scholarly journals The Six Components of Social Interactions: Actor, Partner, Relation, Activities, Context, and Evaluation

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Susanna Hoppler ◽  
Robin Segerer ◽  
Jana Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Abstraction Level ◽  
Systematic Description ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Age Range

Social interactions are essential aspects of social relationships. Despite their centrality, there is a lack of a standardized approach to systematize social interactions. The present research developed (Study 1) and tested (Study 2) a taxonomy of social interactions. In Study 1 (5,676 descriptions of social interactions from N = 708 participants, age range 18–83 years), we combined a bottom-up approach based on the grounded theory with a top-down approach integrating existing empirical and theoretical literature to develop the taxonomy. The resulting taxonomy (APRACE) comprises the components Actor, Partner, Relation, Activities, Context, and Evaluation, each specified by features on three levels of abstraction. A social situation can be described by a combination of the components and their features on the respective abstraction level. Study 2 tested the APRACE using another dataset (N = 303, age range 18–88 years) with 1,899 descriptions of social interactions. The index scores of the six components, the frequencies of the features on the most abstract level, and their correlations were largely consistent across both studies, which supports the generalizability of the APRACE. The APRACE offers a generalizable tool for the comprehensive, parsimonious, and systematic description of social interactions and, thus, enables networked research on social interactions and application in a number of practical fields.

Effect of Infants on Adult Social Relations in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri Sciureus)

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara S. Aruguete ◽  
William A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

7 groups of squirrel monkeys were observed to assess the effect of infants on social interactions and interanimal distances among adult members of their natal groups. Each group contained one or two infants, 5 to 7 months of age at the start of the study. Infants initiated affiliative and playful interactions with all adults, whereas adults directed few, mostly antagonistic, interactions toward infants. Following the removal of infants from groups, distances between adults decreased and adult affiliative interactions increased more than 100%. The results indicate that infants within the age-range examined can have a pervasive, primarily inhibitory, influence on adult social relationships.

scholarly journals Three Strategies for Describing Social Interactions of Adolescents in a Multicultural Environment—Indicators for the Quality of Life Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8166
Author(s):  
Alicja Szerląg ◽  
Arkadiusz Urbanek ◽  
Kamila Gandecka
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Multicultural Environment ◽  
Multicultural Community ◽  
The Social

Background: The analysis has involved social interactions in a multicultural environment. The social context has been defined by the Vilnius region (Lithuania), where national, religious, and cultural differences exist across generations (multicultural community). The space of “social relationships”, as one of the modules of the WHO quality of life assessment, has been studied. An innovation of the research has been related to the analysis of the phenomenon of community of nationalities and cultures as a predictor of quality of life (QoL). The social motive of the research has been the historical continuity (for centuries) of the construction of the Vilnius cultural borderland. Here, the local community evolves from a group of many cultures to an intercultural community. Interpreting the data, therefore, requires a long perspective (a few generations) to understand the quality of relationships. We see social interactions and strategies for building them as a potential for social QoL in multicultural environments. Methods: The research has been conducted on a sample of 374 respondents, including Poles (172), Lithuanians (133), and Russians (69). A diagnostic poll has been used. The respondents were adolescents (15–16 years). The research answers the question: What variables form the interaction strategies of adolescents in a multicultural environment? The findings relate to interpreting the social interactions of adolescents within the boundaries of their living environment. The description of the social relations of adolescents provides an opportunity to implement the findings for further research on QoL. Results: An innovative outcome of the research is the analysis of 3 interaction strategies (attachment to national identification, intercultural dialogue, and multicultural community building) as a background for interpreting QoL in a multicultural environment. Their understanding is a useful knowledge for QoL researchers. The data analysis has taken into account cultural and generational (historical) sensitivities. Therefore, the team studying the data has consisted of researchers and residents of the Vilnius region. We used the interaction strategies of adolescents to describe the category of “social relationships” in nationally and culturally diverse settings.

scholarly journals The Role of Daily Social Interactions in Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 598-598
Author(s):  
Ruixue Zhaoyang ◽  
Stacey Scott ◽  
Eric Cerino ◽  
Martin Sliwinski
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Normal Cognitive Function ◽  
Social Markers

Abstract Social relationships play an important role in cognitive health and aging. However, it is unclear how older adult’s cognitive function affects their everyday social interactions, especially for those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study examined whether older adults with intact cognition vs. MCI differed in their daily social interactions. Community-dwelling older adults from the Einstein Aging Study (N=244, 70-91 yrs) reported their social interactions five times daily for 14 consecutive days using smartphones. Compared to those with normal cognitive function, older adults with MCI reported less frequent positive social interactions (p=0.012) and in-person social activities (p=0.006) on a daily basis. These two groups, however, did not show significant differences in their social relationships assessed by a conventional global questionnaire. The results support that, relative to global social relationships, daily social interactions are more sensitive, ecologically valid social markers that can facilitate the early detection of MCI.

Should Strengthening Bonds Be a Public Health Priority?

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Valerie M. Wood ◽  
Heather Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Emotional Bonds ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Negative Social Interactions

Abstract. Background: Previous research demonstrates the importance of close relationships on our physical health. However, to what extent the quality of our social relationships impacts our health, relative to other important health behaviors (e.g., smoking, drinking alcohol, and physical exercise), is less clear. Aims: Our goal was to use a nationally representative sample of Canadian adults to assess the relative importance of the quality of one’s social relationships (close emotional bonds and negative social interactions), relative to important health behaviors on physical health outcomes previously linked to social relationship quality. Method: Data ( N = 25,113) came from the Canadian Community Health Survey in 2012, a cross-sectional survey administered by Statistics Canada (2013) . The predictor variables were the presence of close emotional bonds, negative social relationships, type of smoker, type of drinker, and weekly hours of physical activity. The outcome variables were a current or previous diagnosis of high blood pressure, cancer, stroke, reports of current illness or injury, pain, and self-reported physical health. Results: Using regressions, we found that negative social interactions were more important than other health behaviors in relation to current injury/illness and pain. Physical activity was most strongly related to self-rated health, followed by negative social interactions and then close emotional bonds. Alcohol consumption was more related to the prevalence of stroke. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that negative social interactions may be more related to acute or minor physical health conditions, but social relationships may not be more strongly related to more chronic, life-threatening health conditions than other health behaviors.

How Relationship Satisfaction Influences Post-Pandemic COVID-19 Anxiety: A Four-Wave Study in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Ou ◽  
yunhanqi ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Yuexiao Du ◽  
Yihang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
The Social

The social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic exerts lasing impacts on people’s mental health. However, whether and how people’s pre-existing positive social relationships can serve as stable reserves to alleviate people psychological distress following the disaster remains unknown. To address the question, the current study examined whether pre-pandemic relationship satisfaction would predict post-pandemic COVID-19 anxiety through middle-pandemic perceived social support and/or gratitude using four-wave data in China (N = 222, 54.50% female, Mage = 31.53, SD = 8.17). Results showed that people’s COVID-19 anxiety decreased from the peak to the trough pandemic stage; perceived social support increased markedly from the pre-pandemic to the peak and remained stable afterwards, while relationship satisfaction remained unchanged throughout. Further, it was middle-pandemic perceived social support, but not gratitude, mediated the association between pre-pandemic relationship satisfaction and post-pandemic COVID-19 anxiety, indicating perceived social support played a more crucial role than gratitude in this process. Last, it is suggested to distinguish perceived social support from gratitude as two different components of social interactions.

scholarly journals Loneliness and social interaction dynamics: An ambulatory assessment study in a student population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timon Elmer ◽  
Gerine M. A. Lodder
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Ambulatory Assessment ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Mean

Loneliness is the feeling associated with a perceived lack of qualitative and quantitative aspects of social relationships. Loneliness is thus evidently intwined with individuals’ social behaviors in day-to-day life. Yet, little is known about the bidirectional pathways between loneliness and social interactions in daily life. In this study, we thus investigate (a) how loneliness predicts the frequency and duration of social interactions and (b) how frequency and duration of social interactions predict changes in loneliness. We examine these questions using fine-grained ambulatory-assessed sensor data of student’s social behavior covering 10 weeks (N_participants = 45, N_observations = 74,645). Before (T1) and after (T2) the ambulatory assessment phase, participants completed the UCLA loneliness scale, covering subscales on intimate, relational, and collective loneliness. Using multistate survival models, we show that T1 loneliness subscales are not significantly associated with differences in social interaction frequency and duration– only relational loneliness predicted shorter social interaction encounters. In predicting changes in loneliness subscales (T1-T2), only the mean duration of social interactions was negatively associated with collective loneliness. Thus, effects of loneliness on the structure of social interactions may be small or limited to specific forms of loneliness, implying that the quality of interactions may be more important.

scholarly journals Smartphones and Close Relationships: The Case for an Evolutionary Mismatch

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sbarra ◽  
Julia Leah Briskin ◽  
Richard Bennett Slatcher
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Evolutionary Mismatch ◽  
The Social ◽  
Integrative Study ◽  
Smartphone Use

In Press, Perspectives on Psychological Science. Accepted, 11.2.2018This final accepted version may differ from published version as a function of changes that emerge during the copyediting process.This paper introduces and outlines the case for an evolutionary mismatch between smartphones and the social behaviors that help form and maintain close social relationships. As psychological adaptations that enhance human survival and inclusive fitness, self-disclosure and responsiveness evolved in the context of small kin networks to facilitate social bonds, to promote trust, and to enhance cooperation. These adaptations are central to the development of attachment bonds, and attachment theory is middle-level evolutionary theory that provides a robust account of the ways human bonding provides for reproductive and inclusive fitness. Evolutionary mismatches operate when modern contexts cue ancestral adaptations in a manner that does not provide for their adaptive benefits. This paper argues that smartphones and their affordances, while highly beneficial in many circumstances, cue our evolved needs for self-disclosure and responsiveness across broad virtual networks and, in turn, have the potential to undermine immediate interpersonal interactions. We review emerging evidence on the topic of technoference, defined as the ways in which smartphone use may interfere with or intrude into everyday social interactions (either between couples or within families). The paper concludes with an empirical agenda for advancing the integrative study of smartphones, intimacy processes, and close relationships.

Sorge – Macht – Recht. Konzeptionelles in der Praxis der Pandemiebekämpfung

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-356
Author(s):  
Bernhard Opolony
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
As Relationship

The coronavirus pandemic as an exceptional social situation demands social-philosophical answers. On the basis of care and power as relationship concepts, the following essay discusses several aspects of German pandemic law and its potential for the struc- turing of social relationships. It will turn out, that even if there is no stringent concept, many legal aspects are linked to the care for ourselves and others as well as to themes of power. So, they include a potential for a deeper understanding of social interaction in the current situation.

Empathy: A Grounded Theory Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
najmeh ghayyem
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
General Population ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Factors Influencing

Empathy is one of the most primitive and universal traits in human beings and other species that has a long evolutionary history. It has an essential role in formation of social relationships and family and career domain of one’s life. Gaining a deep understanding of this ability allows us to promote it in the society through concentration, planning, and providing training on psychological factors influencing this phenomenon. The present study aims to provide an empirical basis – a new theory of empathy, factors influencing it, and its outcomes. Based on the grounded theory, we interviewed 12 individuals to understand their experiences of empathy. The present article describes the most important concepts related to empathy, including “nature of empathy”, “prerequisites and barriers”, “outcomes”, and “strategies”. One of the practical strategies explained here is widening the range of training programs aimed at teaching the skills important in empathy to the general population, especially children

Explaining Algorithms

2011 ◽  
pp. 2261-2279
Author(s):  
Tomasz Muldner ◽  
Elhadi Shakshuki
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Visualization Systems ◽  
Explanation System ◽  
Server Architecture

This article presents a novel approach for explaining algorithms that aims to overcome various pedagogical limitations of the current visualization systems. The main idea is that at any given time, a learner is able to focus on a single problem. This problem can be explained, studied, understood, and tested, before the learner moves on to study another problem. Toward this end, a visualization system that explains algorithms at various levels of abstraction has been designed and implemented. In this system, each abstraction is focused on a single operation from the algorithm using various media, including text and an associated visualization. The explanations are designed to help the user to understand basic properties of the operation represented by this abstraction, for example its invariants. The explanation system allows the user to traverse the hierarchy graph, using either a top-down (from primitive operations to general operations) approach or a bottom-up approach. Since the system is implemented using a client-server architecture, it can be used both in the classroom setting and through distance education.

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