scholarly journals Convergence of Bar and Cry1Ac Mutant Genes in Soybean Confers Synergistic Resistance to Herbicide and Lepidopteran Insects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien Dung Nguyen ◽  
Van Hien La ◽  
Van Duy Nguyen ◽  
Tri Thuc Bui ◽  
Thi Tinh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Stacking ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Lepidopteran Insects

Soybean is a globally important crop species, which is subject to pressure by insects and weeds causing severe substantially reduce yield and quality. Despite the success of transgenic soybean in terms of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and herbicide tolerance, unforeseen mitigated performances have still been inspected due to climate changes that favor the emergence of insect resistance. Therefore, there is a need to develop a biotech soybean with elaborated gene stacking to improve insect and herbicide tolerance in the field. In this study, new gene stacking soybean events, such as bialaphos resistance (bar) and pesticidal crystal protein (cry)1Ac mutant 2 (M#2), are being developed in Vietnamese soybean under field condition. Five transgenic plants were extensively studied in the herbicide effects, gene expression patterns, and insect mortality across generations. The increase in the expression of the bar gene by 100% in the leaves of putative transgenic plants was a determinant of herbicide tolerance. In an insect bioassay, the cry1Ac-M#2 protein tested yielded higher than expected larval mortality (86%), reflecting larval weight gain and weight of leaf consumed were less in the T1 generation. Similarly, in the field tests, the expression of cry1Ac-M#2 in the transgenic soybean lines was relatively stable from T0 to T3 generations that corresponded to a large reduction in the rate of leaves and pods damage caused by Lamprosema indicata and Helicoverpa armigera. The transgenic lines converged two genes, producing a soybean phenotype that was resistant to herbicide and lepidopteran insects. Furthermore, the expression of cry1Ac-M#2 was dominant in the T1 generation leading to the exhibit of better phenotypic traits. These results underscored the great potential of combining bar and cry1Ac mutation genes in transgenic soybean as pursuant of ensuring resistance to herbicide and lepidopteran insects.

Development of a Brassica seed cDNA microarray

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daoquan Xiang ◽  
Raju Datla ◽  
Fengling Li ◽  
Adrian Cutler ◽  
Meghna R. Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cdna Array ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Rna Targets ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Signal Intensities

Brassica species represent several important crops including canola ( Brassica napus ). Understanding of genetic elements that contribute to seed-associated functions will impact future improvements in the canola crop. Brassica species share a very close taxonomic and molecular relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there are several subtle but distinct seed-associated agronomic characteristics that differ among the oil seed crop species. To address these, we have generated 67 535 ESTs predominately from Brassica seeds, analyzed these sequences, and identified 10 642 unigenes for the preparation of a targeted seed cDNA array. A set of 10 642 PCR primer pairs was designed and corresponding amplicons were produced for spotting, along with relevant controls. Critical quality control tests produced satisfactory results for use of this microarray in biological experiments. The microarray was also tested with specific RNA targets from embryos, germinating seeds, and leaf tissues. The hybridizations, signal intensities, and overall quality of these slides were consistent and reproducible. Additionally, there are 429 ESTs represented on the array that show no homology with any A. thaliana annotated gene or any gene in the Brassica genome databases or other plant databases; however, all of these probes hybridized to B. napus transcripts, indicating that the array also will be useful in defining expression patterns for genes so far unique to Brassica species.

scholarly journals Screening of the Argentinean INTA peanut core collection with a molecular marker associated with resistance to Sclerotinia minor Jaggar

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
K.D. Chamberlin ◽  
J.J. Baldessari ◽  
E.M.C. Mamani ◽  
M.V. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Potential Sources

ABSTRACT Cultivated peanut, the third most important oilseed in the world, is consistently threatened by various diseases and pests. Sclerotinia minor Jagger (S. minor), the causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, is a major threat to peanut production in many countries and can reduce yield by up to 50% in severely infested fields. Host plant resistance will provide the most effective solution to managing Sclerotinia blight, but limited sources of resistance to the disease are available for use in breeding programs. Peanut germplasm collections are available for exploration and identification of new sources of resistance, but traditionally the process is lengthy, requiring years of field testing before those potential sources can be identified. Molecular markers associated with phenotypic traits can speed up the screening of germplasm accessions. The objective of this study was to genotype the peanut core collection of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Manfredi, Argentina, with a molecular marker associated with Sclerotinia blight resistance. One hundred and fifty-four (154) accessions from the collection were available and genotyped using the Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker. Accessions from each botanical variety type represented in the core collection were identified as new potential sources of resistance and targeted for further evaluation in field tests for Sclerotinia blight resistance.

scholarly journals Uncovering Trait Associations Resulting in Maximal Seed Yield in Winter and Spring Oilseed Rape

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Siles ◽  
Kirsty L. Hassall ◽  
Cristina Sanchis Gritsch ◽  
Peter J. Eastmond ◽  
Smita Kurup
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Seed yield is a complex trait for many crop species including oilseed rape (OSR) (Brassica napus), the second most important oilseed crop worldwide. Studies have focused on the contribution of distinct factors in seed yield such as environmental cues, agronomical practices, growth conditions, or specific phenotypic traits at the whole plant level, such as number of pods in a plant. However, how female reproductive traits contribute to whole plant level traits, and hence to seed yield, has been largely ignored. Here, we describe the combined contribution of 33 phenotypic traits within a B. napus diversity set population and their trade-offs at the whole plant and organ level, along with their interaction with plant level traits. Our results revealed that both Winter OSR (WOSR) and Spring OSR (SOSR); the two more economically important OSR groups in terms of oil production; share a common dominant reproductive strategy for seed yield. In this strategy, the main inflorescence is the principal source of seed yield, producing a good number of ovules, a large number of long pods with a concomitantly high number of seeds per pod. Moreover, we observed that WOSR opted for additional reproductive strategies than SOSR, presenting more plasticity to maximise seed yield. Overall, we conclude that OSR adopts a key strategy to ensure maximal seed yield and propose an ideal ideotype highlighting crucial phenotypic traits that could be potential targets for breeding.

scholarly journals A discussion on cotton transformation during the last decade (2010–2021); an update on present trends and future prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
QANDEEL-E-ARSH ◽  
Muhammad Tehseen AZHAR ◽  
Rana Muhammad ATIF ◽  
Mahwish ISRAR ◽  
Azeem Iqbal KHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Gene Gun ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Cotton Transformation ◽  
Lepidopteran Insects ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

AbstractThe introduction of genetically modified (GM) cotton in 1996 in the US and its worldwide spread later rejuvenated cotton production in many parts of the world. The evolution is continued since then and currently, the 3rd and fourth generation of same GM cotton is grown in many parts of the world. The GM cotton introduced in 1996 was simple Bt cotton that expressed a single Cry1Ac gene, the later generation carried multiple Cry genes along with the genes controlling herbicide tolerance. Current day GM cotton does not only give stable resistance against lepidopteran insects but also facilitates the farmers to spray broad-spectrum herbicides without harming the crop. The evolution of GM cotton is continued both on the basic and applied side and interventions have been introduced during the last decade. Earlier the cotton transformation was limited to Cocker strains which are getting possible in many other varieties, too. It is successful with both gene gun, and Agrobacterium and inplanta transformation has made it a routine activity. Apart from overexpression studies for various purposes including biotic, abiotic, and quality traits, RNAi and genome editing are explored vigorously. Through this review, we have tried to explore and discuss various interventions for improving transformation protocols, the applications of cotton transformation, and future strategies being developed to get maximum benefits from this technology during the last decade.

scholarly journals Identification of the SUT Gene Family in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and Functional Analysis of PgL0145810.1

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6608
Author(s):  
Krishna Poudel ◽  
Xiang Luo ◽  
Lina Chen ◽  
Dan Jing ◽  
Xiaocong Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Punica Granatum L

Sucrose, an important sugar, is transported from source to sink tissues through the phloem, and plays important role in the development of important traits in plants. However, the SUT gene family is still not well characterized in pomegranate. In this study, we first identified the pomegranate sucrose transporter (SUT) gene family from the whole genome. Then, the phylogenetic relationship of SUT genes, gene structure and their promoters were analyzed. Additionally, their expression patterns were detected during the development of the seed. Lastly, genetic transformation and cytological observation were used to study the function of PgL0145810.1. A total of ten pomegranate SUT genes were identified from the whole genome of pomegranate ‘Tunisia’. The promoter region of all the pomegranate SUT genes contained myeloblastosis (MYB) elements. Four of the SUT genes, PgL0328370.1, PgL0099690.1, PgL0145810.1 and PgL0145770.1, were differentially expressed during seed development. We further noticed that PgL0145810.1 was expressed most prominently in the stem parts in transgenic plants compared to other tissue parts (leaves, flowers and silique). The cells in the xylem vessels were small and lignin content was lower in the transgenic plants as compared to wild Arabidopsis plants. In general, our result suggests that the MYB cis-elements in the promoter region might regulate PgL0145810.1 expression to control the structure of xylem, thereby affecting seed hardness in pomegranate.

scholarly journals Insecticide Exposure Triggers a Modulated Expression of ABC Transporter Genes in Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s.

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Mastrantonio ◽  
Marco Ferrari ◽  
Agata Negri ◽  
Tommaso Sturmo ◽  
Guido Favia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Gene Expression Response ◽  
Abc Transporter Genes

Insecticides remain a main tool for the control of arthropod vectors. The urgency to prevent the insurgence of insecticide resistance and the perspective to find new target sites, for the development of novel molecules, are fuelling the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in insect defence against xenobiotic compounds. In this study, we have investigated if ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a major component of the defensome machinery, are involved in defence against the insecticide permethrin, in susceptible larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Bioassays were performed with permethrin alone, or in combination with an ABC transporter inhibitor. Then we have investigated the expression profiles of five ABC transporter genes at different time points following permethrin exposure, to assess their expression patterns across time. The inhibition of ABC transporters increased the larval mortality by about 15-fold. Likewise, three genes were up-regulated after exposure to permethrin, showing different patterns of expression across the 48 h. Our results provide the first evidences of ABC transporters involvement in defence against a toxic in larvae of An. gambiae s.s. and show that the gene expression response is modulated across time, being continuous, but stronger at the earliest and latest times after exposure.

scholarly journals Dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants do not express significant sexually dimorphic morphology in the seedling stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley G. Campbell ◽  
Kristen Peach ◽  
Sydney B. Wizenberg
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Seedling Morphology

AbstractSome economically important crop species are dioecious, producing pollen and ovules on distinct, unisexual, individuals. On-the-spot diagnosis of sex is important to breeders and farmers for crop improvement and maximizing yield, yet diagnostic tools at the seedling stage are understudied and lack a scientific basis. Understanding sexual dimorphism in juvenile plants may provide key ecological, evolutionary and economic insights into dioecious plant species in addition to improving the process of crop cultivation. To address this gap in the literature, we asked: can we reliably differentiate males, females, and co-sexual individuals based on seedling morphology in Cannabis sativa, and do the traits used to distinguish sex at this stage vary between genotypes? To answer these questions, we collected data on phenotypic traits of 112 C. sativa plants (50 female, 52 male, 10 co-sexuals) from two hemp cultivars (CFX-1, CFX-2) during the second week of vegetative growth and used ANOVAs to compare morphology among sexes. We found males grew significantly longer hypocotyls than females by week 2, but this difference depended on the cultivar investigated. Preliminary evidence suggests that co-sexual plants may be distinguished from male and female plants using short hypocotyl length and seedling height, although this relationship requires more study since sample sizes of co-sexual plants were small. In one of the cultivars, two-week old male plants tend to produce longer hypocotyls than other plants, which may help to identify these plants prior to anthesis. We call for increased research effort on co-sexual plants, given their heavy economic cost in industrial contexts and rare mention in the literature. Our preliminary data suggests that short hypocotyl length may be an indicator of co-sexuality. These results are the first steps towards developing diagnostic tools for predicting sex using vegetative morphology in dioecious species and understanding how sexual dimorphism influences phenotype preceding sexual maturity.

Developing Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Cultivars: Introduction

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Minor Crops ◽  
Herbicide Tolerant ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Margin Of Safety

In recent years considerable research in the private and public sectors has been directed toward introducing herbicide tolerance into normally susceptible crop species (9). Interest in developing herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars, clones, or hybrids (HTCs)3has been spurred by the reduction in the rate of discovery of new herbicidal compounds, the rising expense of developing new herbicides, and new tools of biotechnology that greatly increased our ability to develop HTC genotypes. Potential benefits of developing HTCs include: a) an increased margin of safety with which herbicides can be used with subsequent reduced crop losses due to herbicide injury, b) reduced risk of crop damage from residual herbicides from rotational crops, and c) introduction of new herbicides for use on normally susceptible crops. The last objective can be considered to be similar to breeding for resistance to diseases or insects. The most serious weed problems for a crop can be solved by developing crop tolerance to herbicides that control the weeds. This approach is particularly promising for minor crops for which new herbicide development is essentially lacking. However, the reluctance of herbicide manufacturers to register their products for minor crops may impede this approach. By developing tolerance to nontoxic, nonpolluting herbicides that are suitable for conservation tillage, the negative environmental effects of weed control can be reduced.

scholarly journals Effect of Drought Stress at Supraoptimal Temperature on Polyamine Concentrations in Transgenic Soybean with Increased Proline Levels

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 833-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Simon-Sarkadi ◽  
Gábor Kocsy ◽  
Ágnes Várhegyi ◽  
Gábor Galiba ◽  
Jacoba A. de Ronde
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Proline Biosynthesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transgenic Soybean

Abstract The effect of drought stress at supraoptimal temperature on free proline and polyamine levels was compared in wild type and transgenic soybean (Glycine max cv. Ibis) plants having increased proline levels. Since glutamate and arginine are precursors of both proline and polyamines, it was assumed that the genetic manipulation of proline levels would also affect the polyamine levels. The proline and spermine concentrations increased, while the putrescine concentration generally decreased or did not change after the treatments in both genotypes. Following drought higher proline and lower spermine levels were detected in the transgenic plants compared to the wild type ones, which could be explained by the increased use of their common precursors for proline biosynthesis in the transgenic plants.

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