scholarly journals Beetles as Plant Pathogen Vectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Wielkopolan ◽  
Magdalena Jakubowska ◽  
Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Diverse Communities

Herbivorous insects, likewise, other organisms, are exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the surrounding environment. Insects and microorganisms associated with them share a range of relationships, including symbiotic and pathogenic. Insects damage plants by feeding on them and delivering plant pathogens to wounded places, from where pathogens spread over the plant. Thus insects can be considered as both pests and reservoirs or vectors of plant pathogens. Although beetles are not mentioned in the first place as plant pathogen vectors, their transmission of pathogens also takes place and affects the ecosystem. Here we present an overview of beetles as vectors of plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and Oomycota, which are responsible for developing plant diseases that can have a significant impact on crop yield and quality.

scholarly journals Current Status and Future Perspective on Enzyme Involving in Biocontrol of Plant Pathogen

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami Chaudhari ◽  
Jesal Patel
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Rhizosphere Microorganism

To sustain the quality and abundance of fruit, feed and fiber provided by farmers all over the world, plant diseases must be regulated. Plant diseases may be prevented, mitigated, or regulated using a variety of methods. Growers also rely on chemical fertilizers and pesticides for good agronomic and horticultural practices. Such agricultural inputs have taken a vital part in spectacular increases in crop yield and quality over the last 100 years. Microbial enzymes function as biocatalysts for key biochemical reactions and also assist microbes reproduce in a particular niche. The ability of rhizosphere microorganism to increase the growth of plant and control phytopathogens has long been known. Rhizosphere microbes may aid plants in several ways in their fight against phytopathogens. Of all recognized biocontrol pathways, the excretion of lytic enzymes is known as an important way to prevent phytopathogens from living in the region of the rhizosphere. Rhizosphere microorganism produces chitinases, cellulases, proteases, and glucanases in reaction to phytopathogen assault. For assessing antagonist-pathogen interactions, ecological characteristics of antagonists in the rhizosphere, and optimizing the effectiveness of bacterial, fungal, and viral biocontrol agents, new molecular approaches have become available. Given the experience of fungicides in near future, biological management would be another method to control diseases of plant. Since agro-ecosystem is a flexible and functioning structure that involves many variables that affect disease and production of crop, other IPM methods to control diseases of crop are also important in different surrounding conditions. As result, to successfully minimize disease production and crop yield loss in various crop systems, other IPM management mechanisms other than biological control should be considered and implemented.

The concept of plant disease.

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-48
Author(s):  
Shou-Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Disease Cycle

Abstract This chapter focuses on the concept of plant disease, which is a condition where plant tissue or growth is damaged or altered by a pathogen or environmental factors. Information is also given on the interactions between the host plant, pathogen(s) and environmental factors (disease triangle), symptomatology, types of plant diseases, transmission, disease cycle and plant pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes) and their control.

scholarly journals Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽  
Yalda Vasebi ◽  
Naser Safaie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals Agro-Nanotechnology as an Emerging Field: A Novel Sustainable Approach for Improving Plant Growth by Reducing Biotic Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2282
Author(s):  
Masudulla Khan ◽  
Azhar U. Khan ◽  
Mohd Abul Hasan ◽  
Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽  
Marina M. C. Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Plant Disease Management

In the present era, the global need for food is increasing rapidly; nanomaterials are a useful tool for improving crop production and yield. The application of nanomaterials can improve plant growth parameters. Biotic stress is induced by many microbes in crops and causes disease and high yield loss. Every year, approximately 20–40% of crop yield is lost due to plant diseases caused by various pests and pathogens. Current plant disease or biotic stress management mainly relies on toxic fungicides and pesticides that are potentially harmful to the environment. Nanotechnology emerged as an alternative for the sustainable and eco-friendly management of biotic stress induced by pests and pathogens on crops. In this review article, we assess the role and impact of different nanoparticles in plant disease management, and this review explores the direction in which nanoparticles can be utilized for improving plant growth and crop yield.

Sorghum mitigates climate variability and change on crop yield and quality

Planta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 253 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerthi Chadalavada ◽  
B. D. Ranjitha Kumari ◽  
T. Senthil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Yield And Quality

Evaluation of Harvest-Aid Herbicides as Desiccants in Lentil Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ti Zhang ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Seed Field ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
General Reduction

Desiccants are currently used to improve lentil dry-down prior to harvest. Applying desiccants at growth stages prior to maturity may result in reduced crop yield and quality, and leave unacceptable herbicide residues in seeds. There is little information on whether various herbicides applied alone or as a tank-mix with glyphosate have an effect on glyphosate residues in harvested seed. Field trials were conducted at Saskatoon and Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada, from 2012 to 2014 to determine whether additional desiccants applied alone or tank mixed with glyphosate improve crop desiccation and reduce the potential for unacceptable glyphosate residue in seed. Glufosinate and diquat tank mixed with glyphosate were the most consistent desiccants, providing optimal crop dry-down and a general reduction in glyphosate seed residues without adverse effects on seed yield and weight. Saflufenacil provided good crop desiccation without yield loss, but failed to reduce glyphosate seed residues consistently. Pyraflufen-ethyl and flumioxazin applied alone or tank mixed with glyphosate were found to be inferior options for growers as they exhibited slow and incomplete crop desiccation, and did not decrease glyphosate seed residues. Based on results from this study, growers should apply glufosinate or diquat with preharvest glyphosate to maximize crop and weed desiccation, and minimize glyphosate seed residues.

Sweetpotato Tolerance to Halosulfuron Applied Postemergence

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. MacRae ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Roger B. Batts ◽  
Allan C. Thorton ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Total Crop

Studies were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to determine the effect of application timing and halosulfuron rate on sweetpotato yield and quality. Halosulfuron was applied 1, 2, and 4 wks after transplanting (WAP) sweetpotato in 2003, and 2, 3, and 4 WAP in 2004. Treatments within each timing included halosulfuron at 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65 g ai/ha plus a weed-free control. Combined over year, site, cultivar and rate, halosulfuron applied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 WAP stunted sweetpotato 32, 15, 11, and 14%, respectively, rated 2 wks after treatment. The stunting observed with the 1 and 2 WAP timings caused a 17 and 10% reduction in yield of No. 1 roots, respectively, compared with the weed-free control. The 3 and 4 WAP timings of halosulfuron did not reduce yield of No. 1 roots. Total yield was reduced approximately 11% at the 1, 2, and 3 WAP application timings. Halosulfuron at 4 WAP did not reduce total yield. Combined over year, site, and cultivar, halosulfuron applied at 39 g/ha did not reduce the weight of No. 1 roots or total crop yield and thus could be an effective POST option for weed control in sweetpotato.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect losses determining the harmfulness of mushrooms p. Fusarium – fusariosis causes wheat speak and grain

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Yu. K. Shashko ◽  
A. L. Dolgova ◽  
M. N. Shashko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Fusarium Pathogens ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
Indirect Losses

Fungi p. Fusarium is one of the most harmful pathogens of wheat diseases. Their harmfulness is caused both by direct losses due to decrease in yield, and indirect as a result of infection of the obtained products with mycotoxins and decrease in process, baking and sowing parameters of grain. Due to high potential losses, analysis of quantitative parameters of harmfulness of fusarium pathogens of spike and grain is relevant. The paper presents data showing the harmfulness of Fusarium of spike and wheat grain. The causes of direct and indirect losses in case of damage to wheat spike by fungi of p. Fusarium. Direct losses of crop yield are shown in the natural conditions of Minsk region and with the epiphytotic development of the disease in case of artificial infection, which can reach over 50 %. The effect of Fusaria on baking properties of wheat is analyzed. It was determined that grain damage causes decrease in weight of 1000 grains and the flour yield when it is used in the milling industry, as well as deterioration in its quality due to decrease in protein and crude gluten level. The effect of pathogens on sowing parameters of grain is determined. It is concluded that for use as seeds in terms of laboratory germination capacity, batches of grain infected with Fusarium only up to 15 % can be accepted. The data obtained will allow us to adapt protective measures against Fusarium of spike and grain and reduce its negative impact on crop yield and quality of the products obtained.

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