scholarly journals The Effect of the Number and Identification of Recipients on Organ-Donation Decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inbal Harel ◽  
Tehila Kogut
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Deceased Donor ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Deceased Person ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One

We examined how presentations of organ donation cases in the media may affect people’s decisions about organ donation issues. Specifically, we focused on the combined effect of the information about the number of recipients saved by the organs of one deceased person (one vs. four) and the identifiability of the donor and the recipient(s) in organ donation descriptions, on people’s willingness to donate the organs of a deceased relative. Results suggest that reading about more people who were saved by the organs of a deceased donor does not increase willingness to donate. Replicating earlier research, we found that reading about a case of organ donation involving an identified deceased donor, deceased willingness to donate. However, this effect was attenuated when participants read about more recipients who were saved by the donation. Importantly, the presentation that prompted the greatest willingness to donate a deceased relative’s organs was the one that featured an unidentified donor and only one identified recipient. Finally, an explorative investigation into participants’ subconscious thoughts of death following the organ donation story revealed that identifying a deceased organ donor prompts more thoughts of death in the perceiver (regardless of the number of recipients).

Abstract 16: Sex Disparities in Organ Donation: Finding an Equal Donor Pool

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Yee ◽  
Seyedeh Maryam Hosseini ◽  
Bianca Duarte ◽  
Shannon Knapp ◽  
Nancy K Sweitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Medical Mistrust ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
Donor Pool ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk

Introduction: The majority of living organ donors are women, and the majority of deceased organ donors are men. This poses a problem for transplant candidates who have worsened survival with sex mismatched organs. The objective of this study was to identify reasons for disparities in organ donation between sexes and identify strategies to increase organ donors. Methods: We conducted a fifteen question survey using a crowdsourcing marketplace, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, in September 2019. The survey assessed how participants make decisions about becoming an organ donor. The survey was distributed to U.S. adult participants, including eight write-in questions and two Likert scale questions. Qualitative descriptive analyses were used to understand reasons for and against becoming an organ donor. Quantitative results were compared with t test. Results: Among the 667 eligible participants representing 49 states, 54.9% were women and 63.1% were in the 18-40 age group. The majority of men (64.8%) and women (63.4%) were registered organ donors. Among men and women donors, three themes guided their willingness to donate: desire to help others, personal experience with organ donors/recipients, and believing organs would have no use to the donor once dead. Among men and women non-donors, decisions were guided by three themes: no reason, medical mistrust, considering becoming a donor. Themes varied by sex when considering whether to donate organs of a deceased family member. Women were guided equally by two themes: family member’s wishes and believing the deceased family member had no further use for organs. Men had similar themes but valued the family member’s wishes more. Women’s willingness to donate their own organs to family members (p=0.03) and strangers (p=0.02) was significantly higher than men. Among non-donors, both sexes would consider becoming organ donors if more information was provided. Conclusion: In a national survey of adults, women and men had similar reasons for becoming and not becoming an organ donor. However compared to men, women were more willing to donate their organs and more altruistic in the donation of family members’ organs. Women’s deceased organ donation may increase with further communication of women’s wishes before death and by improved public education about organ donation.

Trauma Patients’ Attitudes toward Organ Donation at an Urban Level I Trauma Center

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1493-1497
Author(s):  
John D. Cull ◽  
Katarina Ivkovic ◽  
Benjamin Manning ◽  
Edie Y. Chan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Trauma Center ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
Patient Responses ◽  
Level I

Many health-care workers (HCWs) surveyed at a trauma center believed their patients distrusted the organ allocation system. This study compares urban trauma patients’ (TPs) attitudes toward organ donation with attitudes from the 2012 National Survey of Organ Donation Attitudes (NSODA). TPs presenting to the trauma clinic between September 2014 and August 2015 were surveyed. Patient responses were compared with the 2012 NSODA. One hundred and thirty-three TPs (95.0%) responded to the survey. Compared with the 2012 NSODA, groups were similar with regard to a patient's desire for OD after death (Trauma: 62.4% [Confidence interval [CI]: 53.6–70.7] vs NSODA: 59.3% [CI: 56.6–61.8]) and the belief that doctors are less likely to save their life if they are an organ donor (24.8% [CI: 17.7–33.0] vs 19.6% [CI: 18.3–21.0]). Approximately, 30 per cent of patients believed discrimination prevented minority patients from receiving transplants (27.1 [CI: 19.7–35.5] vs 30.3 [CI: 28.8–31.9]). TPs were less likely than the NSODA group to donate a family members’ organs, if they did not know the family members’ wishes (56.4% [CI: 47.5–65.0] vs 75.6% [CI: 68.7–71.8]); TPs were less likely to believe the United States transplant system uses a fair approach to distribute organs (47.4% [38.7–56.2] vs 64.6% [CI: 63.0–66.2]). Adjusting for race, both groups were similar in their willingness to donate a family members’ organs; black TPs were less likely to believe the United States transplant system, which follows a fair approach in distributing organs (43.0% [CI: 32.4–54.2] vs 63.7% [59.7–67.6]). Despite HCWs perceptions, TPs had a positive view of OD. Educating HCWs on patient attitudes toward OD may decrease institutional barriers to OD.

scholarly journals Effect of media presentations on willingness to commit to organ donation

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (20) ◽  
pp. 5159-5164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inbal Harel ◽  
Tehila Kogut ◽  
Meir Pinchas ◽  
Paul Slovic
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Deceased Donor ◽  
Online News ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Organ Donations ◽  
The Media

We examine how presentations of organ donation cases in the media may affect people's willingness to sign organ donation commitment cards, donate the organs of a deceased relative, support the transition to an “opt-out” policy, or donate a kidney while alive. We found that providing identifying information about the prospective recipient (whose life was saved by the donation) increased the participants’ willingness to commit to organ donation themselves, donate the organs of a deceased relative, or support a transition to an “opt-out” policy. Conversely, identifying the deceased donor tended to induce thoughts of death rather than about saving lives, resulting in fewer participants willing to donate organs or support measures that facilitated organ donation. A study of online news revealed that identification of the donor is significantly more common than identification of the recipient in the coverage of organ donation cases—with possibly adverse effects on the incidence of organ donations.

Communication as a Predictor of Willingness to Donate One's Organs: An Addition to the Theory of Reasoned Action

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo W. Jeffres ◽  
Jeanine A. Carroll ◽  
Bridget E. Rubenking ◽  
Joe Amschlinger
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action has been used by many researchers, particularly in regard to health communication, to predict behavioral intentions and behavior. According to that theory, one's intention is the best predictor that one will engage in a behavior, and attitudes and social norms predict behavioral intentions. Other researchers have added different variables to the postulates of attitudes and social norms that Fishbein and Ajzen maintain are the best predictors of behavioral intention. Here we draw on data from a 2006 telephone survey (N=420) gauging the awareness of an organ donation campaign in Northeast Ohio to examine the impact of communication on people's intentions. The current study supports the hypothesis that those who communicate with others are more likely to express a greater willingness to become an organ donor, but it expands the range of communication contexts. With demographics and attitudes toward organ donation controlled for, this study shows that communication with others about organ donation increases the willingness of individuals to have favorable attitudes about being an organ donor.

scholarly journals Effects of Humor in Health Communication: Experimental Evidence for Video Sequences Aiming to Increase the Willingness to Donate Organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Baumeister ◽  
Florian Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Random Allocation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
Before And After

Humor has been proven to provide support when dealing with fear-related aspects of life. Therefore, it might be a useful communication strategy for addressing the need for donated organs. We conducted an experimental study among University students in Germany (n = 236) aged about 25 years (M = 24.60, SD = 5.86) investigating the effects of four video sequences related to organ donation on the willingness to donate organs. Based on random allocation, each study participant received one video sequence. The video sequences were presented by either a prominent or non-prominent speaker and included either humorous or neutrally framed information related to organ donation. An online survey was conducted before and after the intervention. A follow-up to investigate long-term effects was conducted 4–6 weeks later. Overall, the four interventions led to high proportions of self-reported willingness to think about organ donation and talk about it with relatives and friends subsequent to the respective intervention. Appraisals beneficial to organ donation improved significantly only in the non-humorous interventions. It seems to be of little relevance whether the humorous message was communicated by a prominent or non-prominent person. However, future investigations should focus on sample populations with lower education, because they are less likely to possess an organ donor card and more likely to have lower levels of positive attitudes toward organ donation and may, therefore, show different results regarding the effectiveness of humorous interventions.

scholarly journals Association between organ donation awareness and willingness among Saudi university students

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Ahmed Al Moweshy ◽  
Eduardo L. Fabella ◽  
Yasser Taher Al-Hassan ◽  
Hassan Abdulfatah Alramadan ◽  
Ali Jameel Al Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
The Government

Background: As the global incidence of end-stage organ failure increases, the gap between organ donors and recipients continues to widen. This study was conducted to determine the association between organ donation awareness and organ donation willingness among students of a Saudi university.Design and methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to select the required 723 sample size. Estimation of proportion of students who were aware about organ donation and those who were willing to donate their organs was performed using EpiInfo© Version 7. Association between organ donation awareness and willingness was determined using multivariate logistic regression.Results: Nearly 98% of the participants were aware that organ donation saves lives (95% CI: 96.27%-98.53%); 84.09% were aware that Islam allows organ donation (95% CI: 81.25%-86.58%); 64.87% were aware that organ donation is successfully done in Saudi Arabia (95% CI: 61.32%-68.26%); 32.64% were aware that the government gives incentives to the family of an organ donor (95% CI: 29.32%-36.14%). Over half (56.71%) of the students (95% CI: 53.07 - 60.28%) expressed willingness to donate their organs. Positive association was found between awareness on the position of Islam on organ donation (OR=2.7023, p<0.0001) and awareness of that organ donation can be successfully performed in Saudi Arabia (OR=1.9447, p=0.0001).Conclusion: Awareness that Islam allows organ donation and awareness that organ donation is successfully done in Saudi Arabia increased the students’ willingness to donate.

Murder with Impunity: The Construction of Arab Masculinities and Honor Crimes

1970 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
May Abu Jaber
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
Male Authority ◽  
Cultural Networks ◽  
Gender Specific

Violence against women (VAW) continues to exist as a pervasive, structural,systematic, and institutionalized violation of women’s basic human rights (UNDivision of Advancement for Women, 2006). It cuts across the boundaries of age, race, class, education, and religion which affect women of all ages and all backgrounds in every corner of the world. Such violence is used to control and subjugate women by instilling a sense of insecurity that keeps them “bound to the home, economically exploited and socially suppressed” (Mathu, 2008, p. 65). It is estimated that one out of every five women worldwide will be abused during her lifetime with rates reaching up to 70 percent in some countries (WHO, 2005). Whether this abuse is perpetrated by the state and its agents, by family members, or even by strangers, VAW is closely related to the regulation of sexuality in a gender specific (patriarchal) manner. This regulation is, on the one hand, maintained through the implementation of strict cultural, communal, and religious norms, and on the other hand, through particular legal measures that sustain these norms. Therefore, religious institutions, the media, the family/tribe, cultural networks, and the legal system continually disciplinewomen’s sexuality and punish those women (and in some instances men) who have transgressed or allegedly contravened the social boundaries of ‘appropriateness’ as delineated by each society. Such women/men may include lesbians/gays, women who appear ‘too masculine’ or men who appear ‘too feminine,’ women who try to exercise their rights freely or men who do not assert their rights as ‘real men’ should, women/men who have been sexually assaulted or raped, and women/men who challenge male/older male authority.

Freedom of speech is not freedom from ethics: the 2019 Israel Folau media controversy as a case study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1329878X2199289
Author(s):  
Jay Daniel Thompson ◽  
Denis Muller
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Rugby Player ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Framing Analysis ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One

This article examines how freedom of speech is framed in the media controversy surrounding the Australian rugby player Israel Folau’s April 2019 Instagram post. A content analysis and framing analysis of newspaper reportage reveals that the controversy has been largely discussed in terms of whether or not Folau’s speech was being curtailed and whether this curtailing indicates a broader, ideologically motivated censoriousness. This discussion is problematic in that it says little about the actual substance of Folau’s post. This article argues that debates surrounding freedom of speech such as the one involving Folau could and should be enriched by an engagement with ethical principles. This engagement is premised on a commitment to the free exchange of views, while acknowledging that ‘speech’ is not always inherently beneficial for democracy, nor worth defending.

scholarly journals “As quiet as a mouse”: Media use in Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (s1) ◽  
pp. 893-911
Author(s):  
Ilgar Seyidov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Media System ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Supportive Role ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One

AbstractDuring the Soviet period, the media served as one of the main propagandist tools of the authoritarian regime, using a standardized and monotype media system across the Soviet Republics. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, 15 countries became independent. The transition from Soviet communism to capitalism has led to the reconstruction of economic, socio-cultural, and political systems. One of the most affected institutions in post-Soviet countries was the media. Media have played a supportive role during rough times, when there was, on the one hand, the struggle for liberation and sovereignty, and, on the other hand, the need for nation building. It has been almost 30 years since the Soviet Republics achieved independence, yet the media have not been freed from political control and continue to serve as ideological apparatuses of authoritarian regimes in post-Soviet countries. Freedom of speech and independent media are still under threat. The current study focuses on media use in Azerbaijan, one of the under-researched post-Soviet countries. The interviews for this study were conducted with 40 participants living in Nakhichevan and Baku. In-depth, semi-structured interview techniques were used as research method. Findings are discussed under six main themes in the conclusion.

Die Macht der Bilder und Bilder der Macht: die sprachliche Konstruktion von Nationalismus und Konservatismus in der strategischen politischen Kommunikation von Vox España

2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-566
Author(s):  
Sandra Issel-Dombert
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Multimodal Discourse ◽  
The Social ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
The Media ◽  
Right Wing Populism ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFrom a theoretical and empirical linguistic point of view, this paper emphasizes the importance of the relationship between populism and the media. The aim of this article is to explore the language use of the Spanish right wing populism party Vox on the basis of its multimodal postings on the social network Instagram. For the analysis of their Instagram account, a suitable multimodal discourse analysis (MDA) provides a variety of methods and allows a theoretical integration into constructivism. A hashtag-analysis reveals that Vox’s ideology consists of a nativist and ethnocentric nationalism on the one hand and conservatism on the other. With a topos analysis, the linguistic realisations of these core elements are illustrated with two case studies.

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