scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om Prakash Mehta ◽  
Parshal Bhandari ◽  
Akshay Raut ◽  
Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi ◽  
Nguyen Tien Huy
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
First Case ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Organ Systems

COVID-19 is a rapidly growing pandemic with its first case identified during December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Due to the rampant rise in the number of cases in China and globally, WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. The disease is transmitted via respiratory droplets of infected patients during coughing or sneezing and affects primarily the lung parenchyma. The spectrum of clinical manifestations can be seen in COVID-19 patients ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease resulting in mortality. Although respiratory involvement is most common in COVID-19 patients, the virus can affect other organ systems as well. The systemic inflammation induced by the disease along with multisystem expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor which allows viral entry into cells, explains the manifestation of extra-pulmonary symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hematological, renal, musculoskeletal, and endocrine system. Here, we have reviewed the extensive literature available on COVID-19 about various clinical presentations based on the organ system involved as well as clinical presentation in specific population including children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients. We have also briefly discussed about the Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome occurring in children and adults with COVID-19. Understanding the various clinical presentations can help clinicians diagnose COVID-19 in an early stage and ensure appropriate measures to be undertaken in order to prevent further spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Pediatric COVID-19 Infection in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Japan, and China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Ju Ming Wong ◽  
Qalab Abbas ◽  
Soo Lin Chuah ◽  
Ririe Fachrina Malisie ◽  
Kah Min Pon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Health Organization

There is a scarcity of data regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in children from southeast and south Asia. This study aims to identify risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease among children in the region. This is an observational study of children with COVID-19 infection in hospitals contributing data to the Pediatric Acute and Critical Care COVID-19 Registry of Asia. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were included in this registry. The primary outcome was severity of COVID-19 infection as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) (mild, moderate, severe, or critical). Epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features, and outcomes of children with COVID-19 are described. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for severe/critical disease. A total of 260 COVID-19 cases from eight hospitals across seven countries (China, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, and Pakistan) were included. The common clinical manifestations were similar across countries: fever (64%), cough (39%), and coryza (23%). Approximately 40% of children were asymptomatic, and overall mortality was 2.3%, with all deaths reported from India and Pakistan. Using the multivariable model, the infant age group, presence of comorbidities, and cough on presentation were associated with severe/critical COVID-19. This epidemiological study of pediatric COVID-19 infection demonstrated similar clinical presentations of COVID-19 in children across Asia. Risk factors for severe disease in children were age younger than 12 months, presence of comorbidities, and cough at presentation. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in mortality are the result of genetic factors, cultural practices, or environmental exposures.

scholarly journals Considerations for Thyroidectomy as Treatment for Graves Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117955141984452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Smithson ◽  
Ammar Asban ◽  
Jason Miller ◽  
Herbert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Toxic Multinodular Goiter

Hyperthyroidism is a clinical state that results from abnormally elevated thyroid hormones. Thyroid gland affects many organ systems; therefore, patients usually present with multiple clinical manifestations that involve many organ systems such as the nervous, cardiovascular, muscular, and endocrine system as well as skin manifestations. Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by Graves disease, which is caused by autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TRAb). Other causes of hyperthyroidism include toxic multinodular goiter, toxic single adenoma, and thyroiditis. Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism can be established by measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which will be suppressed with either elevated free T4 and/or T3 (overt hyperthyroidism) or normal free T3 and T4 (subclinical hyperthyroidism). Hyperthyroidism can be treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), or thyroidectomy. ATDs have a higher replacement rate when compared with RAI or thyroidectomy. Recent evidence has shown that thyroidectomy is a very effective, safe treatment modality for hyperthyroidism and can be performed as an outpatient procedure. This review article provides some of the most recent evidence on diagnosing and treating patients with hyperthyroidism.

T3 infantile hemangioma: first case of a tumor involving epidural, intradural extramedullary, and intradural intramedullary spaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-698
Author(s):  
Jeremy Steinberger ◽  
Dominic A. Nistal ◽  
Saadi Ghatan
Keyword(s):  
Benign Neoplasm ◽  
Infantile Hemangioma ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
Endovascular Embolization ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
First Case ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Intradural Extramedullary ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapies

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign neoplasm of the neonatal and newborn period, affecting approximately 5% of infants. However, true IHs presenting in the neuraxis are quite rare with only 15 documented cases in the literature. Management of IH consists of utilizing steroids and immunomodulatory therapies to reduce the size of the tumor and surgery to remove the tumor to decrease symptoms and the risk of bleeding. Operative management of epidural and intradural extramedullary spinal hemangiomas has been described; however, management of intradural intramedullary IH has not been detailed in the literature. In this report, the authors describe the case of a 3-year-old girl who presented with multiple hemangiomas involving the liver, lung, and spine, with one component of the tumor involving the posterior intramedullary aspect of the spinal cord at the level of T3. After medical therapies had failed, the patient underwent endovascular embolization of the spinal hemangioma followed by resection of the tumor. While there is extensive literature on IH throughout many organ systems, only a handful of cases involving the neuraxis have been described. Operative management of refractory IH seems to allow for the reduction of tumor burden and the prevention of hemorrhagic injury.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and the Endocrine System

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle D Lundholm ◽  
Caroline Poku ◽  
Nicholas Emanuele ◽  
Mary Ann Emanuele ◽  
Norma Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Active Area ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) overtakes the world, causing moderate to severe disease in about 15% of infected patients, COVID-19 is also found to have widespread effects throughout the body with a myriad of clinical manifestations including the endocrine system. This manuscript reviews what is known about the impact of COVID-19 on the pathophysiology and management of diabetes (both outpatient and inpatient) as well as pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, bone, and gonadal function. Findings in this area are evolving, and long-term effects of infection remain an active area of further research.

scholarly journals Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Kanthan ◽  
Jenna-Lynn Senger ◽  
Shahid Ahmed ◽  
Selliah Chandra Kanthan
Keyword(s):  
Gallbladder Cancer ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Radical Surgery ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Uncommon Disease

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an uncommon disease in the majority of the world despite being the most common and aggressive malignancy of the biliary tree. Early diagnosis is essential for improved prognosis; however, indolent and nonspecific clinical presentations with a paucity of pathognomonic/predictive radiological features often preclude accurate identification of GBC at an early stage. As such, GBC remains a highly lethal disease, with only 10% of all patients presenting at a stage amenable to surgical resection. Among this select population, continued improvements in survival during the 21st century are attributable to aggressive radical surgery with improved surgical techniques. This paper reviews the current available literature of the 21st century on PubMed and Medline to provide a detailed summary of the epidemiology and risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiology, pathology, management, and prognosis of GBC.

scholarly journals The epidemiology, clinical presentation, and predictors of severe Tick-borne encephalitis in Lithuania, a highly endemic country: A retrospective study of 1040 patients

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241587
Author(s):  
Daiva Radzišauskienė ◽  
Jurgita Urbonienė ◽  
Gintaras Kaubrys ◽  
Saulius Andruškevičius ◽  
Dalius Jatužis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Introduction In recent decades, the incidence of Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been increasing and posing a growing health problem because of the high costs to the healthcare system and society. The clinical manifestations are well studied but there is a lack of research analyzing the severity of the disease. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiology and clinical presentation of severe TBE, to identify the predictors for a severe disease course, and also predictors for meningoencephalomyelitic and severe meningoencephalitic/encephalitic forms. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in the Center of Infectious Diseases and the Center of Neurology at Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos in the years 2005–2017 to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of TBE in adults. Results 1040 patients were included in the study. A total of 152/1040 (14.6%) patients had a severe course. The highest proportion of severe cases, reaching 41.2%, was reported in the 70–79 year-old age group. A total of 36/152 (23.7%) severe patients presented meningoencephalomyelitis. Myelitic patients were older, were frequently infected in their living areas, and usually reported a monophasic disease course compared with severe meningoencephalitic/encephalitic patients. Severe meningoencephalitic/encephalitic patients, compared with non-severe meningoencephalitic/encephalitic, were older, less often noticed the tick bite, and often had a monophasic course. The sequelae on discharge were observed in 810/1000 (81%) of patients. Conclusions The prognostic factors associated with a severe disease course and severe meningoencephalitic form are: older age, comorbidities, a monophasic course, a fever of 40˚C and above, CRP more than 30 mg/l, CSF protein more than 1 g/l, delayed immune response of TBEV IgG, pathological findings in CT. Age above 60 years, presence of CNS disease, bulbar syndrome, pleocytosis 500x106/l and above, and delayed immune response of TBEV IgG are predictors of the most severe myelitic form.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Review on Transmission, Clinical Presentations, Treatments and Vaccines

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-114
Author(s):  
Syed Arman Rabbani ◽  
Shrestha Sharma ◽  
Supriya Mishra ◽  
Asiya Mahtab
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the most prevalent and significant global health concerns since its origin in Wuhan, China in the December 2019. As on 05th April, this disease has affected over 131 million people and has resulted in more than 2.85 million deaths worldwide till date. The disease is transmitted from the infected patients to the people in close contact through respiratory droplets. There are a number of factors which affect the transmission of this disease. The clinical presentation of COVID-19 can range from asymptomatic infections to critical disease leading to respiratory failure, septic shock and multiple organ failure. The disease essentially affects the respiratory system but other organ systems may also be involved. Currently, the therapeutic management of the disease is based on the severity of the infection and employs various strategies like monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, antivirals, stem cell therapy and immunomodulators. Scientists and researchers all around the world have raced against the time and developed a number of vaccines for COVID-19.  At present, there are many COVID-19 vaccines, which have been authorized or approved for use by the regulators of the different countries. This article reviews the current published data on the COVID-19 transmission, clinical presentations, treatments and vaccines.

scholarly journals Detection of Serum KL-6 and SARS-CoV-2 Antibody in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Diagnostic Value in Severe Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyan Wang ◽  
Lichang Chen ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Long Liu ◽  
Meimei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Risk Of Death

Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a significant threat to human health, but its clinical manifestations vary greatly among individuals. Early detection and treatment are important for severely ill patients to improve their prognosis and reduce the risk of death. Methods: In the present study, serum markers were detected and analyzed in moderately ill and severely ill patients. Results: The results found that there were statistically significant differences in age, serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels between severely ill patients and moderately ill patients (P < 0.05). The cut-off of using KL-6 alone for the diagnosis of severely ill patients was 298.91 U/mL, with an AUC of 0.737, a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 43%. When the diagnosis was performed using KL-6 in combination with Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an indicator of infection, the AUC was 0.776, with a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 69%, respectively. When the three above were used in combination for diagnosis, the AUC was 0.785, and the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 59%, respectively. After rehabilitation, the serum levels of KL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as antibodies, IgA, IgM and IgG, were significantly lower than those in the early stage of hospitalization. Conclusion: In the present study, KL-6 and IgA were found to have some diagnostic efficacy for severely ill patients with COVID-19, but larger cohort studies are still needed for further confirmation, which in turn improves the diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency of severely ill patients.

scholarly journals A Histologically Diagnosed Case with Infantile Osteopetrosis Complicated by Hypopituitarism

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulden Diniz ◽  
Ozgur Olukman ◽  
Sebnem Calkavur ◽  
Muammer Buyukinan ◽  
Canan Altay
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
First Case ◽  
Endocrinological Symptoms ◽  
Severe Disorder

Malignant infantile osteopetrosis is a rarely seen severe disorder which appears early in life with general sclerosis of the skeleton. It is caused by functionally defective osteoclasts which fail to resorb bone. Affected infants can exhibit a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including impaired hematopoiesis, hepatosplenomegaly, visual impairment, and hypocalcemia. With the exception of secondary hyperparathyroidism, involvement of the endocrine system seems to be quite rare. Hypopituitarism is defined as underproduction of the growth hormone in combination with deficiencies of other pituitary hormones. Any lesion that damages hypothalamus, pituitary stalk, or anterior pituitary can cause secondary hypopituitarism. In this report, we presented a rare combination of malignant infantile osteopetrosis and secondary hypopituitarism in a newborn who presented predominantly with endocrinological symptoms. This is the first case report of malignant infantile osteopetrosis accompanied by hypopituitarism secondary to sclerosis of the sella turcica. On the other hand, this is a very interesting case which was diagnosed based on histological examination of bone marrow biopsy specimens despite lack of any clinical suspicion.

scholarly journals SARS, MERS and COVID-19: clinical manifestations and organ-system complications: a mini review

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jad Gerges Harb ◽  
Hussein A Noureldine ◽  
Georges Chedid ◽  
Mariam Nour Eldine ◽  
Dany Abou Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Cytokine Release Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Presentations

ABSTRACT Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are caused by three distinct coronaviruses belonging to the same genus. COVID-19 and its two predecessors share many important features in their clinical presentations, and in their propensity for progression to severe disease which is marked by high rates of morbidity and mortality. However, comparison of the three viral illnesses also reveals a number of specific differences in clinical manifestations and complications, which suggest variability in the disease process. This narrative review delineates the pulmonary, cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, neurological and hematologic complications associated with these three respiratory coronaviruses. It further describes the mechanisms of immune hyperactivation—particularly cytokine release syndrome—implicated in the multi-organ system injury seen in severe cases of MERS, SARS and COVID-19.

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