the Indian Sub-Continent

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Ratan Lal Banik ◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Root Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
The Hill

Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz is a versatile NTFP resource. It forms natural bamboo vegetation extended over about 35,86,410 ha of hilly forests distributed only in the geographical region of northeast India, Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) and Sylhet of Bangladesh, and Arakan hills of Myanmar. The major biological attributes of M.baccifera that strengthen the species capability in competing other bamboo and tree species in colonizing the hills of the above region are identified. These are underground extensive rhizome net-work with much elongated rhizome necks, the diffused nature of clump to provide room for more number of culms annually, rapid expansion rate of clump, tolerance to biotic interference including fire, huge production of fertile seeds with faster seedling growth, etc. The higher density of pagoda like erect solitary culms with radiating unequal numerous branches provide better mechanism in intercepting the rain water to the ground by throughfall and stemflow. The bamboo forest (BF) has profuse root growth and dense root distribution in the 0-66cm of soil depth and as a result ground is more porous in terms of non-capillary and total porosity of the soil mass. The large scale death of M.baccifera forests due to recent (2002-2010) flowering has mixed impact on the hill ecosystem, biodiversity and socio-economy of indigenous people.

scholarly journals Liming and electrochemical attributes of an oxisol under no tillage

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni ◽  
Fernando César Bachiega Zambrosi ◽  
Silvino Guimarães Moreira ◽  
Luís Ignácio Prochnow ◽  
Volnei Pauletti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Salt Effect ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
General Improvement

No tillage areas are increasing in Brazil especially due to a general improvement in water and nutrient availability to plants. Few results have reported the effect of liming on soil electrochemical attributes in areas under the no tillage system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming (at the soil surface and incorporated to 0.2 m) on soil pH, point of zero salt effect (PZSE), electric potential, soil organic matter (SOM), and yield of soybean and corn, cultivated on an Typic Hapludox, submitted 12 years to no tillage. Rates of lime of 1/3, 2/3 and the total amount calculated for soil to reach a base saturation of 70 % (2.5 ton ha-1) were applied on soil surface. The full rate was also applied and incorporated to the 0.2 m depth. The effect of liming on PZSE was low due, most likely, to the low lime rates used in the experiment. SOM contents decreased as rates of applied lime increased, with the highest variation occurring between the control and the full rate of lime when incorporated. No clear effect of the lower values of SOM was observed in the PZSE values. The lack of interaction among lime rates and soil depth contributed for this situation, once the effect of SOM was diluted when considering the values of PZSE as the average for the soil layers (0-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m). There was no variation in the soil electric potential and in the yield of soybean and corn as a function of lime rates.

scholarly journals Dynamics in C, N, and P stoichiometry and microbial biomass following soil depth and vegetation types in low mountain and hill region of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenting Jiang ◽  
Lei Gong ◽  
Lihui Yang ◽  
Shuping He ◽  
Xiaohu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Hill Region ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

AbstractChanges in soil carbon (C):nitrogen (N):phosphorus (P) stoichiometry have great significance on understand regulatory mechanism and restoration of ecosystem functions. However, the responses of C, N and P stoichiometry to soil depth and different vegetation types remains elusive. To address this problem, the study aims to explore the effects of soil depth and vegetation types on soil C, N, and P stoichiometry, and their relationships with microbial biomass in low mountain and hill region of China. The results indicated that soil SOC and TN concentrations in oak forest were markedly higher than those in grassland, and the vertical distribution of SOC and TN concentration showed an inverted triangle trend as the soil deepens. However, there was no significant change in soil TP concentration among 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm. Soil C/N among different layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) is narrower fluctuation margin, and its value is basically stable within a certain range (11–14.5). Both soil C/P and N/P showed significant variability in different vegetation types, and soil N/P decreased with soil layers deepen. Both the microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) showed a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth, and three soil layers from high to low was: oak forest > pine forest > grassland. Our results will potentially provide useful information for the vegetation restoration and forest management and great significance to enrich the scientific theory of ecological stoichiometry.

scholarly journals Effects of straw return and aeration on oxygen status and redox environment in flooded soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhao An ◽  
Xiyun Jiao ◽  
Zhe Gu ◽  
Chuanmeng Shi ◽  
Kaihua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Paddy Field Soil ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Different Depths

To study the effects of straw return and aeration of the water layer on oxygen and redox status in the water column and at different depths in paddy field soil, a short-term incubation experiment was conducted with four treatments: (1) no straw return (NS); (2) straw return without aeration (S); (3) straw return and 30 minutes of aeration per day (SO30); and (4) straw return and 90 minutes of aeration per day (SO90). Compared to NS, S decreased dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential (ORP) by 23–58% and 47–53 mV, respectively, and increased active reducing substance (ARS) by 21–46% in the water and soil layers. The aeration treatments increased DO and ORP by 25–120% and 11–86 mV, respectively, and reduced ARS by 5–16% compared to S. The results indicated that straw return to paddy fields exacerbated hypoxia and reducing conditions in the soil. SO90 achieved better effects than SO30 in alleviating the negative impact of straw return by supplying more oxygen, but the effects weakened over time and with soil depth.

scholarly journals Fogo e seus efeitos na qualidade do solo de pastagem (Fire and its effects on the quality of pasture)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1703
Author(s):  
Ana Camila Vieira ◽  
Rogério Melloni ◽  
Eliane Guimarães Pereira Melloni ◽  
Mariana Carvalho Guimarães ◽  
Mariana Santos Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Soil Microbiology ◽  
Metabolic Quotient ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Impact

No sul de Minas Gerais, o manejo de pastagem utilizando o fogo é comum. Poucos trabalhos abordam o efeito do fogo na qualidade do solo por meio da associação de atributos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito imediato do fogo sobre atributos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos de solo de pastagem, classificado como Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo, de modo a observar a sua atuação como indicadores do impacto desse manejo. Foram estudados dois ambientes, queimado e não queimado, os quais foram subdivididos em 5 parcelas cada, com amostragem de solo emtrês profundidades (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm e 10-20 cm), para avaliação dos atributos físicos (textura, DMG, DMP, índice de floculação, macro e microporosidade, porosidade total), químicos (fertilidade básica) e microbiológicos (atividade e biomassa microbianas, quociente metabólico, densidade total de celulolíticos, amonificantes, desnitrificantes, nitrificantes e bactérias diazotróficas rizosféricas). O fogo não promoveu efeito na estrutura do solo e nos grupos microbianos estudados. Porém, proporcionou, na superfície do solo, maiores teores de P e K, e impactos negativos na biomassa microbiana e quociente metabólico, considerados bons indicadores do efeito do fogo na pastagem.  A B S T R A C T The pasture management using fire is common. Few studies address the effects of fire on soil quality through the combination of physical, chemical and microbiological attributes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immediate effect of fire on physical, chemical and microbiological pasture soil, in the southeast of Minas Gerais, classified as Red Yellow Ultisol, in order to observe their performance as the impact of management indicators. Two environments were studied burned and unburned, which were divided into five portions each with soil sampling at three depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm) for evaluation of physical attributes (texture, DMG, DMP, flocculation index, macro and microporosity, total porosity), chemical (basic fertility) and microbiological (activity and microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, total density of cellulolytic, ammonifiers, denitrifiers, nitrifiers and rhizospheric diazotrophic bacteria). The fire did not cause effect on soil structure and microbial groups studied. However, it provided, on the soil surface, higher levels of P and K, and negative impacts on microbial biomass and metabolic quotient, considered good indicators of the effect of fire on pasture. Key-words: Burning, Pasture, Indicator, Soil microbiology.   

scholarly journals Soil physical and biological properties in an integrated crop-livestock system in the Brazilian Cerrado

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1239-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
João de Andrade Bonetti ◽  
Helder Barbosa Paulino ◽  
Edicarlos Damacena de Souza ◽  
Marco Aurélio Carbone Carneiro ◽  
Jeander Oliveira Caetano
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Metabolic Quotient ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Livestock System

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil physical and biological properties in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS), with or without cattle grazing, in different seasons. The experiment was carried out in the Cerrado biome, in Brazil, in a Rhodic Eutrudox. The treatments consisted of grazing areas (Urochloa ruziziensis) at 0.25, 0.35, and 0.45 m heights (with soybean cultivation after grazing) and of nongrazed areas. The ICLS had no negative effects on soil bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, and microporosity. After ICLS implementation, the values of soil bulk density decreased, and those of soil macroporosity increased, in the grazed and nongrazed areas. However, after three years, bulk density and macroporosity were reestablished to values similar to those before ICLS implementation. Soil penetration resistance was higher in the ICLS, mainly at 0.00-0.05 m soil depth. After four years, ICLS promoted the increase of microbial biomass C and N and the reduction of the metabolic quotient. The microbial biomass carbon and the metabolic quotient were related to the weighted mean diameter. ICLS benefits to soil physical and biological properties are associated with adequate ICLS implementation, adequate grazing height (0.35 m), and maintenance of soil cover.

scholarly journals Fern spore bank at Pedregulho (Itirapina, São Paulo, Brazil)

1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. SIMABUKURO ◽  
A. BEGOVACZ ◽  
L. M. ESTEVES ◽  
G. M. FELIPPE
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Disturbed Area

This paper presents an analysis of pteridophyte spore bank the site of Pedregulho, in Itirapina, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples of soil were collected in February (rainy season) and August (dry season) in four localities: open cerrado, cerradão, gallery forest and a disturbed area at depths of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm. The samples were collected in duplicate. Of the duplicates, one was used for spore counting and the second one for spore germination. In the cerrado, cerradão and gallery forest soil samples the values for pteridophyte spores were similar in the rainy and dry season, but in the disturbed area the percentage of spores was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The number of pteridophyte spores decreased with soil depth in the rainy season in the cerrado, cerradão and disturbed area. Gametophytes were found in all samples. In general, soil collected in the cerrado, cerradão and disturbed area in the dry season presented more gametophytes than the ones collected in the rainy season. The number of gametophytes was lower in the 10-15 cm deep samples. The present results clearly show a reserve of spores in the soil of the four different sites studied in Itirapina region, in Brazil. Thus in this region turning over of soil layers and other kinds of disturbance can bring spores to the soil surface and their germination. This is one of the first reports of a pteridophyte spore bank for Brazil, no mention of any pteridophyte spore bank is made for South America by Lindsay & Dyer (1990) and Dyer & Lindsay (1992).

scholarly journals Soil acidity, liming and soybean performance under no-till

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Fávero Caires ◽  
Gabriel Barth ◽  
Fernando José Garbuio ◽  
Susana Churka
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dolomitic Lime ◽  
No Till ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Lime Application

The effects of soil chemical changes on soybean root growth, mineral nutrition and grain yield, as a result of surface application of lime under no-till (NT), are still under discussion. A field trial was carried out on a loamy dystrophic Typic Hapludox at Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil, using a completely randomized block design with three replicates, in a split-plot experiment. The main plots received four dolomitic lime rates applied on the surface (0, 2, 4, and 6 Mg ha-1) in July 1993. In the subplots, two dolomitic lime rates were reapplied on the surface (0 and 3 Mg ha-1) in June 2000. After nine years, liming increased pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and reduced exchangeable Al3+ as well as soil Al3+ saturation down to a 60 cm depth. Re-liming, after two years, also provided soil acidity amelioration to a 60 cm depth. Soybean total root length per soil surface area (0-60 cm) decreased with the surface lime application under NT. The reduction in soil exchangeable Al3+ with liming did not change Al concentrations in the soybean roots and leaves. Surface-applied dolomitic lime under NT brought an increase in Ca and Mg concentrations and a decrease in the Mn level in both soybean roots and leaves. Soybean grain yield was not influenced by surface liming because of the decreased Al toxicity and because root growth was stimulated by soil acidity stress under NT.

LYSIMETERS WITH RAINFALL AND SOIL WATER CONTROL

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. KRISTENSEN ◽  
H. C. ASLYNG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Radiation Equipment ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Growth Experiments

The lysimeter installation described comprises 36 concrete tanks each with a soil surface of 4 m2. The installation is useful for plant growth experiments under natural conditions involving different treatment combined with various controlled water supplies. The ground installation is at least 20 cm below the soil surface and tillage can be done with field implements. The lysimeter tanks are provided with a drainage system which can drain the soil at the bottom (100 cm depth) to a tension of up to 100 cm. A constant ground-water table at less than 100 cm soil depth can also be maintained. The soil moisture content at different depths is determined from an underground tunnel by use of gamma radiation equipment in metal tubes horizontally installed in the soil. Rainfall is prevented by a movable glass roof automatically operated and controlled by a special rain sensor. Water is applied to the soil surface with a special trickle irrigation system consisting of a set of plastic tubes for each lysimeter tank and controlled from the tunnel. Fertilizers in controlled amount can be applied with the irrigation water.

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