scholarly journals Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwang Kim ◽  
Vithala R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
City Government ◽  
Incentive Scheme ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
The City

Vaccination is the only way to reach herd immunity and help people return to normal life. However, vaccination rollouts may not be as fast as expected in some regions due to individuals' vaccination hesitation. For this reason, in Detroit, Michigan, the city government has offered a $50 prepaid card to people who entice city residents to visit vaccination sites. This study examined vaccination rates in the US using Detroit, Michigan, as the setting. It sought to address two issues. First, we analyzed the vaccination diffusion process to predict whether any region would reach a vaccination completion level that ensures herd immunity. Second, we examined a natural experiment involving a vaccination incentive scheme in Detroit and discovered its causal inference. We collected weekly vaccination data and demographic Census data from the state of Michigan and employed the Bass model to study vaccination diffusion. Also, we used a synthetic control method to evaluate the causal inference of a vaccination incentive scheme utilized in Detroit. The results showed that many Michigan counties—as well as the city of Detroit—would not reach herd immunity given the progress of vaccination efforts. Also, we found that Detroit's incentive scheme indeed increased the weekly vaccination rate by 44.19% for the first dose (from 0.86 to 1.25%) but was ineffective in augmenting the rate of the second dose. The implications are valuable for policy makers to implement vaccination incentive schemes to boost vaccination rates in geographical areas where such rates remain inadequate for achieving herd immunity.

Marketing, congestion, and demarketing in Utah’s National Parks

2020 ◽  
pp. 135481662093972
Author(s):  
Tatiana Drugova ◽  
Man-Keun Kim ◽  
Paul M Jakus
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Visitor Management ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
Park Service ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Alternative Sites

Utah’s Mighty 5 ad campaign was designed to attract out-of-state visitors to southern Utah’s five National Parks (NPs). Using the synthetic control method, we find the campaign to have contributed to rapid visitation growth at Arches, Canyonlands, and Capitol Reef NPs. No ad campaign effect was found for Bryce Canyon and Zion NPs, which implies that recent increased visitation at these parks has been driven by the national trends and not the Mighty 5 promotion. Arches, Bryce Canyon, and Zion currently suffer from excess demand (congestion), and the US National Park Service is actively engaged in visitor management efforts to mitigate the environmental pressures associated with overvisitation. The state has responded to congestion by crafting a new “demarketing” campaign to provide a more tailored tourism experience aimed at increasing the value of a visit and diverting potential tourists to high-quality alternative sites selected to match visitor interests.

“The Transparency of Democracy”: The Production of Washington’s Nationals Park as a Late Capitalist Space

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
City Government ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
The Us ◽  
Baseball Team ◽  
The City

Following the trend of cities throughout the United States subsidizing new baseball stadiums within their economic redevelopment strategies, in 2005, the city government of Washington, D.C. agreed to subsidize the construction of Nationals Park for the use of the Washington Nationals baseball team. In its design of the stadium, HOK Sport architects sought to represent the “transparency of democracy” as they were inspired by the democratic image and iconography of the US Capital city. Using a perspective based in Lefebvre’s (1991b) production of space, I explore the power relations produced and reproduced within spatial and cultural production. I argue that instead of creating an inclusive space, architects designed a space that exemplifies the late capitalist moment in its focus on consumption, social control, and aesthetic production. Nationals Park, thus, excludes people by class, privileges visitors over residents, and provides an unrealistic view of the city that marginalizes less powerful groups.

scholarly journals The short-term response of the Hispanic noncitizen population to anti-illegal immigration legislation

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (42) ◽  
pp. 25-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo E. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
State Level ◽  
Consistent Estimate ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sb 1070 ◽  
Immigration Legislation ◽  
The Us

Purpose This paper aims to examine the short-term effect of the Arizona Immigration Law of 2010 (SB 1070) on the noncitizen Hispanic state population. Design/methodology/approach To get a consistent estimate of this effect, a synthetic control method has been used to calculate a suitable counterfactual. Findings Results indicate that this bill produced a statistically significant short-term reduction in the proportion of noncitizen Hispanics in Arizona between 10 and 15 per cent. However, the evidence suggests that this effect vanishes after a few months. Originality/value These findings are consistent with previous evidence of the high mobility of the undocumented population in the US, and contribute to the understanding of the effects of federal and state-level immigration legislation.

Review Article: North Urban Political Economy, Urban Theory and British Research

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN HARDING
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
City Government ◽  
Growth Machine ◽  
Urban Theory ◽  
Urban Regime ◽  
Urban Political Economy ◽  
Urban Regimes ◽  
The Us ◽  
The City

In 1976, when European debates within urban theory were dominated by neo-Marxist and neo-Weberian approaches to cities as sites for the provision of social and welfare services, the very different notion of ‘the city as growth machine’ slipped into the US urban studies lexicon with the publication of Harvey Molotch's article of the same name. In 1983, the year in which Castells brought the radical phase of European urban studies to a halt with a famous warning against ‘the useless construction of abstract grand theory’, the concept of an urban regime had a similarly unobtrusive birth when the phrase was used by Fainstein and Fainstein to describe ‘the circle of powerful elected officials and top administrators’ in US city government. Had the story ended there it is unlikely that the world – especially outside North America – would have heard much more of urban regimes and growth machines. As it has turned out, though, from the late 1980s onwards urban scholars have hardly seemed able to hear enough about these two approaches within US urban political economy.

scholarly journals Stay Home Save Lives: A Machine Learning Approach to Causal Inference to Evaluate Impact of Social Distancing in the US

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Ishraque Osman ◽  
Nazmus Sakib
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Us States ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Although there are few studies done to provide estimations of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, however, there is a need for an actual policy evaluation of the already implemented social distancing measures. In the US context in specific, this is especially instrumental because nearly a dozen US states are considering the reopening of the economy following anti social distancing protests. Using a machine learning based Generalized Synthetic Control Method, considering the US states that adopted early social distancing approaches as the treatment group and the states that adopted social distancing much later as the control group and controlling for state and time fixed effects (to cancel out the selection bias and endogeneity), this paper finds that social distancing is associated with lower COVID-19 infection growth rate (by 192%) when compared to the no policy intervention counterfactual.

scholarly journals Generalized Synthetic Control Method: Causal Inference with Interactive Fixed Effects Models

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Synthetic Control Method ◽  
Varying Coefficients ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
Interactive Fixed Effects

Difference-in-differences (DID) is commonly used for causal inference in time-series cross-sectional data. It requires the assumption that the average outcomes of treated and control units would have followed parallel paths in the absence of treatment. In this paper, we propose a method that not only relaxes this often-violated assumption, but also unifies the synthetic control method (Abadie, Diamond, and Hainmueller 2010) with linear fixed effects models under a simple framework, of which DID is a special case. It imputes counterfactuals for each treated unit using control group information based on a linear interactive fixed effects model that incorporates unit-specific intercepts interacted with time-varying coefficients. This method has several advantages. First, it allows the treatment to be correlated with unobserved unit and time heterogeneities under reasonable modeling assumptions. Second, it generalizes the synthetic control method to the case of multiple treated units and variable treatment periods, and improves efficiency and interpretability. Third, with a built-in cross-validation procedure, it avoids specification searches and thus is easy to implement. An empirical example of Election Day Registration and voter turnout in the United States is provided.

Wenn stadtpolitische Bewegungen das Terrain des Staats betreten

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (191) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Diesselhorst
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
City Government ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Hierarchical Decision Making ◽  
Urban Social Movements ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Hierarchical Decision ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This article discusses the struggles of urban social movements for a de-neoliberalisation of housing policies in Poulantzian terms as a “condensation of the relationship of forces”. Drawing on an empirical analysis of the “Berliner Mietenvolksentscheid” (Berlin rent referendum), which was partially successful in forcing the city government of Berlin to adopt a more progressive housing policy, the article argues that urban social movements have the capacity to challenge neoliberal housing regimes. However, the specific materiality of the state apparatus and its strategic selectivity both limit the scope of intervention for social movements aiming at empowerment and non-hierarchical decision-making.

Transgender Narrative in Public Service Announcement

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Anna Puji Lestari ◽  
Yuliyanto Budi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
City Government ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Service Announcement ◽  
City Branding ◽  
Feminine Style ◽  
New City ◽  
The City

After changing its city branding several times, Semarang now has a new city branding, namely "Semarang Variety of Culture." However, the city branding reaped contra from academics and cultural figures because Semarang was considered not sufficient yet in terms of representing its cultural diversity. Responding to this, the Semarang City Government and the Semarang City Public Works Department created a public service advertisement on CCTV socialization for flood control in the city of Semarang with a transgender figure as the ad star. This research was qualitative research designed with Seymour Chatman's Narrative Analysis. The research found a commodification and objectification of transgender people who imitated the feminine style of women in the advertisement. In other words, the public service announcement of Semarang CCTV socialization lowered the femininity, which is synonymous with women.The public service advertisement also violated the moral codes adopted by the majority of the Indonesian people.

YOUTH EXPECTATIONS OF SMART CITY LIVING: AN IMPORTANCE- PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF YOUNG RESIDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES OF CITY GOVERNMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Jason Cohen ◽  
Judy Backhouse ◽  
Omar Ally
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
City Government ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
City Management ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The City

Young people are important to cities, bringing skills and energy and contributing to economic activity. New technologies have led to the idea of a smart city as a framework for city management. Smart cities are developed from the top-down through government programmes, but also from the bottom-up by residents as technologies facilitate participation in developing new forms of city services. Young people are uniquely positioned to contribute to bottom-up smart city projects. Few diagnostic tools exist to guide city authorities on how to prioritise city service provision. A starting point is to understand how the youth value city services. This study surveys young people in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, and conducts an importance-performance analysis to identify which city services are well regarded and where the city should focus efforts and resources. The results show that Smart city initiatives that would most increase the satisfaction of youths in Braamfontein  include wireless connectivity, tools to track public transport  and  information  on city events. These  results  identify  city services that are valued by young people, highlighting services that young people could participate in providing. The importance-performance analysis can assist the city to direct effort and scarce resources effectively.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document