scholarly journals Statements About the Pervasiveness of Behavior Require Data About the Pervasiveness of Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig P. Speelman ◽  
Marek McGann
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Parent Population ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Behavior And Cognition ◽  
Require Data

Despite recent close attention to issues related to the reliability of psychological research (e.g., the replication crisis), issues of the validity of this research have not been considered to the same extent. This paper highlights an issue that calls into question the validity of the common research practice of studying samples of individuals, and using sample-based statistics to infer generalizations that are applied not only to the parent population, but to individuals. The lack of ergodicity in human data means that such generalizations are not justified. This problem is illustrated with respect to two common scenarios in psychological research that raise questions for the sorts of theories that are typically proposed to explain human behavior and cognition. The paper presents a method of data analysis that requires closer attention to the range of behaviors exhibited by individuals in our research to determine the pervasiveness of effects observed in sample data. Such an approach to data analysis will produce results that are more in tune with the types of generalizations typical in reports of psychological research than mainstream analysis methods.

scholarly journals Statements about the Pervasiveness of Behaviour Require Data about the Pervasiveness of Behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Speelman ◽  
Marek McGann
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Parent Population ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Human Data ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Require Data

Despite recent close attention to issues related to the reliability of psychological research (e.g., the replication crisis), issues of the validity of this research have not been considered to the same extent. This paper highlights an issue that calls into question the validity of the common research practice of studying samples of individuals, and using sample-based statistics to infer generalisations that are applied not only to the parent population, but to individuals. The lack of ergodicity in human data means that such generalizations are not justified. This problem is illustrated with respect to two common scenarios in psychological research that raise questions for the sorts of theories that are typically proposed to explain human behaviour and cognition. The paper presents a method of data analysis that requires closer attention to the range of behaviours exhibited by individuals in our research to determine the pervasiveness of effects observed in sample data. Such an approach to data analysis will produce results that are more in tune with the types of generalisations typical in reports of psychological research than mainstream analysis methods.

Exonerating EDA, Expanding CDA: A Pragmatic Solution to the Replication Crisis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Fife ◽  
Joseph Lee Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Exploratory Data Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Questionable Research Practices ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Exploratory Data

In light of the “replication crisis,” some (e.g., Nelson, Simmons, & Simonsohn, 2018) advocate for greater policing and transparency in research methods. Others (Baumeister, 2016; Finkel, Eastwick, & Reis, 2017; Goldin-meadow, 2016; Levenson, 2017) argue against rigid requirements that may inadvertently restrict discovery. We embrace both positions and argue that proper understanding and implementation of the well-established paradigm of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA; Tukey, 1977) is necessary to push beyond the replication crisis. Unfortunately, many don’t realize EDA exists (Goldin-Meadow, 2016), fail to understand the philosophy and proper tools for exploration (Baumeister, 2016), or reject EDA as unscientific (Lindsay, 2015). EDA’s mistreatment is unfortunate, and is usually based on misunderstanding the nature and goal of EDA. We develop an expanded typology that situates EDA, CDA, and rough CDA in the same framework with fishing, p-hacking, and HARKing, and argue that most, if not all, questionable research practices (QRPs) would be resolved by understanding and implementing the EDA/CDA gradient. We argue most psychological research is “rough CDA,” which has often and inadvertently used the wrong tools. We conclude with guidelines about how these typologies can be integrated into a cumulative research program that is necessary to move beyond the replication crisis.

scholarly journals Problematic research practices in psychology: Misconceptions about data collection entail serious fallacies in data analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416
Author(s):  
Jana Uher
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
The Common

Given persistent problems (e.g., replicability), psychological research is increasingly scrutinised. Arocha (2021) critically analyses epistemological problems of positivism and the common population-level statistics, which follow Galtonian instead of Wundtian nomothetic methodologies and therefore cannot explore individual-level structures and processes. Like most critics, however, he focuses on only data analyses. But the challenges of psychological data generation are still hardly explored—especially the necessity to distinguish the study phenomena from the means to explore them (e.g., concepts, terms, methods). Widespread fallacies and insufficient consideration of the epistemological, theoretical, and methodological foundations of data generation—institutionalised in psychological jargon and the popular rating scale methods—entail serious problems in data analysis that are still largely overlooked, even in most proposals for improvements.

Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Solvabilitas, dan Ukuran Kantor Akuntan Publik terhadap Audit Delay

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-49
Author(s):  
Karina Harjanto
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Accounting Firm ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Sample Data

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of company’s size, profitability, solvability, and the size of the accounting firm towards audit delay. The object in this research are property and real estate companies listed in Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) for the period 2013-2015. The sample is selected by purposive sampling method. There are 42 companies selected as sample. Data used in this research is a secondary data such as audited financial reports. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression. The result of this research shows that company’s size, profitability, and solvability have no influence on audit delay, while the size of accounting firm has significant positive influences on audit delay. The result also shows that company’s size, profitability, solvability, and the size of of the accounting firm simultaneously influence audit delay. Keywords: audit delay, company’s size, profitability, solvability, size the accounting firm

scholarly journals The Method of Experimental Economics

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Croson
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Experimental Economics ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Practical Advice

AbstractThere are many similarities between experimental economics and psychological research, both substantive and methodological, but there are important differences as well. This article discusses five methodological areas where experimental economists and experimental psychologists differ:incentives, context, subject pools, deception, experimental details and data analysis. Within each topic I present the economists' methodology and rationale and contrast it with current practice in psychology and management research. My hope is that this article will lead not only to a deeper understanding of each field's choice of methodology, but also to practical advice for researchers toward having their work read and accepted by their colleagues in related disciplines.

scholarly journals DRr-Net: Dynamic Re-Read Network for Sentence Semantic Matching

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 7442-7449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Guangyi Lv ◽  
Linyuan Wang ◽  
Le Wu ◽  
Enhong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Matching ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
Benchmark Datasets ◽  
Sentence Matching

Sentence semantic matching requires an agent to determine the semantic relation between two sentences, which is widely used in various natural language tasks such as Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Paraphrase Identification (PI). Among all matching methods, attention mechanism plays an important role in capturing the semantic relations and properly aligning the elements of two sentences. Previous methods utilized attention mechanism to select important parts of sentences at one time. However, the important parts of the sentence during semantic matching are dynamically changing with the degree of sentence understanding. Selecting the important parts at one time may be insufficient for semantic understanding. To this end, we propose a Dynamic Re-read Network (DRr-Net) approach for sentence semantic matching, which is able to pay close attention to a small region of sentences at each step and re-read the important words for better sentence semantic understanding. To be specific, we first employ Attention Stack-GRU (ASG) unit to model the original sentence repeatedly and preserve all the information from bottom-most word embedding input to up-most recurrent output. Second, we utilize Dynamic Re-read (DRr) unit to pay close attention to one important word at one time with the consideration of learned information and re-read the important words for better sentence semantic understanding. Extensive experiments on three sentence matching benchmark datasets demonstrate that DRr-Net has the ability to model sentence semantic more precisely and significantly improve the performance of sentence semantic matching. In addition, it is very interesting that some of finding in our experiments are consistent with the findings of psychological research.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TINGKAT KEPUASAN PELANGGAN TERHADAP PELAYANAN PT PELNI (PERSERO)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Fatkur Rohman ◽  
Bambang Syairudin ◽  
Endah Angreni
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Shopping Centers ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Clean Room ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Repair Service ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Sample Data

Development and competition business of transporting had been restrictive. Each operators race competition do innovation, efficiency, and continuous improvement. The customers of PT Pelni from year to year continues to decrease. Although actually PT Pelni also improve themselves, repair service and innovation, but still be unable to improve the number of passengers. This study attempts to know the level customer satisfaction PT Pelni to make known well and innovation that has done is in line with hope customers. The measurement of the customer satisfaction PT Pelni done with the approach servqual method. Aspects which are under consideration includes 5 dimensions main namely tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy which divided in 29 indicators variable. This research using respondents as the sample. Data analysis used the analysis method servqual and cartesious diagrams. The research results show that there are inconquirity between hope customers by the fact experienced. The largest is in dimension tangible, with the gap an average of -1,3.While gap smallest there are in dimension responsiveness -0,42. Analysis by diagram cartecious show you some attribute in the main priority improvement: furnishings that high quality (2), facilities shopping centers on a vessel (4), the availability of a bed with the corresponding numbers of a ticket (6), size cabin large (7), and the condition a clean room (8). All those attributes including in dimension of tangible.

scholarly journals Hubungan Budaya Sekolah Dan Keteladanan Guru Dengan Karakter Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 050772 Kecamatan Pangkalan Susu Kabupaten Langkat

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Khairani Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
School Culture ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Know How ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Data Analysis Result

This research aims to know how the relation of primary School 050772 Pangkalan Susu. The sample of this research 30 student where 21% taken  of 141 students. This research uses data collection tool in the form of Likert scale. Questioner is compiled based on variabel and tested to  respondent that is not research sample. Data analysis process is conducted by using quantitative approach through three steps, they are: 1. Describing research variabel data. 2. Testing requirements analysis. 3. Testing hypotesis to reveal the relation the relation beetween research variables using correlation analysis technique. Based on data analysis result and testing process, then the conclusion is (1) the school culture has positive relation with student’s character of primary school 050772 Pangkalan Susu. This case is proved that the correlation r (0,504) > r table (0,3061) while the significance is 0,004 < 0,05; (2) the teacher’s example has positive relation with student’s character of primary School 050772 Pangkalan Susu where correlation coeficient r (0,603) > r table (0,3061) with significncy 0,006, it is fewer than 0,05; (3) School Culture and teacher’s example has positive ration with student’s character of primary school 050772 Pangkalan Susu where correlation coefisiency r (0,662) > r table (0,3061), testing result F shows that F count (10,506) > F table (3,35) while significancy < 0,05 that is 0,000. Based on the research above, it can be stated that student’s character can be formed through school culture and teacher ’s example.

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN AUDIT TENURE MEMODERASI PENGARUH PENGALAMAN DAN SKEPTISISME AUDITOR DENGAN KUALITAS AUDIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Nyoman Budiasih ◽  
Ketut Budiartha
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Auditor Quality ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Client Pressure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAKPentingnya laporan keuangan bagi banyak pihak, menyebabkan laporan tersebut harus disajikan secara relevan dan reliabel. Kualitas audit yang baik dapat menyebabkan laporan keuangan semakin dipercaya keasliannya. Kualitas audit tergantung pada independensi dan kompetensi auditor. Independensi dan kompetensi seorang auditor tergantung pada pengalaman maupun sikap skeptis yang dimiliki auditor tersebut. Pengalaman auditor akan meningkat dikarenakan telah terbiasa dengan pekerjaannya sehingga auditor akan bekerja secara efisien dan lebih tahan terhadap tekanan klien. Sampel yang dipilih menggunakan teknik sampel jenuh dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 85 auditor. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada auditor yang menjadi sampel penelitian. Teknik analisis datanya menggunakan analisis regresi tanpa dan dengan variabel moderasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dan pembahasan yang telah dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kualitas audit di KAP Provinsi Bali memiliki hubungan secara positif dengan pengalaman dan skeptisisme auditor, audit tenure tidak mampu memoderasi hubungan pengalaman auditor dengan kualitas audit auditor di KAP Provinsi Bali, dan audit tenure mampu memoderasi hubungan skeptisisme auditor dengan kualitas audit auditor di KAP Provinsi Bali.Kata Kunci: audit tenure, pengalaman , skeptisisme auditor, kualitas audit  ABSTRACTThe importance of financial statements for many, causing the report to be presented in a relevant and reliable manner. A good audit quality can lead to more authentic financial reports. The quality of the audit depends on the independence and competence of the auditor. The independence and competence of an auditor depends on the experience and skepticism of the auditor. The experience of the auditor will increase due to the familiarity with the work so that the auditor will work efficiently and more resistant to client pressure. The samples were selected using a sample saturated technique with a total sample of 85 auditors. Data collection was done by distributing questionnaires to the auditor who became the research sample. Data analysis techniques use regression analysis without and with moderation variables. Based on the results of data analysis and discussion that have been done, it can be concluded that the audit quality in KAP Bali Province has a positive relationship with the experience and skepticism of auditors, audit tenure unable to moderate the relationship of auditor experience with audit auditor quality in KAP Bali Province and audit tenure able to moderate the relationship of auditor skepticism with audit auditor quality in KAP Bali Province.Keywords: audit tenure, experience, auditor skepticism, audit quality 

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF LOCAL TAXES, REGIONAL RETRIBUTION, AND OTHER LEGAL DISTRICT OWN SOURCE REVENUES ON THE INCREASE OF DISTRICT OWN SOURCE REVENUE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 426-431
Author(s):  
Didik Hadiyatno ◽  
Susiswo Susiswo ◽  
Siti Patimah ◽  
Hermin Nainggolan ◽  
Rihfenti Ernayani
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Local Taxes ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Sample Data

Purpose of the study: This study aimed to test, analyze and verify the effects of local taxes, regional retribution, and other legal district revenues on the district's own source revenues. Methodology: This study employed a dependent variable and independent variables. The dependent variable was District Own Source Revenues (PAD), while independent variables were Local Taxes, Regional Retribution, and Other Legal District Own Source Revenues. The population in this research was the Realization Report of District Own Source Revenues. Then, the samples were Realization Report of District Own Source Revenues of Balikpapan, Samarinda, and Bontang during the 2011 – 2015 period. The data used is quarterly data. Main Findings: The results showed local taxes have an effect on district own source revenues; regional retribution affects district own-source revenues, other legal district own source revenues influence district own source revenues. Furthermore, local taxes, regional retribution, and other legal district revenues have a significant influence on the district's own source revenues of Balikpapan, Samarinda, and Bontang simultaneously. Applications of this study: The sample data is taken from the realization report of the district's own-source revenues in Balikpapan, Samarinda and Bontang, East Kalimantan, during the 2011-2015 periods. Novelty/Originality of this study: Based on the results of data analysis and depicted discussion, it can be deduced as follows: (1) Local taxes, (2) Regional Retributions, (3) Other Legal District Own Source Revenues, (4) Local taxes, regional retribution, and other legal District Own Source Revenues collectively have a significant influence on District Own Source Revenues of Balikpapan, Samarinda, and Bontang.

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