scholarly journals Susceptibility of Some Corylus avellana L. Cultivars to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bryan Webber ◽  
Sugae Wada ◽  
Virginia O. Stockwell ◽  
Nik G. Wiman
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Xanthomonas Arboricola ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Symptom Progression

Bacterial blight of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina (Xac). In the past, bacterial blight has been a key disease impacting the Oregon hazelnut industry where 99% of the United States hazelnut crop is grown. The disease is re-emerging in young orchards, as acreage of newly released hazelnut cultivars rapidly increases. This increase in hazelnut acreage is accompanied by renewed interest in developing control strategies for bacterial blight. Information on susceptibility of hazelnut cultivars to Xac is limited, partially due to lack of verified methods to quantify hazelnut cultivar response to artificial inoculation. In this research, Xac inoculation protocols were adapted to two hazelnut growing environments to evaluate cultivar susceptibility: in vitro tissue culture under sterile and controlled conditions, and in vivo potted tree conditions. Five hazelnut cultivars were evaluated using the in vitro inoculation protocol and seven hazelnut cultivars were evaluated using the in vivo inoculation protocol. Under in vitro conditions, there were severe bacterial blight symptoms on each cultivar consistent with those seen in the field, but no significant differences in the susceptibility of the newly released cultivars were observed compared to known Xac-susceptible cultivar (“Barcelona”). Under in vivo conditions, the proportion of necrotic buds were significantly higher in “Jefferson” and “Dorris” compared to all of the other tested cultivars, including “Barcelona.” The symptom progression seen in vivo mirrored the timing and symptom progression of bacterial blight reported from field observations. The in vitro conditions significantly reduced the amount of time required to measure the inoculation efficiency compared to the in vivo environment and allowed for greater replication. Further studies on the effects of Xac can use the results of these experiments to establish a dose–response model for bacterial blight, a wider range of germplasm can be tested under in vitro conditions, and management strategies that can be evaluated on large populations of new cultivars using the in vivo methods.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity, Fungicide Sensitivity, and Host Resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata Infecting Sweetpotato in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 994-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Scruggs ◽  
T. Basaiah ◽  
M. L. Adams ◽  
L. M. Quesada-Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽  
Fungicide Application

Black rot of sweetpotato, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, has recently reemerged as a significant threat to sweetpotato production in North Carolina and other states across the United States. This disease has historically been controlled largely through cultural management strategies and, in some cases, fungicide application. The sudden and destructive reemergence of this disease in 2015 created the need for rapidly evaluating disease control strategies. Genetic diversity of current C. fimbriata isolates infecting sweetpotato in North Carolina was assessed using ITS, TEF, and MAT-2 sequences. All 50 tested isolates were confirmed to be of a single mating type, MAT-2, based on PCR amplification. Alignment of ITS, TEF, and MAT-2 sequences revealed all isolates were identical at each locus. Fourteen common sweetpotato cultivars and advanced breeding lines were screened for black rot resistance using two isolates. None of the cultivars were completely resistant to the disease and most were equally susceptible. ‘Stokes Purple’ and ‘Covington’ were the least susceptible, but significantly (P < 0.05) differed only from ‘Bellevue’, the most susceptible cultivar. Sensitivity of 50 C. fimbriata isolates to difenoconazole, fludioxonil, thiabendazole, dicloran, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, fenamidone, and fluazinam was evaluated in vitro. Difenoconazole, thiabendazole, and fluazinam were most effective in reducing mycelia growth. Postharvest fungicide application on black rot-infected roots provided similar results. Low efficacy of dicloran, as well as a range of EC50 values among isolates, suggests potential resistance to this commonly applied fungicide. Results obtained in this study provide current and useful information so that improved recommendations can be made to reduce losses in sweetpotato to black rot.

Repurposing N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMA), a Pharmaceutical Excipient, as a Prototype Novel Anti-inflammatory Agent for the Prevention and/or Treatment of Preterm Birth

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 989-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Gorasiya ◽  
Juliet Mushi ◽  
Ryan Pekson ◽  
Sabesan Yoganathan ◽  
Sandra E. Reznik
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Excipient ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Exciting Line ◽  
Pregnant Mice

Background: Preterm birth (PTB), or birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, accounts for the majority of perinatal morbidity and mortality. As of 2016, PTB has an occurrence rate of 9.6% in the United States and accounts for up to 18 percent of births worldwide. Inflammation has been identified as the most common cause of PTB, but effective pharmacotherapy has yet to be developed to prevent inflammation driven PTB. Our group has discovered that N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), a readily available solvent commonly used as a pharmaceutical excipient, rescues lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced timed pregnant mice from PTB. Methods: We have used in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro approaches to investigate this compound further. Results: Interestingly, we found that DMA suppresses cytokine secretion by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In ongoing work in this exciting line of investigation, we are currently investigating structural analogs of DMA, some of them novel, to optimize this approach focused on the inflammation associated with PTB. Conclusion: Successful development of pharmacotherapy for the prevention of PTB rests upon the pursuit of multiple strategies to solve this important clinical challenge.

scholarly journals Photosensitizing Medications and Skin Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2344
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. George ◽  
Navya Baranwal ◽  
Jae H. Kang ◽  
Abrar A. Qureshi ◽  
Aaron M. Drucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors ◽  
Skin Cancer Risk ◽  
Number Of Patients

(1) The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the United States (US) despite scientific advances in our understanding of skin cancer risk factors and treatments. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence that suggests that certain photosensitizing medications (PSMs) increase skin cancer risk. This review summarizes current epidemiological evidence on the association between common PSMs and skin cancer. (2) A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify meta-analyses, observational studies and clinical trials that report on skin cancer events in PSM users. The associated risks of keratinocyte carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) and melanoma are summarized, for each PSM. (3) There are extensive reports on antihypertensives and statins relative to other PSMs, with positive and null findings, respectively. Fewer studies have explored amiodarone, metformin, antimicrobials and vemurafenib. No studies report on the individual skin cancer risks in glyburide, naproxen, piroxicam, chlorpromazine, thioridazine and nalidixic acid users. (4) The research gaps in understanding the relationship between PSMs and skin cancer outlined in this review should be prioritized because the US population is aging. Thus the number of patients prescribed PSMs is likely to continue to rise.

Severe Hemolytic Reaction Due to Anti-JK3

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (10) ◽  
pp. 949-951
Author(s):  
Carol S. Marshall ◽  
Denis Dwyre ◽  
Robin Eckert ◽  
Liisa Russell
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Ethnic Variability ◽  
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rare Phenotype ◽  
Antibody Screen

Abstract A 35-year-old gravida 3, para 3 Filipino woman with a negative antibody screen, no prior history of transfusion, and no hemolytic disease of the newborn in her children suffered a massive postpartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion. A severe hemolytic transfusion reaction occurred 5 days after delivery. Subsequently, a panagglutinin on a routine antibody identification panel was identified as anti-Jk3. The patient's red blood cell phenotype was Jk(a−b−) and all of her children were Jk(a−b+), yet the antibody that formed reacted with equal strength against all Jka- or Jkb-positive cells. The rare Jk(a−b−) phenotype is more common in Polynesians. Anti-Jk3, like other Kidd system antibodies, is difficult to detect because in vivo production may be absent between provocative episodes and because these antibodies often show weak in vitro reactions. The increasing numbers of Pacific Islanders in the United States could result in more frequent encounters with this rare phenotype. Increased awareness of ethnic variability in blood phenotypes and of the capricious nature of Kidd antibodies can help pathologists and technologists deal more effectively with these cases.

Virulence and Genetic Characterization of Six Baculovirus Strains Isolated From Different Populations of Spodoptera Frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Zanella-Saenz ◽  
Elisabeth A. Herniou ◽  
Jorge E. Ibarra ◽  
Ma.Cristina Del Rincón-Castro ◽  
Ilse Alejandra Huerta-Arredondo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
Different Populations

Abstract Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), is a polyphagous, voracious, and economically important agricultural pest. Biological control of FAW is a strategy that must be further explored. This study evaluated six baculovirus strains isolated from infected FAW larvae from Mexico, Argentina, Honduras, and the United States. Five alphabaculoviruses (SfNPV-An2, SfNPV-Arg, SfNPV-Fx, SfNPV-Ho and SfNPV-Sin) and one betabaculovirus (SfGV-RV), were tested against FAW larvae, showing a wide diversity of virulence levels among strains when their estimated LC50s were compared, being SfNPVArg, SfNPV-Ho and SfNPV-Fx more virulent than SfNPV-An 2 , SfNPV-Sin and SfGV-RV. To determine any virulence difference in vitro studies of these isolates, Sf9 cell cultures were used. Interestingly, only ODVs from four of the test SfNPV strains showed infectivity on Sf9 cell cultures, and some differences in virulence were observed. Genomic restriction analyses and partial sequences of lef-8, lef-9 , and polh/granulin genes showed little variability among alphabaculoviruses, both, among them and with previously reported sequences. However, sequences from SfGV-RV were closer to previously reported sequences from the SfGVVG008 strain than the SfGV-Arg and SfGV-VG014 strains. The great difference in the in vivo virulence was not correlated with great similarity among the isolates. The characterization of these six baculoviruses isolates offers the basis for exploring their potential as biological control agents against S. frugiperda, as well the initial studies on their specific infection mechanisms, evolution, and ecology.

scholarly journals Improving the Antitumor Activity and Bioavailability of Sonidegib for the Treatment of Skin Cancer

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1560
Author(s):  
Amr Gamal ◽  
Haitham Saeed ◽  
Fatma I. Abo El-Ela ◽  
Heba F. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Passive Targeting ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Steady State Flux

Throughout the United States and the world, skin cancer is the most frequent form of cancer. Sonidegib (SNG) is a hedgehog inhibitor that has been used for skin cancer treatment. However, SNG has low bioavailability and is associated with resistance. The focus of this work is to enhance bioavailability, anti-tumor efficacy and targeting of SNG via developing ethosome gel as a potential treatment for skin cancer. SNG-loaded ethosomes formulation was prepared and characterized in vitro by %entrapment efficiency (%EE), vesicle size, morphology, %release and steady-state flux. The results showed that the prepared formulation was spherical nanovesicles with a %EE of 85.4 ± 0.57%, a particle size of 199.53 ± 4.51 nm and a steady-state flux of 5.58 ± 0.08 µg/cm2/h. In addition, SNG-loaded ethosomes formulation was incorporated into carbopol gel to study the anti-tumor efficacy, localization and bioavailability in vivo. Compared with oral SNG, the formulation showed 3.18 times higher relative bioavailability and consequently significant anti-tumor activity. In addition, this formulation showed a higher rate of SNG penetration in the skin’s deep layers and passive targeting in tumor cells. Briefly, SNG-loaded ethosome gel can produce desirable therapeutic benefits for treatment of skin cancer.

scholarly journals Preclinical and clinical evaluation of German-sourced ONC201 for the treatment of H3K27M-mutant diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J Duchatel ◽  
Abdul Mannan ◽  
Ameha S Woldu ◽  
Tom Hawtrey ◽  
Phoebe A Hindley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Pontine Glioma ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis

Abstract Background Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a fatal childhood brainstem tumor for which radiation is the only treatment. Case studies report a clinical response to ONC201 for patients with H3K27M-mutant gliomas. Oncoceutics (ONC201) is only available in the United States and Japan; however, in Germany, DIPG patients can be prescribed and dispensed a locally produced compound—ONC201 German-sourced ONC201 (GsONC201). Pediatric oncologists face the dilemma of supporting the administration of GsONC201 as conjecture surrounds its authenticity. Therefore, we compared GsONC201 to original ONC201 manufactured by Oncoceutics Inc. Methods Authenticity of GsONC201 was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biological activity was shown via assessment of on-target effects, in vitro growth, proliferation, and apoptosis analysis. Patient-derived xenograft mouse models were used to assess plasma and brain tissue pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and overall survival (OS). The clinical experience of 28 H3K27M+ mutant DIPG patients who received GsONC201 (2017–2020) was analyzed. Results GsONC201 harbored the authentic structure, however, was formulated as a free base rather than the dihydrochloride salt used in clinical trials. GsONC201 in vitro and in vivo efficacy and drug bioavailability studies showed no difference compared to Oncoceutics ONC201. Patients treated with GsONC201 (n = 28) showed a median OS of 18 months (P = .0007). GsONC201 patients who underwent reirradiation showed a median OS of 22 months compared to 12 months for GsONC201 patients who did not (P = .012). Conclusions This study confirms the biological activity of GsONC201 and documents the OS of patients who received the drug; however, GsONC201 was never used as a monotherapy.

scholarly journals In VitroSusceptibility of Canine Influenza A (H3N8) Virus to Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura V. Ashton ◽  
Robert L. Callan ◽  
Sangeeta Rao ◽  
Gabriele A. Landolt
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Canine Influenza Virus ◽  
Valuable Adjunct ◽  
Canine Influenza ◽  
The Impact ◽  
H3n8 Virus

Infection of dogs with canine influenza virus (CIV) is considered widespread throughout the United States following the first isolation of CIV in 2004. While vaccination against influenza A infection is a common and important practice for disease control, antiviral therapy can serve as a valuable adjunct in controlling the impact of the disease. In this study, we examined the antiviral activity of nitazoxanide (NTZ) and tizoxanide (TIZ) against three CIV isolatesin vitro. NTZ and TIZ inhibited virus replication of all CIVs with 50% and 90% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.17 to 0.21 μMand from 0.60 to 0.76 μM, respectively. These results suggest that NTZ and TIZ are effective against CIV and may be useful for treatment of canine influenza in dogs but further investigation of thein vivoefficacy against CIV as well as the drug's potential for toxicity in dogs is needed.

scholarly journals Formulation of Broccoli Sprout Powder in Gastro-Resistant Capsules Protects against the Acidic pH of the Stomach In Vitro but Does Not Increase Isothiocyanate Bioavailability In Vivo

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Masuma Zawari ◽  
Bettina Poller ◽  
Greg Walker ◽  
Andree Pearson ◽  
Mark Hampton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Gelatin Capsules ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dissolution Studies ◽  
Complete Disintegration ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
Broccoli Sprout

Broccoli sprout powder is a rich source of glucosinolates, which are hydrolysed to isothiocyanates in the presence of the enzyme myrosinase. We showed that in vitro incubation of broccoli sprout powder extract with isolated lymphocytes resulted in the upregulation of transcription factor Nrf2, however, there was no increase in Nrf2 protein levels in lymphocytes isolated 3 h following the ingestion of broccoli sprout powder by healthy volunteers. This highlights the general issue that potential health benefits of food-derived compounds can be compromised by limitations in bioavailability. In vitro experiments showed that the generation of isothiocyanates was reduced when the powder was first exposed to the low pH (1.2) of the stomach and then transferred to the higher pH (6.8) of the intestine. The loss of activity due to pre-exposure to the low stomach pH indicates that formulating the broccoli sprout powder in gastro-resistant formulations should increase that amount of isothiocyanate generated in the intestine for absorption. Gelatin capsules were hand-coated with either Eudragit® L100 or Eudragit® L100-55 and were assessed for their gastro-resistant properties using paracetamol as a model active for dissolution studies. Disintegration and dissolution studies showed that Eudragit® L100-55 coated capsules and DRcapsTM (Capsugel®) failed the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements for gastro-resistant capsules, whereas the Eudragit® L100 coated capsules passed. Five healthy participants were administered 1 g of broccoli sprout powder, ingested either with water or encapsulated in uncoated or gastro-resistant capsules. Urinary excretion of isothiocyanate metabolites over the 24 h period post ingestion was assessed by HPLC. Broccoli sprout powder and uncoated gelatin-encapsulated powder showed comparable excretion of isothiocyanate metabolites (18.4 ± 2.3 and 23.9 ± 2.7 µmol, respectively). The enteric coated capsules provided a significantly longer Tmax than the uncoated gelatin capsules (15.4 ± 2.3 versus 3.7 ± 0.7 h, respectively), indicating protection from disintegration in the stomach, however, the excretion of isothiocyanate metabolites was significantly decreased compared with uncoated capsules (i.e., 8.5 ± 1.1 µmol). The lower in vivo formation or absorption of isothiocyanates observed for the gastro-resistant capsules may be due to participant variation in intestinal pH or transit times, resulting in inappropriate pH conditions or insufficient time for the complete disintegration and dissolution of the capsules.

scholarly journals Characterization of the pathogenesis and immune response to Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from a sustained national outbreak

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallab Ghosh ◽  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Quentin Richardson ◽  
Darren E. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
T Cell Antigens ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
The Brain

AbstractListeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a foodborne disease that can lead to life-threatening meningitis. The 2011 L. monocytogenes cantaloupe outbreak was among the deadliest foodborne outbreaks in the United States. We conducted in vitro and in vivo infection analyses to determine whether strains LS741 and LS743, two clinical isolates from the cantaloupe outbreak, differ significantly from the common laboratory strain 10403S. We showed that LS741 and LS743 exhibited increased virulence, characterized by higher colonization of the brain and other organs in mice. Assessment of cellular immune responses to known CD8+ T cell antigens was comparable between all strains. However, pre-existing immunity to 10403S did not confer protection in the brain against challenge with LS741. These studies provide insights into the pathogenesis of clinical isolates linked to the 2011 cantaloupe outbreak and also indicate that currently utilized laboratory strains are imperfect models for studying L. monocytogenes pathogenesis.

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