scholarly journals The Light-Induced WD40-Repeat Transcription Factor DcTTG1 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Dendrobium candidum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Jia ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Yajuan Wang ◽  
Wei Ye ◽  
Jiameng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Wd40 Repeat ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Dendrobium Candidum

Dendrobium candidum is used as a traditional Chinese medicine and as a raw material in functional foods. D. candidum stems are green or red, and red stems are richer in anthocyanins. Light is an important environmental factor that induces anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully unraveled. In this study, we exposed D. candidum seedlings to two different light intensities and found that strong light increased the anthocyanin content and the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Through transcriptome profiling and expression analysis, we identified a WD40-repeat transcription factor, DcTTG1, whose expression is induced by light. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed that DcTTG1 binds to the promoters of DcCHS2, DcCHI, DcF3H, and DcF3′H, and a transient GUS activity assay indicated that DcTTG1 can induce their expression. In addition, DcTTG1 complemented the anthocyanin deficiency phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana ttg1-13 mutant. Collectively, our results suggest that light promotes anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum seedlings via the upregulation of DcTTG1, which induces anthocyanin synthesis-related gene expression.

scholarly journals Improving the Anthocyanin Accumulation of Hypocotyls in Radish Sprouts by Hemin-induced NO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Su ◽  
Ze Liu ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Mengyang Niu ◽  
Jin Cui
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Radish Sprouts

Abstract Background: The biosynthesis of anthocyanin in the hypocotyls of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts was enhanced by hemin in our preliminary experiments, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that NO (nitric oxide) exerted an essential role in Hemin-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis, which was supported by the following results.Results: Hemin boosted anthocyanin as well as NO content. NO-scavenger cPTIO (carboxy-PTIO) significantly attenuated hemin-induced increase of anthocyanin content, transcripts of anthocyanin synthesis related genes and positive transcription factors, implying that NO played a prominent role during hemin-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Hemin specific inhibitor ZnPP (Zinc Protoporphyrin) strongly reduced anthocyanin content, while, NO donor SNP (Sodium Nitroprusside) addition considerably reversed this inhibition and by contrast, resulted in a significant increase in anthocyanin accumulation, closely paralleling the transcripts of structural genes and transcription factors. Moreover, NO content, NR (nitrate reductase) activity and expression level of NOA (nitric oxide associated factor) were up-regulated by Hemin. Conclusions:Those consequences indicated that NO might work downstream in Hemin-heightened anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts.

scholarly journals Calcium Positively Mediates Blue Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Hypocotyl of Soybean Sprouts

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Hu ◽  
Xiaomeng Yue ◽  
Jinxue Song ◽  
Guipei Xing ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Soybean Sprouts ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Soybean sprouts are a flavorful microgreen that can be eaten all year round and are widely favored in Southeast Asia. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of calcium on anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean sprouts under blue light was investigated. The results showed that blue light, with a short wavelength, effectively induced anthocyanin accumulation in the hypocotyl of soybean sprout cultivar “Dongnong 690.” Calcium supplementation further enhanced anthocyanin content, which was obviously inhibited by LaCl3 and neomycin treatment. Moreover, exogenous calcium changed the metabolism of anthocyanins, and seven anthocyanin compounds were detected. The trend of calcium fluorescence intensity in hypocotyl cells, as well as that of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and calmodulin content, was consistent with that of anthocyanins content. Specific spatial distribution patterns of calcium antimonate precipitation were observed in the ultrastructure of hypocotyl cells under different conditions. Furthermore, calcium application upregulated the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, and calcium inhibitors suppressed these genes. Finally, transcriptomics was performed to gain global insights into the molecular regulation mechanism of calcium-associated anthocyanin production. Genes from the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were distinctly enriched among the differentially expressed genes, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that two MYBs were related to the accumulation of anthocyanins. These results indicated that calcium released from apoplast and intracellular stores in specific spatial-temporal features promote blue light-induced anthocyanin accumulation by upregulation of the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis of “Dongnong 690” hypocotyl. The findings deepen the understanding of the calcium regulation mechanism of blue light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in soybean sprouts, which will help growers produce high-quality foods beneficial for human health.

scholarly journals The Photomorphogenic Transcription Factor PpHY5 Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Response to UVA and UVB Irradiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Zhao ◽  
Ting Min ◽  
Miaojin Chen ◽  
Hongxun Wang ◽  
Changqing Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
White Light ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Uvb Irradiation ◽  
Genes Encoding

Red coloration contributes to fruit quality and is determined by anthocyanin content in peach (Prunus persica). Our previous study illustrated that anthocyanin accumulation is strongly regulated by light, and the effect of induction differs according to light quality. Here we showed that both ultraviolet-A (UVA) and ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in “Hujingmilu” peach fruit, and a combination of UVA and UVB had additional effects. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis and light signaling related genes, including transcription factor genes and light signaling elements, were induced following UV irradiation as early as 6 h post-treatment, earlier than apparent change in coloration which occurred at 72 h. To investigate the molecular mechanisms for UVA- and UVB-induced anthocyanin accumulation, the genes encoding ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), Cryptochrome (CRY), and UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) in peach were isolated and characterized through functional complementation in corresponding Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants. PpHY5 and PpCOP1.1 restored hypocotyl length and anthocyanin content in Arabidopsis mutants under white light; while PpCRY1 and PpUVR8.1 restored AtHY5 expression in Arabidopsis mutants in response to UV irradiation. Arabidopsis PpHY5/hy5 transgenic lines accumulated higher amounts of anthocyanin under UV supplementation (compared with weak white light only), especially when UVA and UVB were applied together. These data indicated that PpHY5, acting as AtHY5 counterpart, was a vital regulator in UVA and UVB signaling pathway. In peach, the expression of PpHY5 was up-regulated by UVA and UVB, and PpHY5 positively regulated both its own transcription by interacting with an E-box in its own promoter, and the transcription of the downstream anthocyanin biosynthetic genes chalcone synthase 1 (PpCHS1), chalcone synthase 2 (PpCHS2), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (PpDFR1) as well as the transcription factor gene PpMYB10.1. In summary, functional evidence supports the role of PpHY5 in UVA and UVB light transduction pathway controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis. In peach this is via up-regulation of expression of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes, as well as the transcription factor PpMYB10.1 and PpHY5 itself.

FvbHLH9 Functions as a Positive Regulator of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis by Forming a HY5–bHLH9 Transcription Complex in Strawberry Fruits

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Pengbo Xu ◽  
Guanqun Chen ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Zhongchi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Positive Regulator ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Synergistic Regulation ◽  
Transient Overexpression

Abstract Anthocyanin accumulation is transcriptionally regulated by the MYB–bHLH–WD40 complex. Light is indispensable for anthocyanin accumulation, and light-inducible MYB and HY5 were considered to promote anthocyanin accumulation in many fruits. Whether and how light-inducible bHLH transcription factor and HY5 regulate anthocyanin synthesis in strawberry is unknown. In this study, we identified a bHLH transcription factor, FvbHLH9, which was induced by light as well as FvHY5, and found that, similar to FvHY5, the transient overexpression and interference FvbHLH9 in strawberry fruits can promote and decrease anthocyanin accumulation, respectively, indicating FvbHLH9 functions as a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we confirmed that both FvHY5 and FvbHLH9 specifically bind to the promoter region of some key enzyme genes, including FvDFR, and the expression of FvDFR was activated through the heterodimer formation between FvHY5 and FvbHLH9. Finally, we confirmed that FvbHLH9-promoted anthocyanin accumulation is dependent on HY5–bHLH heterodimerisation in Arabidopsis. Our findings provide insights into a mechanism involving the synergistic regulation of light-dependent coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis via a HY5–bHLH heterodimer formed by the interaction of FvHY5 and FvbHLH9 in strawberry fruits.

scholarly journals Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Rothenberg ◽  
Haijun Yang ◽  
Meiban Chen ◽  
Wenting Zhang ◽  
Lingyun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway

Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.

Higher anthocyanin accumulation associated with higher transcription levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in spinach

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Cai ◽  
Lihao Lin ◽  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Chenxi Xu ◽  
Quanhua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Genes Encoding

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely cultivated as an economically important green leafy vegetable crop for fresh and processing consumption. The red–purple spinach shows abundant anthocyanin accumulation in the leaf and leaf petiole. However, the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in this species are still undetermined. In the present study, we investigated pigment formation and identified anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in spinach. We also analyzed the expression of these genes in purple and green cultivars by quantitative PCR. The accumulation of anthocyanin showed that it was the dominant pigment resulting in the red coloration in spinach. In total, 22 biosynthesis genes and 25 regulatory genes were identified in spinach, based on the spinach genomic and transcriptomic database. Furthermore, the expression patterns of genes encoding enzymes indicated that SoPAL, SoUFGT3, and SoUFGT4 were possible candidate genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in red–purple spinach. The expression patterns of transcription factors indicated that two SoMYB genes, three SobHLH genes, and one SoWD40 gene were drastically up-regulated and co-expression in red–purple spinach, suggesting an essential role of regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis of spinach. These results will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple spinach.

scholarly journals A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Purple and Yellow Fleshed Potato Tubers Reveals Long Non-coding RNAs and their Targets Functioned in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruimin Tang ◽  
Haitao Dong ◽  
Wanyi Wu ◽  
Cailiang Zhao ◽  
Xiaoyun Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Regulatory Relationship ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background: Purple fleshed potato tubers accumulate large amounts of anthocyanin content, servicing as functional foods and high-value feedstock. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play an important role in anthocyanin synthesis by regulating gene expression in various action modes. However, the mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation mediated by lncRNAs in underground organs remains unclear.Results: To excavate the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs) between purple and yellow fleshed potato tubers, the transcriptome sequencing was performed and a total of 1421 DE lncRNAs were identified. Gene Ontology and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses showed that the target genes of these DE lncRNAs were involved in diverse biological processes and pathways for anthocyanin biosynthesis, reflecting the functional diversity of the corresponding lncRNAs. A lncRNA-mRNA interaction network was created based on their correlation to investigate the regulatory relationship among them. Notably, lncRNAs like XLOC_060098 and XLOC_017372 might contribute to anthocyanin synthesis by targeting the key enzyme genes and transcription factor genes in the pathway. Conclusions: The construction of expression profiling of DE lncRNAs and lncRNA-mRNA relationship network is helpful for further unraveling the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in anthocyanin synthesis in potato tubers, and provides theory basis for the cultivation of functional potato varieties and the improvement of nutritional quality of other underground crops.

scholarly journals Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Profiles between Teinturier and Non-Teinturier Cultivars during Ripening

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Meng-Bo Tian ◽  
Lin Yuan ◽  
Ming-Yuan Zheng ◽  
Zhu-Mei Xi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relative Gene ◽  
High Expression Level

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.

scholarly journals PbCOP1.1 Contributes to the Negative Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Pear

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wu ◽  
Min Si ◽  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Linyan Song ◽  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Protein Sequence Alignment

The synthesis of anthocyanin in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit is regulated by light. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pear fruit coloring mediated by upstream light-signaling regulators. Here, the photoresponse factors CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP) 1.1 and 1.2 were cloned from ‘Red Zaosu’ peel to study their functions in pear fruit coloring. The overexpression vectors pBI121-PbCOP1.1 and pBI121-PbCOP1.2 were constructed to analyze their effects on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit. A protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PbCOP1 proteins are highly homologous with those of other species. An analysis of tissue differential expression showed that the greatest expression levels of PbCOP1s occurred in the leaves. Their expression levels increased in the leaves during development, when the leaves changed from red to green. The overexpression of PbCOP1s in the peel resulted in reduced anthocyanin synthesis at the injection sites. A quantitative PCR analysis of the injection sites showed that PbCOP1.1 significantly inhibited the expression of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes CHI, DFR, UFGT2, bHLH3, HY5 and GST. Based on the above results, we hypothesize that PbCOP1.1 is an anthocyanin synthetic inhibitory factor of pear coloration.

scholarly journals Mapping and Identifying a Candidate Gene Plr4, a Recessive Gene Regulating Purple Leaf in Rice, by Using Bulked Segregant and Transcriptome Analysis with Next-Generation Sequencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Gao ◽  
Gaoxing Dai ◽  
Weiyong Zhou ◽  
Haifu Liang ◽  
Juan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Flower Organs ◽  
Purple Leaf

The anthocyanin biosynthesis of rice is a major concern due to the potential nutritional value. Purple appears in various organs and tissues of rice such as pericarp, flower organs, leaves, leaf sheaths, internodes, ligules, apex, and stigma. At present, there are many studies on the color of rice pericarp, but the gene and mechanism of other organs such as leaves are still unclear, and the gene regulatory network of specific organ coloring has not been systematically understood. In this study, genetic analysis demonstrated that the purple leaf traits of rice were regulated by a recessive gene. The green leaf cultivar Y58S and purple leaf cultivar XianHongB were used to construct the mapping population. A set of near isogenicline (NIL) (BC3F1) was bred via crossing and back-crossing. The generations of BC3F2 appeared to separate four phenotypes, pl1, pl2, pl3, and pl4, due to the occurrence of a purple color in different organs. We constructed three bulked segregant analysis (BSA) pools (pl1–pl2, pl1–pl3, and pl1–pl4) by using the separated generations of BC3F5 and mapped the purple leaf gene plr4 to the vicinity of 27.9–31.1 Mb on chromosome 4. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) for pl3 and pl2 was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in the localization interval, where 12 unigenes exhibited differential expression in which two genes (Os04g0577800, Os04g0616400) were downregulated. The two downregulated genes (Os04g0577800 and Os04g0616400) are possible candidate genes because of the recessive genetic characteristics of the purple leaf genes. These results will facilitate the cloning of plr4 and illustrate the molecular mechanisms of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway.

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