Social Distancing and COVID-19: Factors Associated With Compliance With Social Distancing Norms in Spain

This article describes patterns of compliance with social distancing measures among the Spanish population during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It identifies several factors associated with higher or lower compliance with recommended measures of social distancing. This research is part of a 67-country study, titled the International COVID-19 study on Social & Moral Psychology, in which we use a Spanish dataset. Participants were residents in Spain aged 18 or above. The sample comprises 1,090 respondents, weighted to be representative of the Spanish population. Frequencies, correlations, bivariate analysis, and six models based on hierarchical multiple regressions were applied. The main finding is that most Spaniards are compliant with established guidelines of social distance during the pandemic (State of Alarm, before May 2020). Variables associated more with lower levels of compliance with these standards were explored. Six hierarchical multiple regression models found that compliance with social distance measures has a multifactorial explanation (R2 between 20.4 and 49.1%). Sociodemographic factors, personal hygiene patterns, and the interaction between personal hygiene patterns and the support for political measures related to the coronavirus brought significant effects on the regression models. Less compliance was also associated with beliefs in some specific conspiracy theories with regard to COVID-19 or general conspiracy mentality (Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire, CMQ), consumption patterns of traditional mass media (television, paper newspapers, magazines, and radio) and modern means to get informed (online digital newspapers, blogs, and social networks), political ideology, vote, trust in institutions, and political identification. Among the future lines of action in preventing the possible outbreak of the virus, we suggest measures to reinforce trust in official information, mainly linked to reducing the influence of disinformation and conspiracy theories parallel to the pandemic.

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Social distancing measures may have reduced the estimated deaths related to Covid-19 in Brazil

Journal of Human Growth and Development ◽

10.7322/jhgd.v30.10360 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 164-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vitor E. Valenti ◽

Pedro De Lemos Menezes ◽

Ana Carolina Gonçalves de Abreu ◽

Gustavo Nakamura Alves Vieira ◽

David M. Garner

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Social Distance ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Preventive Measure ◽

Realistic Model ◽

Distance Measures ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Mortality Estimation ◽

Public Managers

Social distancing was planned as a preventive measure to control the extensive spread of COVID-19. COVID-19-related deaths in Brazil were analyzed during the period of social distancing measures. Mortality data for COVID-19 was obtained from the Worldometer website. Deaths were estimated up to the 31st day after the occurrence of the 5th COVID-19-related death in Brazil. Social distance was measured using Google's community mobility reports. The Brazilian epidemic curves were interconnected, and mathematical models were evaluated to fit the mortality estimation curves. The optimistic model was defined in the opening period of social distancing and, therefore, in the lower mobility (40-60%). The realistic model was calculated according to relaxed social distance measures (<40%) and the pessimistic model was calculated based on the transmission rate between 2-3. Thus, the equations of the mathematical models provided the outcomes for the date of June 9, 2020, as follows: realistic model with 40,623 deaths, pessimistic model with 64,310 deaths and the optimistic model with a projection of 31,384 deaths. As a result of these analyzes, on May 24, 2020, there were a total of 22,965 deaths related to COVID-19, and those deaths included within the proposed mathematical models were 17,452 for the optimistic model, 22,623 for the realistic model and 32,825 for the pessimistic model. Thus, it is concluded that social distancing measures promoted by the Brazilian public managers contributes to the reduction in approximately ten thousand deaths related to COVID-19 in the current pandemic scenario.

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Characteristics of Physician Relocation Following Hurricane Katrina

Journal of Medical Regulation ◽

10.30770/2572-1852-95.1.6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 6-12

Author(s):

Kusuma Madamala ◽

Claudia R. Campbell ◽

Edbert B. Hsu ◽

Yu-Hsiang Hsieh ◽

James James

Keyword(s):

Hurricane Katrina ◽

Gulf Coast ◽

General Medicine ◽

The United States ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Exact Test ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Introduction: On Aug. 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall along the Gulf Coast of the United States, resulting in the evacuation of more than 1.5 million people, including nearly 6000 physicians. This article examines the relocation patterns of physicians following the storm, determines the impact that the disaster had on their lives and practices, and identifies lessons learned. Methods: An Internet-based survey was conducted among licensed physicians reporting addresses within Federal Emergency Management Agency-designated disaster zones in Louisiana and Mississippi. Descriptive data analysis was used to describe respondent characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with physician nonreturn to original practice. For those remaining relocated out of state, bivariate analysis with x2 or Fisher exact test was used to determine factors associated with plans to return to original practice. Results: A total of 312 eligible responses were collected. Among disaster zone respondents, 85.6 percent lived in Louisiana and 14.4 percent resided in Mississippi before the hurricane struck. By spring 2006, 75.6 percent (n = 236) of the respondents had returned to their original homes, whereas 24.4 percent (n = 76) remained displaced. Factors associated with nonreturn to original employment included family or general medicine practice (OR 0.42, 95 percent CI 0.17–1.04; P = .059) and severe or complete damage to the workplace (OR 0.24, 95 percent CI 0.13–0.42; P < .001). Conclusions: A sizeable proportion of physicians remain displaced after Hurricane Katrina, along with a lasting decrease in the number of physicians serving in the areas affected by the disaster. Programs designed to address identified physician needs in the aftermath of the storm may give confidence to displaced physicians to return.

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Demographic factors associated with missed follow-up among solid tumor patients treated at a large multi-site academic institution

Future Oncology ◽

10.2217/fon-2020-0425 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (32) ◽

pp. 2635-2643

Author(s):

Samantha L Freije ◽

Jordan A Holmes ◽

Saleh Rachidi ◽

Susannah G Ellsworth ◽

Richard C Zellars ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Regression Models ◽

Tumor Patients ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Follow Up Care ◽

Risk Patients ◽

African American Race

Aim: To identify demographic predictors of patients who miss oncology follow-up, considering that missed follow-up has not been well studies in cancer patients. Methods: Patients with solid tumors diagnosed from 2007 to 2016 were analyzed (n = 16,080). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to examine predictors of missed follow-up. Results: Our study revealed that 21.2% of patients missed ≥1 follow-up appointment. African–American race (odds ratio [OR] 1.33; 95% CI: 1.17–1.51), Medicaid insurance (OR 1.59; 1.36–1.87), no insurance (OR 1.66; 1.32–2.10) and rural residence (OR 1.78; 1.49–2.13) were associated with missed follow-up. Conclusion: Many cancer patients miss follow-up, and inadequate follow-up may influence cancer outcomes. Further research is needed on how to address disparities in follow-up care in high-risk patients.

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Predictors of chronic opioid therapy in Medicaid beneficiaries with HIV who initiated antiretroviral therapy

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94690-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

GYeon Oh ◽

Emily S. Brouwer ◽

Erin L. Abner ◽

David W. Fardo ◽

Patricia R. Freeman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Opioid Therapy ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Chronic Opioid Therapy ◽

Hepatitis C Infection ◽

Antipsychotic Therapy ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Medicaid Beneficiaries

AbstractThe factors associated with chronic opioid therapy (COT) in patients with HIV is understudied. Using Medicaid data (2002–2009), this retrospective cohort study examines COT in beneficiaries with HIV who initiated standard combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). We used generalized estimating equations on logistic regression models with backward selection to identify significant predictors of COT initiation. COT was initiated among 1014 out of 9615 beneficiaries with HIV (male: 10.4%; female: 10.7%). Those with older age, any malignancy, Hepatitis C infection, back pain, arthritis, neuropathy pain, substance use disorder, polypharmacy, (use of) benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids, antidepressants, and prior opioid therapies were positively associated with COT. In sex-stratified analyses, multiple predictors were shared between male and female beneficiaries; however, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, any malignancy, and antipsychotic therapy were unique to female beneficiaries. Comorbidities and polypharmacy were important predictors of COT in Medicaid beneficiaries with HIV who initiated cART.

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Sociodemographic associations of geographic variation in paediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95522-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aimy H. L. Tran ◽

Danny Liew ◽

Rosemary S. C. Horne ◽

Joanne Rimmer ◽

Gillian M. Nixon

Keyword(s):

Geographic Variation ◽

Language Proficiency ◽

Regression Models ◽

English Language ◽

Population Analysis ◽

English Language Proficiency ◽

The State ◽

The Public ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Administrative Datasets

AbstractGeographic variation of paediatric tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy, (A/T) has been described since the 1930s until today but no studies have investigated the factors associated with this variation. This study described the geographical distribution of paediatric A/T across the state of Victoria, Australia, and investigated area-level factors associated with this variation. We used linked administrative datasets capturing all paediatric A/T performed between 2010 and 2015 in Victoria. Surgery data were collapsed by patient residence to the level of Local Government Area. Regression models were used to investigate the association between likelihood of surgery and area-level factors. We found a 10.2-fold difference in A/T rates across the state, with areas of higher rates more in regional than metropolitan areas. Area-level factors associated with geographic variation of A/T were percentage of children aged 5–9 years (IRR 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.14, P = 0.03) and low English language proficiency (IRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–0.99, P = 0.03). In a sub-population analysis of surgeries in the public sector, these factors were low maternal educational attainment (IRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16, P < 0.001) and surgical waiting time (IRR 0.99635 95% CI 0.99273–0.99997, P = 0.048). Identifying areas of focus for improvement and factors associated with geographic variation will assist in improving equitable provision of paediatric A/T and decrease variability within regions.

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Examining the interplay between face mask usage, asymptomatic transmission, and social distancing on the spread of COVID-19

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94960-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adam Catching ◽

Sara Capponi ◽

Ming Te Yeh ◽

Simone Bianco ◽

Raul Andino

Keyword(s):

Social Distance ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Real Life ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Face Mask ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Viral Spread ◽

The Face ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals ◽

High Virus

AbstractCOVID-19’s high virus transmission rates have caused a pandemic that is exacerbated by the high rates of asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. These factors suggest that face masks and social distance could be paramount in containing the pandemic. We examined the efficacy of each measure and the combination of both measures using an agent-based model within a closed space that approximated real-life interactions. By explicitly considering different fractions of asymptomatic individuals, as well as a realistic hypothesis of face masks protection during inhaling and exhaling, our simulations demonstrate that a synergistic use of face masks and social distancing is the most effective intervention to curb the infection spread. To control the pandemic, our models suggest that high adherence to social distance is necessary to curb the spread of the disease, and that wearing face masks provides optimal protection even if only a small portion of the population comply with social distance. Finally, the face mask effectiveness in curbing the viral spread is not reduced if a large fraction of population is asymptomatic. Our findings have important implications for policies that dictate the reopening of social gatherings.

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Factors associated with the belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories in Pakistan

Health Risk & Society ◽

10.1080/13698575.2021.1929865 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Waqas Ejaz ◽

Muhammad Ittefaq ◽

Hyunjin Seo ◽

Farah Naz

Keyword(s):

Conspiracy Theories ◽

Factors Associated

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FERTILITY DESIRES OF YORUBA COUPLES OF SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932004026835 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 605-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

KOLAWOLE AZEEZ OYEDIRAN

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Socioeconomic Background ◽

Background Characteristics ◽

Fertility Intention ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Fertility Desires ◽

Fertility Reduction ◽

Living Children

Using the matched wife–husband (763) sample from the data collected from Ogbomoso and Iseyin towns in Oyo State, Nigeria, this paper examines factors associated with couples’ fertility intention. The analysis used logistic regression models for predicting the effects of selected socioeconomic background characteristics on a couple’s fertility intention. Results indicate high levels of concurrence among husbands and wives on fertility intention. Where differences exist, husbands are more pronatalists than their wives. About 87% of pairs of partners reported similar fertility preferences. Of these couples, 59·5% wanted more children while only 27·8% reported otherwise. The logistic regression models indicated that a couple’s fertility intention was associated with age, education, place of residence, frequency of television-watching and number of living children. Therefore, programme interventions aimed at promoting fertility reduction in Nigeria should convey fertility regulation messages to both husbands and wives.

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Factors Associated with Intention to Vaccinate against COVID-19 in Puerto Rico: An Online Survey of Adults (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.29067 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kyle Melin ◽

Cheyu Zhang ◽

Juan Pablo Zapata ◽

Yonaira M. Rivera ◽

Katie Fernandez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Puerto Rico ◽

Online Survey ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

International Health ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Bisexual Identity

UNSTRUCTURED COVID-19 has been particularly devastating to Black and Latinx communities in the U.S. However, data on acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccines among minority populations are limited. We conducted an online survey among adults in Puerto Rico to identify factors associated with intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Sociodemographic variables were analyzed independently for association with intention to vaccinate. Significant associations were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 1016 responses were available for analysis. In the bivariate analysis, younger age, higher education, pre-covid employment, male sex, gay/bisexual identity, and single marital status were associated with increased intention to vaccinate. In the multivariate logistic regression, younger, male respondents who had higher educational attainment reported higher intention to vaccinate. Lower-income and living outside the San Juan metro region were associated with lower intention to vaccinate. National and international health organizations were identified as the most reliable sources of information, followed by healthcare professionals. These findings highlight the importance of considering sociodemographic characteristics identified with low intention to vaccinate as well as using trusted sources of information when designing public messaging related to increasing COVID-19 vaccinations.

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERILAKU HIGIENE PERORANGAN PADA PEKERJA PENGEPUL SAMPAH DI WILAYAH KOTA YOGYAKARTA

JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT ◽

10.47317/jkm.v11i1.70 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wahyu Purwaningsih ◽

Surahma Asti Mulasari

Keyword(s):

Health Knowledge ◽

Education Level ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Knowledge Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Level Variable ◽

Attitude Variable ◽

Yogyakarta City

ABSTRACTBackground : Increasing of populations will be caused the amount of garbage that is resulting. Waste management is closely related to garbage collectors. So it needs to be consider personal hygiene garbage collectors. Personal hygiene is the self-care of a personal nature and it determined by variety of factors, it is including the values and individual practices. The factors that influence personal hygiene one of which is knowledge, because knowledge that can improve health. Knowledge related to education and attitudes it can be influenced by gender. This study aims to determine the factors related to personal hygiene of garbage collectors at Yogyakarta city. Methods : The type of the research was observational analytic with Cross Sectional design. The samples in this study were garbage collectors at Yogyakarta city amounted to 45 respondents. The data collection was done by distributing questionnaires about knowledge level, attitude, and personal hygiene. The study used univariate and bivariate analysis namely Chi Square test. Results : Based on the results bivariate analysis that there was a significant correlation of knowledge level variable and attitude variable with the personal hygiene with each of their p-value was 0,009 and 0,031 while for the gender variable and education level there was no significant correlation with the personal hygiene with a p-value of 0,899 and 0,879. Coclusion : Based on the results and analysis it can be concluded in this study that, there was a correlation between the knowledge level variable and attitude variable with the personal hygiene and there was no correlation between the gender variable and education level with the personal hygiene.

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